Dеfendants-appellants Salvador Garcia (Garcia), Abraham Chavez (Chavez), Elma Cepeda de Johnson (Cepeda), 1 and Julian Rodriguez-Rucobo (Rucobo) were convicted in the same proceeding of various drug offenses related to the importation and distribution of marihuana. In this consolidated appeal, Chavez contends that the district court (1) erred by denying his motion to suppress; (2) improperly allowed two grams of marihuana to be admitted in evidence; and (3) abused its discretion by rejecting his requested lesser included offense instruction. Further, appellants assert that the district court erred by failing to grant a judgment of acquittal under the entirety of count one of the indictment rather than simply a portion thereof. We affirm.
Facts and Proceedings Below
Appellants were convicted on September 29, 1992, for their рarticipation in a large scale drug conspiracy. 2 The conspiracy involved the importation of marihuana across the United States-Mexico border for distribution in Denver, Colorado. The conspiracy was discovered as a result of a series of arrests, from June of 1990 to December of 1991, of individuals attempting to drive across the United States-Mexico border or through immigration cheсkpoints with marihuana hidden in their vehicles. 3 Information obtained from some of the individuals arrested and evidence discovered from searches of some of the vehicles linked these arrests and the importation of the marihuana to the Cepeda family. 4
*1012 On January 3,1992, a federal grand jury in the El Paso Division of the Western District of Texas returned a four-count indictment against appellants and twelve othеr individuals. Under count one of the indictment, all defendants were charged with conspiring to possess marihuana with the intent to distribute and using a minor to conceal the crime in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846, and 861(a)(2). Under count two, Garcia, Chavez, and Rucobo were charged with conspiring to import marihuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 960(a), and 963. Under count three, Cepeda and Rucobo were charged with importing marihuana into the United States from Mexico in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 952(a). Under count four, Cepeda and Ru-cobo were charged with possession of marihuana with the intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).
On January 9, 1992, a search warrant was issued authorizing federal agents to search Chavez’s home at 3841 Shoshone Street in Denver. The search warrant was issued based on the affidavit of Customs Agent Stephen Simer (Simer). Simer, an agent in the Denver office, stated that in February of 1991 he became involved in a joint investigation with the El Paso office concerning the illegal importation and distribution of marihuana. Simer declared that the investigation revealed that Chavez had conspired to import in excess of three hundred pounds of marihuana from Mexico and distribute it from his Denver residence. Simer testified that the investigation disclosed that bеtween May 1989 and December 1991 Chavez received approximately five loads of marihuana, each load weighing between thirty and sixty pounds. In addition, Simer stated that the investigation of Chavez was based on information provided by confidential informants, an analysis of long distance telephone records, and surveillance. Simer also stated that Chavez and several others had been indicted by а federal grand jury in El Paso on January 3, 1992, for their involvement in the importation/distribution organization, and a warrant for Chavez’s arrest had been issued. 5
On January 10, 1992, the search warrant was executed at Chavez’s residence in Denver, Colorado. The warrant authorized a search for several items associated with drug trafficking including telephone records, ledgers, tally sheets, currency, narcotics, and distribution аnd packaging materials. During the search, customs agents found cigarette rolling papers, $21,557 in cash, and 2 grams of marihuana in the master bedroom. The agents also seized Chavez’s truck and a map to Garcia’s and Cepeda’s El Paso home.
Appellants’ jury trial began on September 22, 1992. At the end of the government’s case, they moved for a judgment of acquittal as to count one. The district court granted the motion only as to paragraph (b) of that conspiracy count which relates to using a minor to conceal a crime.
During trial, the primary evidence presented against Chavez consisted of the testimony of Tomas Vasquez (Vasquez). Vasquez testified that he delivered three loads of marihuana from Chihuahua, Mexico, to Chavez’s Denver home in the spring of 1991. Vasquez stated that, in Chavez’s presence, he and Garcia unloaded the marihuana and took it into Chavez’s home. Vasquez further testified that he overheard Chavez negotiating over the price of the loads and witnessed him giving Garcia money. In addition to Vasquez’s testimony, the government introduced in evidence: (1) telephone records showing over 30 telephone calls between Chavez’s house in Denver and Garcia’s and Cepeda’s house in El Paso and (2) the $21,557 in cash and the 2 grams of marihuana seized during the search of Chavez’s home.
Testifying in his own defense, Chavez admitted to knowing Garcia and Cepeda. He stated that he and his wife were good friends with the couple and they often stayed in his home. Chavez admitted that he owned the *1013 two grams of marihuana found in his bedroom, but stated that it was for his own personal use. Chavez testified that he had purchased the two grams of marihuana from a third party at a Denver housing project. Chavez denied all of the accusations of Vasquez, and maintained that he never bought or sold large quantities of marihuana.
On September 29, 1992, the jury returned its verdict. Garcia was found guilty of conspiring to possess marihuana with intent to distribute and conspiring to import marihuana (counts one and two). Chavez was convictеd of conspiring to possess marihuana with intent to distribute (count one), but acquitted of conspiring to import marihuana (count two). Cepeda was convicted of conspiring to possess "with intent to distribute (count one), but acquitted of importing marihuana into the United States (count three) and of possession of marihuana with intent to distribute (count four). Rucobo was found guilty of all four counts of the indictment.
On apрeal, Chavez argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress the evidence seized from his home. In addition, Chavez contends that the district court erred in denying his motion in limine to exclude the two grams of marihuana found in his bedroom, which he maintains were inadmissible and unduly prejudicial extrinsic evidence. Chavez also asserts that the district court erred by denying his request for a lesser included offense instruction fоr conspiracy to possess. Lastly, appellants argue that the district court erred by granting only a partial acquittal on count one.
Discussion
I. Motion to Suppress
Chavez argues that the district court erred in refusing to suppress evidence seized from his home. This Court engages in a two-step review of a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to a search warrant.
United States v. Satterwhite,
A. Good Faith Exception
The good faith exception applies unless one of four exceptions is appliсable.
6
Chavez argues that the third exception to the good faith doctrine applies in the instant case,
ie.,
the affidavit is so lacking in any indicia of probable cause as to render an official’s belief in its existence entirely unreasonable. This Court reviews the reasonableness of an officer’s reliance
de novo. United States v. McKnight,
B. Reasonableness of Officer’s Reliance
Facts recited in Simer’s affidavit which support the officer’s belief that probable cause existed include: (1) Chavez was indicted on January 3, 1992, for his involvement in a conspiracy involving the importation and distribution of marihuana; (2) there was a warrant for Chavez’s arrest; and (3) Chavez had been implicated in the conspiracy by information received from confidential informants, as well as police surveillance, and an analysis of phone records. The affidavit also states that the investigation revealed the marihuana was being distributed from Chavez’s home. A weakness with the affidavit, however, is that Simer does not expressly *1014 state what information was received from the confidential informants and his basis for reliance on such informants.
It is not enough for the supporting affidavit of a search warrant to state that a defendant is under indictment and that there was a warrant for his arrest.
See United States v. Freeman,
Chavez’s indictment by a grand jury establishes that there was probable cause to believe that Chavez was involved in drug trafficking. Construing the affidavit in a “common sense and realistic manner,”
see Freeman,
II. Extrinsic Evidence
Chavez contends that the district court erred in admitting in evidence the two grams of marihuana found in his bedroom. Chavez asserts that the evidence was extrinsic and its admission violated Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). 7
Chavez’s contention is without merit. “An act is not extrinsic, and Rule 404(b) is not implicated, where the evidence of that act and the evidence of the crime charged are inextricably intertwined.”
United States v. Torres,
III. Lesser Included Offense Instruction
Under Rule 31(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminаl Procedure a defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on a lesser included offense if: (1) the elements of the lesser offense are a subset of the elements of the charged offense and (2) the evidence at trial permits a jury to rationally find the defendant guilty of the lesser offense, yet acquit him of the greater.
United States v. Deisch,
Chavez argues that the district court should have granted his request for a lesser included instructiоn on conspiracy to possess because conspiracy to possess is a lesser included offense and his testimony that he purchased the two grams of marihuana for his personal use from a third party would support- a jury’s finding him guilty of the lesser offense.
A. Statutory Elements Test
It is undisputed that under the statutory elements test, conspiracy to possess is a subset of the elements of conspiracy to possess with intent to distributе.
See United States v. White,
B. Evidence at Trial
Chavez asserts that a jury could rationally find him guilty of conspiracy to .possess based on his testimony that he purchased the two grams of marihuana from a third party.
The lesser offense Chavez testifies he committed does not in any way relate to the offense charged in the indictment. Chavez was indicted for conspiring, in the Western District of Texas, with the co-defendants to possess and distribute marihuana. Yet, Chavez’s testimony concerns a different offense committed on a different occasion. The offense Chavez admits to committing was confined to the Denver, Colorado, area and did not involve any of his co-defendants or alleged co-conspirators. Chavez’s purchase of marihuana from a Denver housing project is a separate and distinct crime. A defendant is not entitled to a lesser included offense instruction simply because he admits to committing a lesser offense at a different time with other persons.
8
See United States v. Seni
Further, the evidence at trial does not show Chavez to be guilty of conspiracy to possess in respect to his claimed acquisition of the two grams of marihuana at a Denver housing project. To prove a conspiracy to possess, the government would have to prove that Chavez agreed in that instance with one or more persons to knowingly possess the two grams of marihuana. “The buy-sell transaction is simply not probative of an agreement to join together to accomplish a criminal objective beyond that already being accomplished by the transaction.”
United States v. Townsend,
Thus, Chavez was not entitled to an instruction on conspiracy to possess as a lesser included offense.
IV. Partial Acquittal on Count One
.Appellants argue that the district court erred by granting only a partial judgment of acquittal on count one. They assert that count one charged only a conspiracy to violate 21 U.S.C. § 861(a)(2), which proscribes use of a minor to avoid detection or apprehension of an offense. Appellants contend that the district court’s grant of an acquittal on the portion of count one relating to the minor (paragraph (b)) removed an essential element of the only offense charged in that count. We disagree.
The indictment alleged:
“COUNT ONE
(21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), 861(a)(2))
That commencing on or аbout May 1, 1989, and continuing thereafter, up to and including on or about December 4,1991, in the Western District of Texas and elsewhere, Defendants [naming them] willfully and knowingly conspired, combined, confederated, and agreed together, and with each other, and with others known and unknown to the Grand Jury, to commit offenses against the United States, to wit:
(a) to possess a quantity of marihuana, a Schedule I Controlled Substance, with in *1016 tent to distribute same, contrary to Title 21, United States Code, section 841(a)(1);
(b) and each of the above defendants being a person of at least eighteen years of age at the time of the commission of this charged conspiracy did use, induce, and coerce a person under eighteen years of age to assist in avoiding detection for their unlawful activities, including importation and the рossession with intent to distribute marihuana, a Schedule I Controlled Substance [21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 952(a) ].
All in violation of Title 21, United States Code, Section 846.”
An indictment may charge in one count a single conspiracy to violate more than one substantive criminal statute.
United States v. Duvall,
“ ‘When a conspiraсy to violate two statutes is alleged, the jury may find the defendant guilty if they believe beyond a reasonable doubt that he or she conspired to violate either one of the statutes.’ ”
United States v. Lyons,
Conclusion
Appellants’ appeal presents no reversible error, and their convictions and sentences are
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. Garcia and Cepeda are husband and wife.
. The indictment charged sixteen individuals with various related drug оffenses as members of the conspiracy. Of those sixteen, eight are fugitives, four are appellants in the instant appeal, three had all charges dismissed, and one was acquitted.
. As a result of these checkpoint and border stops, 12 individuals were arrested (including
.The government indicted several members of the Cepeda family as part of the conspiracy. Co-defendants charged with conspiracy, who are members of the Cepeda family include Garcia and Cepeda, Cepeda's brothers Eduardo, Ramon, Nolberto, Sergio, Rodolfo, and Cepeda’s sister, Andrea. Sergio was acquitted, however. Eduar *1012 do, Ramon, Nolberto, Rodolfo, and Andrea are fugitives.
. The affidavit further explained that the government established the residence as Chavez's by (1) reviewing telephone service records issued in his name; (2) verifying that vehicles parked in front of the house were registered to Chavez; and (3) noting that surveillance of the residence revealed a man matching Chavez's physical description entering and leaving the residence.
. Those exceptions are:
"(1) If the issuing magistrate/judge was misled by information in an affidavit that the affiant knew was false or would have known except for reckless disregard of the truth; (2) where the issuing magistrate/judge wholly abandoned his or her judicial rolе; (3) where the warrant is based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable; and (4) where the warrant is so facially deficient in failing to particularize the place to be searched or the things to be seized that executing officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid.” Id. at 1307 n. 4.
. Rule 404(b) states in part: "Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.”
. Similarly, if a defendant charged with assaulting a named victim with a knife testifies that he never assaulted the named victim at all, but did assault someone else at another time and place without a knife, he would not on the basis of such testimony be entitled to a lesser included offense instruction on simple assault.