UNITED STATES v. GASKIN
No. 68
Supreme Court of the United States
January 3, 1944
Argued December 7, 8, 1943
320 U.S. 527
Mr. Marion B. Knight, with whom Messrs. A. L. Brogden and Harley Langdale were on the brief, for appellee.
MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS delivered the opinion of the Court.
An indictment was returned against the appellee in the District Court for Northern Florida which charged that he arrested one Johnson “to a condition of peonage,” upon a claim that Johnson was indebted to him, and with intent to cause Johnson to perform labor in satisfaction of the debt, and that he forcibly arrested and detained Johnson against his will and transported him from one place to another within Florida. There was no allegation
The charge is laid under
The District Court held that the statute imposes no penalty for an arrest with intent to compel the performance of labor or service unless the person arrested renders labor or service for a master following the arrest.
We think this was error. Section 269 derives from § 1 of the
The section makes arrest of a person with intent to place him in a state of peonage a separate and independent offense. It penalizes “whoever holds, arrests, returns, or causes to be held, arrested, or returned . . . any person to a condition of peonage.” The language is inartistic. The appropriate qualifying preposition for the word “holds” is “in.” An accurate qualifying phrase for the
The Act of 1867 was passed as the result of agitation in Congress for further legislation because of the use of federal troops to arrest persons who had escaped from a condition of peonage.7 The first section abolished and prohibited peonage and made certain practices in connection therewith criminal. The second section imposed a duty on all in the military and civil service to aid in the enforcement of the first, and provided that if any officer or other person in the military service should offend against the Act‘s provisions he should, upon conviction by a court martial, be dishonorably dismissed from the service.8 It is plain that arrest for the purpose of placing a person in or returning him to a condition of peonage was one of the evils to be suppressed.
The appellee invokes the rule that criminal laws are to be strictly construed and defendants are not to be convicted under statutes too vague to apprise the citizen of the nature of the offense. That principle, however,
The judgment is
Reversed.
MR. JUSTICE MURPHY, dissenting:
We are dealing here with a criminal statute, the penalties of which circumscribe personal freedom. Before we sanction the imposition of such penalties no doubts should exist as to the statutory proscription of the acts in question. Otherwise individuals are punished without having been adequately warned as to those actions which subjected them to liability.
It is doubtful whether an arrest not followed by actual peonage clearly and unmistakably falls within the prohibition of § 269 of the Criminal Code. The court below, at least, felt that the statute did not cover such a situation. Other judges have expressed similar doubts. United States v. Eberhart, 127 F. 252; dissenting opinion in Taylor v. United States, 244 F. 321, 332, 333. And in order to reach the opposite conclusion, this Court labels the statutory language as “inartistic” and as lacking in “strict grammatical construction.” It then proceeds to rewrite the statute, in conformity with what it conceives to have been the original intention of Congress, so as to penalize “whoever . . . arrests . . . any person for the purpose of placing him in a condition of peonage.” I cannot assent to this judicial revision of a criminal law. Congress alone has power to amend or clarify the criminal sanctions of a statute.
Apologia for inadequate legislative draftsmanship and reliance on the admitted evils of peonage cannot replace the right of each individual to a fair warning from Congress as to those actions for which penalties are inflicted.