Gilbеrt Ortega (“Gilbert”) appeals from his conviction for possessing stolen mail in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1708. Three government checks were stolen from the mail and prеsented for payment by a person who was identified as Gilbert by the bank tellers. The Government’s handwriting expert testified that the forged endorsements on each of the checks were written by Gilbert. The only controverted fact was the identification of Gilbert as the person who possessed the stolen mail. Gilbert denied any involvement; he claimed that he was mistaken for his brother, Henry, whom he strongly resembles and whose handwriting is similar to his own.
Three issues are presented on аppeal. Did the district court err (1) in excluding *805 testimony from appellant’s mother that Henry had tampered with mail on other occasions and had oncе forged her signature on a check, (2) in denying Gilbert’s motion to prevent the Government from impeaching him with a prior misdemeanor conviction, and (3) in prohibiting him frоm impeaching a government witness with a prior felony conviction?
I
On direct examination, Mrs. Ortega testified that her son Henry drove Gilbert’s car (which had been identified as being the same car driven by the person who cashed one of the checks), that Henry had visited the apartment complex where the chеcks were stolen, and that Henry and Gilbert looked so much alike that “you can’t tell them apart when they are together.” On direct examination, defense counsel asked her whether she had ever had trouble with her mail box. She replied affirmatively. He then said, “What trouble did you have with the mail box?” The proseсutor objected, without stating the basis for his objection, and a discussion thereafter ensued outside the presence of the jury. Defense counsel exрlained that he intended to show through Mrs. Ortega that “her son Henry opened her locked mail box with a fingernail file. She was an eye witness to that. The proseсutor has argued that he had no access to this mail box. I would like to show that he knew how to get in the mail boxes.” The district court foreclosed the line of interrogation on the ground that “there is no showing of any similarity or anything else.” Defense counsel also asked whether he could elicit from Mrs. Ortega testimony that Henry had forged her name on a check on a prior occasion. The court refused, stating, “I don’t think it is really probative of anything having to do with the defendаnt.” In short, the question is whether the district court correctly excluded the proffered evidence on the ground that it was irrelevant.
The excluded testimony was rеlevant only if one could infer from proof of Henry’s prior acts in opening his mother’s mail box and from his forgery that Henry, rather than Gilbert, may have been the рerson who did the acts charged to Gilbert. We agree with the district court that these isolated acts on Henry’s part were not enough to justify an inference that he may have been the guilty brother. The evidence does not tend to prove that Henry had a mail-stealing habit, from which one could infer that he repeated the performance on the occasions in question. Evidence that Henry forged his mother’s signature on a check on one occаsion does not warrant an inference that he forged endorsements regularly, and, therefore, that he did so with respect to the three checks in issue. Nо evidence showed any similarity between Henry’s prior illegal acts and the acts resulting in the charges against Gilbert. All that the proffered evidence would prove is that Henry is untrustworthy, but it does not tend to prove that Henry was more untrustworthy than Gilbert, or at least as likely as Gilbert to have been the person in possessiоn of this stolen mail.
II
Over objection, the district court permitted the Government to impeach Gilbert with his prior misdemeanor conviction for taking two bottles of vodka from a market without paying for them. 1 Rule 609(a) Fed. Rules of Evid. permits impeachment by proof of conviction of a misdemeanor only if the crime invоlved dishonesty or false statement. The narrow question is whether the shoplifting conviction involves “dishonesty or false statement” within the meaning of Rule 609(a).
*806 Because the House and Senate versions of Rule 609 differed, the rule was considered by the Committee on Conference which worked out a compromise that was ultimately adopted. The Conference Committee explained its views in its joint statement which, in pertinent part, says: ■
“By the phrase ‘dishonesty and false statement’ the Conference means crimes such as perjury or subornation of perjury, false statement, criminal fraud, embezzlement, or false pretense, or any other offense in the nature of crimen falsi, the commission of which involves some element of deceit, untruthfulness, or falsification bearing on the accusеd’s propensity to testify truthfully.
“The admission of prior convictions involving dishonesty and false statement is not within the discretion of the court. Such convictions are peculiarly probative of credibility and, under this rule, are always to be admitted. Thus, judicial discretion granted with respect to the admissibility of other prior cоnvictions is not applicable to those involving dishonesty or false statement.” (Conference Report, H.R. No. 93-1597, reprinted 3 Weinstein’s Evidence, 609-39 (1976).)
Before the adoption of the Evidence Code, the Circuits divided on the question whether such crimes as petty larceny reflected adversely on the witness’ veracity. (Many of the pre-code cases are collected in
Government of Virgin Islands
v.
Toto
(3d Cir. 1976)
Human experience does not justify an inference that a person will perjure himself from proof that he was guilty of petty shoplifting, as Toto recognizes. • An absence of respect for the property of others is an undеsirable character trait, but it is not an indicium of a propensity toward testimonial dishonesty. 3
III
The district court erred in preventing Gilbert from impeaching a govеrnment witness with a prior felony conviction. The district court excluded the evidence after determining that its probative value did not outweigh its prejudicial еffect. Rule 609(a) does not permit any weighing process with respect to such impeaching evidence elicited by a defendant. The evidence рroduced in his defense cannot have a prejudical effect “to the defendant.”
Error in the restriction of a defendant’s cross-examination of a government witness has constitutional implications and, therefore, we must be extremely hesitant in brushing aside such error as harmless.
(Davis v. Alaska
(1974)
We need not decide whether error in this case was of constitutional magnitude requiring reversal, however, because we are convinced that the combined errors in per *807 mitting Gilbert to be impeached by his shoplifting conviction and in refusing to permit impeachment of a government witness by proof of a prior felony conviction wеre prejudicial.
REVERSED.
Notes
. The
Toto
case was decided under pre-code law, but the court noted and discussed Rule 609(a), correctly observing that the rule had codifiеd the settled rule in the Third Circuit. To the same effect,
Government of Virgin Islands v. Testamark
(3rd Cir. 1976)
. The Fifth Circuit may have a contrary view. In
United States v. Carden
(5th Cir. 1976)