238 F.3d 777 | 6th Cir. | 2001
Lead Opinion
OPINION
On April 1, 1996, Gary Harris and Anthony Gaines were planning to rob a convenience store located on the grounds of the U.S. Army base at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. As they waited for an opportune moment to enter the store, two soldiers, Michael Alonso and Gorge Lopez, walked toward the store. Harris and Gaines pulled bandanas over their faces and confronted the soldiers. Gaines told them to “Back up” and brandished a revolver, which discharged, hitting Alonso in the neck. Harris and Gaines ran away; Alonso eventually died from his wounds.
Following their arrest, the Government charged the two defendants with one count of unlawfully killing another human being within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1111; one count of attempted robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 2111; and one count of using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 924(c). The defendants originally appealed the district court’s decision to sentence them as adults (they were both under eighteen at the time of the original proceeding), but they waived those claims at oral argument before this court. As a result, we have only one issue to decide: whether the district court was correct in sentencing the two defendants using a base offense level of 43.
This appeal stems from the fact that when the government indicted the defendants, it did not specify whether the indict
The district court’s application of the § 2B3.1 cross-reference was specifically mandated by our decision in United States v. Poindexter, 44 F.3d 406, 410 (6th Cir.1995), which affirmed the use of the higher offense level in a case where “death results from the commission of certain felonies.” U.S.S.G. § 2A1.1, cmt. n. 1. In Harris and Gaines’ case, there is no question that death resulted from the defendants’ commission of robbery, which is one of the felonies specifically delineated in the federal murder statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1111. As a result, the district court was required by our previous decision to apply the cross reference found in U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1. Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), does not alter our holding Poindexter because the sentence imposed does not exceed the statutory maximum for the crime charged in the indictment. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s decision to use a base offense level of 43 and to sentence each of the defendants to 480 months of imprisonment.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I write to point out the injustice inherent in sentencing a defendant charged with second degree murder using the first degree murder guidelines. Perhaps this sentencing decision is consistent with the letter of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), because it does not sentence the defendants to terms of imprisonment in excess of the statutory maximum, nor does it alter the range of penalties to which the defendants are exposed. But both the holding in Poindexter and the fundamental basis of our decision in the instant case are clearly contrary to the spirit of Apprendi, which says that factual issues having a significant impact on the defendant’s sentence should be charged in the indictment and proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The Apprendi approach seems to me to disfavor the current judicial and prosecutorial practice of not giving notice by indictment of the real crime at issue and of leaving most of the more salient factual disputes for the sentencing hearing, where the burden of proof is the less rigorous “preponderance of the evidence” standard and the hearsay rules do not apply. Following the logic of Apprendi, the government should not have been able to cure its charging error simply by convincing a judge outside the normal rules of evidence that the preponderance of the evidence indicated that Harris and Gaines committed first degree murder. This is consistent with my longstanding belief that the Sentencing Guidelines — as interpreted in