466 F.3d 324 | 5th Cir. | 2006
Before S MITH , G ARZA , and C LEMENT , I.
Circuit Judges. The issue is the impact on Fierro-Reyna’s sentence of his 1979 Texas conviction of ag- J ERRY E. S MITH , Circuit Judge: gravated assault of a police officer. The pre- sentence investigation report (“PSR”) recom- Sergio Armando Fierro-Reyna pleaded guil- mended a base offense level of 8, pursuant to ty of illegal reentry after deportation in vio- U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(a), and subtracted three lev- lation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. He challenges his els for acceptance of responsibility. The PSR sentence. We vacate and remand for recommended that the 1979 conviction be resentencing. treated as a “crime of violence” under U.S.S.-
G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii), thus adding sixteen to the offense level. With a total offense level of duty when he knows or has been informed the 21 and a criminal history category of V based person assaulted is a peace officer.” T EX . on eleven criminal history points, Fierro- P ENAL C ODE § 22.02(a)(2) (1974). Simple as- sault did not have use of force as an element. [2] Reyna’s guideline range was 70 to 87 months’ incarceration. The court overruled Fierro- Id . § 22.01 (1974). Reyna’s objections to the PSR and sentenced him to 87 months and a three-year term of Fierro-Reyna argues that because the stat- supervised release. ute merely required conduct amounting to sim-
ple assault, and the offense was elevated to On appeal Fierro-Reyna challenges the six- aggravated assault only because of the status teen-level enhancement. [1] We must determine of the victim as a peace officer, his conviction whether his conviction of aggravated assault of does not come within the generic, contempo- a police officer is a “crime of violence” under rary meaning of the offense of aggravated as- U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). sault and therefore does not qualify as a “crime
of violence.” The government first responds II. that because Texas labeled Fierro-Reyna’s We review the district court’s application of crime as aggravated assault, and aggravated the sentencing guidelines de novo . United assault is listed among the enumerated crimes States v. Vargas-Duran , 356 F.3d 598, 602 of violence in the sentencing guidelines, no (5th Cir. 2004) (en banc). The commentary to inquiryinto the definition of aggravated assault the guidelines enumerates offenses that qualify is necessary. The government cites United as crimes of violence, among which “aggra- States v. Rayo-Valdez , 302 F.3d 314 (5th Cir. vated assault” is included. U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, 2002), to support its position that any convict- cmt. n.1 (B)(iii). The commentary does not ion a state labels with the title of one of the define aggravated assault. enumerated crimes of violence automatically
triggers a sentence enhancement. [3] The pertinent statute provided, in 1979, that “[a] person commits an offense if he com- mits assault as defined in Section 22.01 of this [2] At the time of Fierro-Reyna’s conviction, a code and he . . . causes bodily injury to a person committed assault if he (1) intentionally, peace officer in the lawful discharge of official knowingly, or recklessly caused bodily injury to another; (2) intentionally or knowingly threatened another with imminent bodily injury; or (3) inten- [1] Fierro-Reyna makes one other argument, but tionally or knowingly caused physical contact with only to preserve it for appeal. The indictment another when he knew or should reasonably have charged him under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a); because he believed that the other would regard the contact as had been deported following a criminal conviction, offensive or provocative. T EX . P ENAL C ODE § his sentence was enhanced under 8 U.S.C. 22.01 (1974). § 1326(b). He contends that § 1326(b) defines a separate offense and should have been charged in [3] The government also cites United States v. the indictment. He concedes that his argument is Vargas-Duran , 356 F.3d 598 (5th Cir. 2004). The foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States , cited language comes from a special concurrence, 523 U.S. 224 (1998), which held that enhanced however, and the majority holding provides no penalties are sentencing factors rather than sepa- support for the government’s position. The unpub- rate elements of an offense. (continued...)
In Rayo-Valdez , however, we considered reject the government’s contention that Fierro- whether the enumerated offenses must also in- Reyna’s conviction is a crime of violence clude an element of force. We held that even merely because Texas categorized the offense if an enumerated offense does not include an as aggravated assault. element of force, it remains a crime of violence precisely because it is enumerated. Rayo- We must decide whether the conviction Valdez , 302 F.3d at 317. We did not discuss comes under the generic contemporary mean- a method for determining whether a given ing of aggravated assault. To establish the conviction falls within one of the enumerated generic contemporary meaning of an enumer- offense categories; that is the issue we address ated offense, we consider, inter alia , the Mod- now. el Penal Code, Professors LaFave’s and
Scott’s treatises, modern state codes, and dic- Contrary to the government’s position, we tionaries. Dominguez-Ochoa , 386 F.3d at have established a standard by which to deter- 643-45. mine whether a state conviction qualifies as an enumerated offense, regardless of how the When comparing the state conviction with conviction is labeled by the state. Because the the generic, contemporary meaning of the enumerated offenses are not defined, we use a crime, we examine the elements of the statute “common sense approach” and give the of- of conviction rather than the specifics of the fenses their “generic, contemporary meaning.” defendant’s conduct. United States v. Fernan- United States v. Sanchez-Ruedas , 452 F.3d dez-Cusco , 447 F.3d 382, 385 (5th Cir. 2006). 409, 412 (5th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). We look only to the particular subdivision of We then determine whether the state convic- the statute under which the defendant was tion falls under the generic, contemporary convicted. Id . “When the statute of convic- meaning of the enumerated offense. See, e.g. , tion encompasses prohibited behavior that is United States v. Izaguirre-Flores , 405 F.3d not within the plain, ordinary meaning of the 270, 274-76 (5th Cir. 2005). [4] We therefore enumerated offense,” the conviction is not a
crime of violence as a matter of law. Iza- guirre-Flores , 405 F.3d at 276–77.
“Our primary source for the generic con- commit another crime or the intent to cause temporarymeaning of aggravated assault is the serious bodily injury, esp[ecially] by using a Model Penal Code.” United States v. Tor- deadly weapon.” B LACK ’ S L AW D ICTIONARY res-Diaz , 438 F.3d 529, 536 (5th Cir. 2006). 122 (8th ed. 2004). This definition essentially The Code provides the following: reproduces the Model Penal Code’s. Al-
though it does not purport to include an ex- A person is guilty of aggravated assault if haustive list of aggravating factors, its failure he: (a) attempts to cause serious bodily in- to make any mention of the victim’s status jury to another, or causes such injury pur- lends credence to Fierro-Reyna’s position that posely, knowingly or recklessly under cir- victim status is not a part of the generic, con- cumstances manifesting extreme indiffer- temporary definition of aggravated assault. ence to the value of human life; or (b) at- tempts to cause or purposely or knowingly LaFave’s treatise is another source we rec- causes bodily injury to another with a dead- ognize as informing the generic, contemporary ly weapon. meaning of an enumerated offense. See, e.g. ,
Torres-Diaz , 438 F.3d at 536. LaFave focuses M ODEL P ENAL C ODE § 211.1(2). his discussion of aggravated assault on the two most common aggravating factors: the means The statutorysubdivision under which Fier- used to commit the crime, such as use of a ro-Reyna was convicted differs significantly deadly weapon, and the consequences of the from the Model Penal Code’s definition of ag- crime, such as serious bodily injury. gravated assault. Fierro-Reyna was convicted 2 L A F AVE , S UBSTANTIVE C RIMINAL L AW of simple assault, the sole aggravating factor § 16.2(d). The treatise notes that, in some being the victim’s status as a police officer. states, the status of the victim—as a police of- See T EX . P ENAL C ODE § 22.02(a)(2) (1974). ficer, fireman, or pregnant woman, for exam-
ple—raises a simple assault to aggravated as- The Model Penal Code indicates that ag- sault. Id . §§ 16.2(d), 16.3(d). The govern- gravated assault involves causing “serious ment relies on this section of the treatise, in bodilyinjury,” exhibiting “extreme indifference which LaFave cites twenty-two states that in- to human life,” or attempting to cause bodily clude assault on a police officer as an aggra- injury with a deadly weapon. The status of the vating factor, for its argument that the generic, victim, as a police officer or otherwise, is not contemporary meaning of aggravated assault part of this definition. Thus under the Model includes statutes such as the one under which Penal Code, the statute under which Fierro- Fierro-Reyna was convicted. See id . § 16.2(d) Reyna was convicted prohibits conduct that n.76. does not fall within the generic, contemporary definition of aggravated assault. Our research reveals that twenty-two is not
an accurate count of the states that currently Likewise, Black’s Law Dictionary does not consider simple assault on a police officer to list the status of the victim as a potential ag- be aggravated assault. Some state statutes gravating factor in its definition of aggravated have been amended. Texas, Montana, and assault, which reads as follows: “Criminal South Dakota, for example, have dispensed assault accompanied by circumstances that with the status of the victim as an aggravating make it more severe, such as the intent to factor and adopted a definition similar to the Model Penal Code’s. [5] Moreover, most of the Where only a small minority of states sup- states listed in LaFave’s treatise use the vic- port a particular viewpoint regarding the gen- tim’s status as a police officer only to increase eric, contemporary meaning of an enumerated the punishment range for aggravated assault. offense, and where the Model Penal Code sup- In those states, the victim’s status as a police ports the contrary position, this court has re- officer does not turn simple assault into ag- jected the position of the minority and adopted that of the Model Penal Code. [9] The bulk of gravated assault. Rather, status merely chang- es the severity of the punishment for the of- authority indicates that the generic, contempo- fense, where the underlying offense is already rary meaning of aggravated assault does not aggravated assault or aggravated battery. [6] include simple assault on a police officer. The
Model Penal Code, dictionary definitions, and Only seven states explicitly categorize sim- the criminal codes of the majority of states ple assault on a police officer as aggravated assault. [7] For purposes of determining the gen- eric, contemporary meaning of aggravated as- [8] (...continued) sault, it is this number, rather than twenty-two, L AW § 16.2(d) nn. 77–85. See A LA . C ODE that more accurately estimates the number of § 13A-6-21(a)(5) (making simple assault an aggra- states whose aggravated assault statutes cur- vated assault where victim is, e.g. , a teacher); F LA . rently resemble the Texas statute. [8] S TAT . A NN . § 784.045 (same, where the victim is pregnant); N.C. G EN . S TAT . § 14-33(c)(2), (3) (same, where victim is, e.g. , female or a child); O KLA . S TAT . tit. 21, § 646(A)(2) (same, where [5] See T EX . P ENAL C ODE § 22.02 (amending the victim is elderly); W YO . S TAT . § 6-2-502(a)(iv) statute in 1993); M ONT . C ODE § 45-5-202 (amend- (same, where victim is pregnant). ing code in 1997); S.D. C ODIFIED L AWS § 22-18-1.1 (amending code in 2005).
Thus if the inquiry is broadened to whether the [6] See C AL . P ENAL C ODE § 245; F LA . generic, contemporary meaning of aggravated as- sault includes simple assault on not just a police S TAT .§ 784.021; I DAHO C ODE §§ 18-905, 18-915; officer but any statutorily-recognized victim, there I ND .C ODE §§ 35-42-2-1.5, 35-42-2-1; K AN . S TAT .
are somewhere on the order of twelve to fifteen §§ 21-3411, 21-3415; L A . R EV . S TAT . § 14:37.2; states that recognize victim status generally. It is M ISS . C ODE § 97-3-7; N EV . R EV . S TAT . unnecessary to determine whether the analysis §§ 200.471, 200.481; S.D. C ODIFIED L AWS § 22- should consider these states; whatever the number, 18-1.05; T ENN . C ODE § 39-13-102; T EX . P ENAL it is only a small minority of states that would C ODE § 22.02; V A . C ODE § 18.2-57; W IS . S TAT .
consider Fierro-Reyna’s conviction to be an aggra- § 940.20. vated assault. The result of our inquiry into the [7] See A RIZ . R EV . S TAT . § 13-1204; A RK . C ODE . generic, contemporary meaning of aggravated § 5-13-202; D EL . C ODE tit. 11, § 613; 720 I LL . assault would not be affected even if we were to C OMP . S TAT . 5/12-4; N.J. S TAT . § 2C:12-1; N.Y. include these states in our analysis. P ENAL L AW § 120.05; 18 P A . C ONS . S TAT . § 2702. [9] See Dominguez-Ochoa , 386 F.3d at 643, 646 [8] This number does not include states that pro- (finding that, because only nine states define man- vide for the status of the victim as an aggravating slaughter with a mens rea of criminal negligence factor where the victim is someone other than a but a larger number define manslaughter with reck- police officer. L A F AVE , S UBSTANTIVE C RIMINAL lessness, generic manslaughter requires a mens rea
(continued...) of recklessness). uphold this position. We conclude that the generic, contemporary meaning of aggravated assault involves aggravating factors such as use of a deadly weapon and causation of seri- ous bodily injury and does not include consid- erations regarding the victim’s status as a pol- ice officer.
Because the statutory section under which Fierro-Reyna was convicted prohibits behavior that is not within the generic, contemporary meaning of aggravated assault as it is used in U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, his conviction does not qualify as a crime of violence, so his sentence was improperly enhanced by sixteen levels.
The sentence is VACATED, and this matter is REMANDED for resentencing.
NOTES
[3] (...continued) lished cases to which the government points were
[4] (...continued) decided under a plain error standard and thus have analysis as follows: very little instructive value for a court engaged in a de novo review of the application of the sentenc- Taylor instructs that where, as here, the en- ing guidelines. hancement provision does not specifically de-
[4] The decision in Taylor v. United States , 495 fine the enumerated offense, we must define it U.S. 575 (1990), is the source of the generic, con- according to its “generic, contemporary mean- temporary meaning test. In the context of the ing” . . . and should rely on a uniform defini- Armed Career Criminal Act, the Taylor Court re- tion, regardless of the “labels employed by the jected the proposition that federal sentencing en- various States’ criminal codes.” hancements should be contingent on the labels states choose to place on crimes. We have summa- United States v. Dominguez-Ochoa , 386 F.3d 639, rized Taylor’s impact on our crime of violence 642-43 (5th Cir. 2004) (citing Taylor , 495 U.S. at (continued...) 592, 598).
