UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Timothy Hans FORD, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 16-3032
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
Filed January 10, 2017
674 Fed. Appx. 832
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BRISCOE, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
Melody Brannon, Carl Adrian Folsom, III, Paige Nichols, Kirk C. Redmond, Office of the Federal Public Defender, District of Kansas, Topeka, KS, for Defendant-Appellant
ORDER AND JUDGMENT**
Timothy M. Tymkovich, Chief Judge
Timothy Hans Ford pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute cocaine base within one thousand feet of an elementary school. Ford and the government agreed to a non-binding plea agreement stipulating the drug quantity attributable to Ford. The parties agreed that Ford‘s base offense level under the United States Sentencing Guidelines should be determined according to that stipulated amount. Before sentencing, however, the Presentence Report (PSR) recommended a higher guidelines range of 262-327 months, based on a greater drug quantity than that set forth in the plea agreement, which would have produced a lesser guidelines range of 168-210 months.
The parties disputed which drug quantity and corresponding guidelines range the court should adopt, but ultimately agreed they would both accept a sentence within the lower range of 168-210 months. The district court sentenced Ford to 188 months’ imprisonment, indicating in its written statement of reasons that it had adopted the PSR without change, determined the guidelines range was 262-327 months, and varied downward to a sentence to which the parties agreed.
In 2014, the Sentencing Commission adopted amendments to the guidelines (Amendments 782 and 788) that retroactively reduced base-offense levels corresponding to drug quantities. Ford then filed a motion for sentence reduction pursuant to
The district court disagreed and concluded Ford‘s sentence was the result of a downward variance from a guidelines range of 262-327 months. Because the two-level reduction would result in a new range of 210-262 months, which was still above Ford‘s existing 188-month sentence, Ford was legally ineligible for relief. Thus, the district court denied his motion for lack of jurisdiction. Ford appealed, arguing the district court‘s conclusion was based on a clearly erroneous factual finding—namely, that the sentencing court adopted the higher range and varied downward.
Exercising jurisdiction under
I. Analysis
We review the district court‘s denial of a motion for sentence reduction for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Battle, 706 F.3d 1313, 1317 (10th Cir. 2013). “A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on an incorrect conclusion of law or a clearly erroneous finding of fact.” Id. A finding of fact “is clearly erroneous only ‘if it is without factual support in the record or if [this] court, after reviewing all the evidence, is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.‘” United States v. Patron-Montano, 223 F.3d 1184, 1188 (10th Cir. 2000) (alteration in original) (quoting Manning v. United States, 146 F.3d 808, 812 (10th Cir. 1998)). “If the district court‘s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety,” we may not reverse, even if we would have weighed the evidence differently. See Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573-74 (1985).
Courts may modify a defendant‘s term of imprisonment if the defendant was sentenced based on a guidelines range “that has been subsequently lowered by the Sentencing Commission ... if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”
Any sentence reduction under
Ford contends the district court erred in concluding he was legally ineligible for a
“It is a firmly established and settled principle of federal criminal law that an orally pronounced sentence controls over a judgment and commitment order when the two conflict.” United States v. Villano, 816 F.2d 1448, 1451 (10th Cir. 1987). “When an orally pronounced sentence is ambiguous, however, the judgment and commitment order is evidence which may be used to determine the intended sentence.” Id. (citations omitted); see also United States v. Thomas, 757 F.3d 806, 809-10 (8th Cir. 2014) (looking to written statement of reasons where the court‘s oral pronouncement was ambiguous as to the applicable sentencing range and basis for imposing the chosen sentence). In determining whether an oral sentence is ambiguous, we consider “only the words used by the sentencing court in formally pronouncing a sentence.” United States v. Barwig, 568 F.3d 852, 856 (10th Cir. 2009) (citing Villano, 816 F.2d at 1450-53, 1451 n.3). Most sentencing ambiguities can be resolved by reviewing the record, including the written judgment and commitment order, “to ascertain the intent of the sentencing judge and identify the terms of the sentence.” See United States v. May, 52 F.3d 885, 893 (10th Cir. 1995). If the record, including the statement of reasons, does not resolve the ambiguity, “the best course of action is [to remand] to allow the district court the opportunity to clarify its intentions.” Thomas, 757 F.3d at 810.
Here, the court‘s statements at the sentencing hearing were ambiguous as to the basis for the court‘s decision to impose a 188-month sentence. On the one hand, the court found the PSR was accurate. On the other hand, the court stated the 168-210-month range agreed to by the parties was sufficient to meet the sentencing purposes in
Because the oral explanation for the sentence is ambiguous, we look to the record, including the written statement of reasons, to discern the court‘s intent in imposing the sentence. Cf. May, 52 F.3d at 893. The statement of reasons resolves any ambiguity here: it makes clear that the court adopted the PSR “without change“; determined a total offense level of 34, criminal history category of VI, and guidelines imprisonment range of 262-327 months; imposed a sentence below that range; and did so for a reason other than a plea agreement or motion by the parties. Aple. Br. at 22. Thus, the district court‘s finding that the sentencing court adopted the guidelines range of 262-327 months and varied downward is, at the very least, plausible in light of the record. This is true especially when, as here, the reviewing court was also the sentencing court.
Nevertheless, Ford maintains the court could not have varied downward in imposing his sentence, because it never used the word “variance” at the sentencing hearing. But “we need not rely solely on the district court‘s isolated use of the terms ‘variance’ or ‘departure’ when the court‘s language is ambiguous and our reading of the entire
On this record, we cannot agree with Ford that the district court‘s finding that the sentencing court varied downward to a sentence of 188 months was clearly erroneous. Instead, the district court acted within its discretion when it held Ford was legally ineligible for a reduction.
II. Conclusion
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court‘s denial of Ford‘s motion for sentence reduction for lack of jurisdiction.