On March 3, 2003, defendant-appellant Germán González-Mereado pleaded guilty to three counts of carjacking and two counts of aggravated carjacking (i.e., carjacking resulting in serious bodily injury). See 18 U.S.C. § 2119(1), (2). The district court sentenced him to a total of 600 months in prison. On appeal, González-Mereado seeks to challenge the validity of his guilty pleas, the legal sufficiency of the evidence underpinning his conviction on one of the five counts, and his sentence. Concluding, as we do, that these assignments of error are meritless, we affirm thе judgment below.
I. BACKGROUND
On January 30, 2002, a federal grand jury sitting in the District of Puerto Rico returned an indictment charging the appellant with three counts of aiding and abetting carjackings in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 2119(1) and two counts of aiding and abetting aggravated carjackings in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 2119(2). The indictment alleged that the appellant and his confederates had appropriated five motor vehicles. Specifically, count one charged that the appellant and Miguel Alamo Castro (Alamo) carjacked a Toyota Echo on December 31, 2001; count two charged that the appellant, Alamo, and Ismael Ortega Santana (Ortega) carjacked a Nissan Xterra on January 10, 2002; count three charged that the appellant and Alamo carjacked a Chevrolet Cavalier on January 14, 2002; count four charged that the appellant and Alamo carjacked a Nissan Pathfinder on the same date; and count five charged that the appellant and Ortega carjacked a Mitsubishi Montero on January 24, 2002. In two instances (counts one and three), the indictment further charged that the carjackings had resulted in serious bodily injury in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119(2).
The appellant initially maintained his innocence. He subsequently moved both to change his pleas and to dismiss count three insofar as it charged aggravated carjacking. In a memorandum accompanying the motion to dismiss, he argued that the incident giving rise to the “serious bodily injury” allegation — the rape of a woman
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known as G.K.L. — did not suffice to trigger liability for aggravated carjacking. The appellant’s thesis ran as follows. The crime of cаrjacking requires, inter alia, the taking of a motor vehicle “from the person or presence of another by force and violence or by intimidation.” 18 U.S.C. § 2119. If, however, “serious bodily injury ... results,” the crime becomes aggravated carjacking, a separate and distinct offense punishable under the heightened penalty provisions contained in 18 U.S.C. § 2119(2). While the appellant concedes that rape qualifies as a serious bodily injury within the purview of section 2119(2),
see United States v. Vazquez-Rivera,
The question of a change of plea was held in abeyance pending the disposition of the motion to dismiss. The parties stipulated to the facts underlying count three. We summarize them here.
On January 14, 2002, Alamo and the appellant, aiding and abetting one another, took a Chevrolet Cavalier from Gerald Morales by means of force and intimidation (including the brandishing of what appeared to be firearms). With Morales and Morales’s passenger, Héctor Berrios, in the vehicle and the appellant at the wheel, the carjackers drove to various ATM machines and forced Morales at gunpoint to withdraw cash from his account. When that source of funds had been exhausted, Morales, in response to the appellant’s demands, indicated that he had keys to G.KL.’s apartment and that the carjackers might be able to obtain more money there. Intrigued by this possibility, the carjackers drove to the apartment complex. Upon their arrival, they locked Berrios (whose hands had been tied with his own shoelaсes) in the trunk of Morales’s automobile. The appellant retained the car keys.
Morales escorted the carjackers into G.K.L.’s apartment. The men entered G.KL.’s bedroom and awoke her, demanding money. She replied that she had no cash and did not possess an ATM card. At that point, Alamo and Morales receded into the living room, but the appellant remained behind and raped G.K.L. When the appellant emerged from the bedroom, the trio departed with G.KL.’s cell phone and several bottles of wine. They thеn forced Berrios, at gunpoint, to direct them to his car (a Nissan Pathfinder). Once there, the appellant and Alamo perfected another carjacking (which became the subject of count four of the indictment). The carjackers did not release Morales and Berrios until they had made an unsuccessful attempt to empty Berrios’s bank account.
Taking these facts into account, the district court, in an unpublished order, denied the motion to dismiss count three. In so ruling, the court rejected the appellant’s contention that because G.K.L. was neither the owner of the carjacked vehicle nor physically present at the time of the carjacking, the rape could not be said to “result” from the carjacking offense. The court noted that in Vazquez-Rivera, we held that “injuries covered [by section 2119(2) ] are not limited to those resulting from the ‘taking’ of a vehicle, but also include those caused by the carjacker at any point during his or her retention of the vehicle.” Id. at 178. In the district court’s view, that principle applied because, at the time of the rape, the appellant was still in retention of the carjacked vehicle, he kept the keys in his pocket, he had a victim trapped in the car’s trunk, and he held the car’s owner under his command. Thus, the serious bodily injury endured by G.K.L. could be said to “re- *298 suit” from the carjacking, as required by the statute.
Following the denial of his motion to dismiss, the appellant reactivated his motion for a change of plea. After some skirmishing, not relevant here, the district court conducted a hearing on March 3, 2003. The change-of-plea colloquy was thorough. Significantly, the apрellant admitted during that colloquy that he and Alamo had placed Berrios in the trunk of Morales’s vehicle; that he had retained the keys to the car during his visit to G.KL.’s abode; and that, while in possession of the keys and in control of Berrios and Morales, he raped G.K.L. Based on these admissions, the district court permitted the appellant to enter a plea of guilty to count three as well as to the other four counts of the indictment. The court also ordered the preparation of a presentence investigation report (PSI Report) and set the case for sentencing.
On June 16, 2003, the district court convened the disposition hearing. The court ascertained that defense counsel had discussed the PSI Report with the appellant and fully explained its contents to him. The appellant acknowledged that he understood what the report said. For all intents and purposes, the defense raised no objections to the PSI Report. 1 The court then stated that, in the absence of any material objections to the PSI Report, it would adopt the findings contained therein.
The court calculated a guideline sentencing range of 360 months to life (total offense level — 40; criminal history category — III). It sentenced the appellant to serve 600 months in prison, imposing consecutive 300-month terms for each of counts one and three, and concurrent 180-month terms for each of counts two, four, and five. Individually, each of these terms represented the statutory maximum for the offense of conviction. See 18 U.S.C. § 2119(2) (setting a twenty-five-year maximum for aggravated carjacking); id. § 2119(1) (setting a fifteеn-year maximum for simple carjacking). The court also ordered a supervised release term of five years, a special assessment of $500, and restitution in the amount of $5,950. This timely appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
González-Mercado seeks to challenge the validity of his guilty pleas, his conviction on count three, and his sentence. We consider each challenge in turn.
A. The Validity of the Guilty Pleas.
In supplemental briefing and a letter submitted pursuant to Fed. R.App. P. 28(j), the appellant maintains that his pleas as to all five counts must be set aside becausе they were not entered in conformity with Fed.R.Crim.P. 11. To elaborate, he insists that his pleas were not tendered intelligently because they were based upon a mistaken understanding of the operation of the federal sentencing guidelines. Although a guilty plea waives most claims of error, it does not preclude an attack on the voluntary and intelligent character of the plea itself.
See Tollett v. Henderson,
This claim derives from the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
United States v. Booker,
— U.S. -,
We have heard and rejected this argument before.
See United States v. Sahlin,
B. The Conviction on Count Three.
The appellant’s next attack is more narrowly focused. He asseverates that the district court erred in imposing a 300-month sentence on count three because the sexual assault of G.K.L. did not “result” from the Morales carjacking. This asseveration rests on the premise that the district court should have sentenced the appellant in accordance with section 2119(1), which defines the crime of simple carjacking and caps sentences at fifteen years, rather than section 2119(2), which defines the crime of aggravated carjacking (i.e., carjacking resulting in serious bodily injury) and caps sentences at twenty-five years.
This argument is beset with problems. Most prominently, it ignores the decision in
Jones v. United States,
This is an important distinction for the purposes of this case. 18 U.S.C. § 2119 contains three separate sections, defining three separate crimes (we have not mentioned section 2119(3) because that provision has no bearing on this case). Inasmuch as the three sections of 18 U.S.C. § 2119 limn separate offenses, the appropriate forum for contesting the applicability of any one section to the facts of a *300 particular case is the guilt phase of the proceeding — not the sentencing phase.
Here, however, the appellant bypassed that opportunity by electing to enter an unconditional guilty plea. That plea waived all non-jurisdictional challenges to the resulting conviction under section 2119(2), save claims that the plea was not knowing and voluntary.
See United States v. Rodriguez-Castillo,
The appellant tries to parry this thrust in two different ways. First, he notes that he did raise a challenge to the applicability of section 2119(2) in his motion to dismiss count three. That is true as far as it goes, but it does not go very far. The appellant failed to preserve the issue for review when he entered an unconditional guilty plea to count three. He could have attempted to avail himself of the procedurе described in Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(a)(2), which allows a criminal defendant, with the consent of the court and the government, to preserve the right to appeal an adverse determination on a specific pretrial motion by entering a conditional guilty plea, but he did not do so. Under these circumstances, his motion to dismiss died a natural death and he cannot now resurrect it.
The appellant also seeks, albeit somewhat perfunctorily, to make an end run around the waiver that normally would flow from the entry of an unconditional guilty plea. The waiver doctrine does not apply to jurisdictional claims,
see Cordero,
The mоst gaping hole in this argument is that it cannot properly be classified as jurisdictional (and, therefore, as subject to review notwithstanding the appellant’s unconditional guilty plea). In arguing to the contrary, the appellant clings to
United States v. Rosa-Ortiz,
The case at hand is a horse of a different hue. The appellant has not argued that the district court lacked authority to hear the case in the first instance because the indictment failed to charge a cognizable federal offense. Nor could such an argument prevail. Each of the five counts charged crimеs within the competence of the district court; count three charged in plain terms that a carjacking occurred, which “resulted] in serious bodily injury” by reason of the appellant’s sexual assault of G.K.L. That language sufficiently alleged a violation of section 2119(2). This is dispositive of the appellant’s argument because, with few exceptions (none applicable here), “a federal
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criminal case is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the district court if the indictment charges ... that the defendant committed a crime desсribed in [a federal criminal statute].”
United States v. Gonzalez,
Even if the appellant’s allegation that the admitted facts are insufficient as a matter of law to satisfy the “results” element of aggravated carjacking were accurate — and we doubt that it is
2
— that allegation would not raise a cognizable jurisdictional defect. In
United States v. Valdez-Santana,
To say more on this issue would be to paint the lily. We find, without serious question, that the appellant’s argument that his admitted сonduct does not satisfy the “results” element of section 2119(2) is not jurisdictional in nature. Consequently, further consideration of it is foreclosed by the appellant’s unconditional guilty plea.
C. Alleged Sentencing Errors.
The entry of an unconditional guilty plea does not itself waive challenges to the ensuing sentence.
Sahlin,
1. Enhancement for Serious Bodily Harm. The appellant suggests that the district court erred when it applied a four-level enhancement to his adjusted offense level on count three. See USSG § 2B3.1(b)(3) (allowing for the disputed enhancement “[i]f any victim sustained [serious] bodily injury” in the course of the carjacking). This is too late and too little.
The suggestion is too late because the appellant neither interposed an objection to the PSI Report (which recommended the application of the enhancement) nor argued against the enhancement at sentencing. At best, then, the point has been forfeited, and review would be limited to plain error.
See United States v. Rodriguez,
In this instance, even plain error review is unavailаble because the suggestion is not only too late but also too little. On appeal, González-Mercado has not offered any developed argumentation as to why it
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was error, let alone plain error, for the sentencing court to apply section 2B3.1(b)(3). This omission is all the more stark because the appellant admitted below that he raped G.K.L. while the carjacking was ongoing, that is, while retaining control over both the carjacked vehicle and its occupants (Morales and Berrios).
3
This failure must be deemed a waiver.
See, e.g., Muñiz v. Rovira,
2. Booker Claim. Before us, the appellant raises for the first time a challenge to his sentence premised upon the district court’s alleged error in making certain adjustments to the offense levels used to calculate his sentence under a preponderance of the evidence standard. 4 These include a four-level “grouping” adjustment, see USSG § 3D1.4; a two-level role-in-the-offense enhancement, see id. § 3Bl.l(c); the previously discussed four-level “serious bodily injury” enhancement, see id. § 2B3.1(b)(3)(B); and a one-level enhancement for amount of loss, see id. § 2B3.1(b)(7)(B). 5
The appellant did not object to any of these adjustments below. In this court, however, he took the position that
Blakely v. Washington,
— U.S. -,
The plain error test is rigorous. We have stated that;
Review for plain error entails four showings: (1) that an error occurred (2) which was clear or obvious and which not only (3) affected the defendant’s substantial rights, but also (4) seriously impaired the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
United States v. Duarte,
In this case, the first two elements present no problem. There is a
Booker
error, although it is not any of the alleged errors
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that the appellant identifies.
6
Booker
teaches that the imposition of sentencing enhancements under a mandatory guidelines regime is erroneous.
See Booker,
— U.S. at -, - — —,
The Booker error is that the defendant’s Guidelines sentence was imposed under a mandatory system. The error is not that a judge (by a preponderance of the evidence) determined facts under the Guidelines which increased a sentence beyond that authorized by the jury verdict or an admission by the defendant; the error is only that the judge did so in a mandatory Guidelines system.
It is at step three of the plain error pavane that the appellant’s argument stumbles. That prong requires a showing that the error affected substantial rights.
Duarte,
The appellant has not shown a reasonable probability — not even a possibility— that the district court would have imposed a different (more lenient) sentence had it understood that the sentencing guidelines were advisory rather than mandatory. That is fatal to his Booker claim. See id. at 75; see also id. at 77 (noting that the defendant bears the burden of persuasion with regard to the element of prejudice). In this regard, it is especially significant that, at oral argument — conducted after this court had handed down its decision in Antonakopoulos — the appellant’s counsel did not advance any viable theory as to how the Booker error had prejudiced his client’s substantial rights. Nor does anything in the record suggest a basis for such an inference.
To cinch matters, we note that the guidelines, without any downward departure, would have allowed the court to im
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pose an aggregate sentenсe as low as 360 months for the grouped counts. The court spurned that option and chose to sentence the appellant to nearly double that amount of prison time — a total of 600 months. The court explained that a sentence at the low end of the range would ignore the horrific details of the specific offense conduct and “depreciate the overall harm to the victims.” When, under a mandatory guidelines regime, a sentencing court has elected to sentence the defendant substantially above the bottom of the range, that is a telling indication that the court, if acting under an advisory guidelines regime, would in all likelihood have imposed the same sentence.
See United States v. Pratt,
No. 04-30446,
The sentence here is reasonable and, for the reasons stated above, we reject the appellant’s request to vacate it on Booker grounds.
III. CONCLUSION
We need go no further. Discerning no merit in the appellant’s various challenges, we affirm his convictions and sentence.
Affirmed.
Notes
. The only misgiving that defense counsel voiced was an extremely minor correction to the report that had nothing to do with any оf the issues on appeal.
. This court’s precedents interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 2119(2) strongly suggest that the appellant’s rape of G.K.L. falls within the statu-tóry sweep.
See, e.g., United States v. Lowe,
.If and to the extent that the appellant intended to rely on his argument that under 18 U.S.C. § 2119(2) the rape did not result from the carjacking,
see supra
Part 11(B), his reliance is misplaced. The applicable guideline does not track the language of the statute; instead, it covers serious bodily injury to “any victim.” USSG § 2B3.1(b)(3). It is hard to conceive of any interpretation of the phrase “any victim” that would exclude G.K.L. in the circumstanсes of this case.
Cf. United States
v.
Hughes,
. The appellant also claims that the sentencing court made an impermissible upward departure. This claim is frivolous. The guideline sentencing range was 360 months to life, and the court sentenced the appellant within that range.
. Some of these adjustments applied to fewer than all of the counts. For present purposes, howеver, such differentiations do not matter.
. Had the district court erred in making the factual findings underlying these upward adjustments and, as a result, misapplied guideline enhancements in a way that increased the appellant's sentence, such errors would require resentencing even under our
pre-Booker
precedents.
United States v. Serrano-Beauvaix,