Abdel Mageed Fadl pled guilty to one count of production of child pornography, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). Prior to sentencing, Fadl filed two motions to withdraw his guilty plea, both of which were denied by the district court. 1 The district court sentenced Fadl to 360 months’ imprisonment. Fadl appeals from the denial of his motions to withdraw his guilty plea as well as from his sentence. We affirm.
I.
According to Fadl’s plea agreement, from 2003 to 2005 Fadl took digital photographs of at least seven minor males engaged in explicit sexual conduct. On some occasions, Fadl paid minors money or provided them with gifts in return for this conduct. Fadl actively participated in some of this sexual conduct. To take these pictures, Fadl used either a digital camera or a web camera, both of which had traveled in interstate commerce.
Fadl signed a plea agreement that reflected certain revisions made by Fadl and his attorney. Following a guilty plea hearing and a colloquy with the district court, Fadl pled guilty to one count of producing child pornography. After the presentence investigation report had been filed, Fadl filed motions to withdraw his guilty plea. In his first motion, Fadl alleged that his *865 conduct was not punishable under § 2251(a). After he filed this motion, he filed a motion to substitute counsel, which was granted. In his second motion to withdraw his guilty plea, which incorporated by reference the allegations set forth in Fadl’s motion to substitute counsel, Fadl asserted, inter alia, that his first attorney had pressured him to plead guilty and had lied to him about his likely sentence. Both of Fadl’s motions to withdraw his guilty plea were denied.
At sentencing, the district court calculated a Guidelines sentence of life imprisonment. 2 Because the statutory maximum for Fadl’s offense is thirty years’ imprisonment, 18 U.S.C. § 2251(e), the Guidelines range also became 360 months, which, as set forth above, is the sentence imposed by the district court.
II.
Fadl contends that his guilty plea was involuntarily made, that punishing him under § 2251(a) would be unconstitutional, and that his conduct did not fall within the proper scope of § 2251(a). He also argues that his sentence is unlawful because he was punished by two different guidelines for the same harm, and he contends that his sentence is unreasonable.
A. The Voluntariness of Fadl’s Guilty Plea
Fadl argues that his guilty plea was not knowingly or voluntarily made because he had been pressured to plead guilty by his attorney and because he had received incomplete and misleading advice from counsel. Specifically, he contends that he had been misinformed about his likely sentence, that he had been discouraged from asking questions during the plea colloquy, and that he had been rushed into signing the plea agreement.
The denial of a defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea that hinges upon the voluntariness of the defendant’s plea presents mixed questions of law and fact, which we review
de novo. United States v. Gamble,
B. The Constitutionality of § 2251(a)
Fadl contends that § 2251(a) was unconstitutionally applied in his case be
*866
cause he never transmitted any images of child pornography across state lines and there was no evidence that he had intended to do so. He argues that punishing him for this strictly intrastate conduct violates the proper bounds of the Commerce Clause. His argument is unavailing. Fadl acknowledges that he used cameras that had crossed state lines to take the photographs. Our court has on a number of occasions held that the use of a camera that has moved in interstate commerce provides a sufficient jurisdictional nexus to punish the production of child pornography under the Commerce Clause.
See, e.g., United States v. Mugan,
C. Interpreting § 2251(a)
Fadl contends next that he should have been allowed to withdraw his guilty plea because it was premised upon the parties’ and the district court’s mistaken interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). We disagree.
Section 2251(a) reads
Any person who employs, uses, persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any minor to engage in, or who has a minor assist any other person to engage in, or who transports any minor in interstate or foreign commerce, or in any Territory or Possession of the United States, with the intent that such minor engage in, any sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct, shall be punished as provided under subsection (e), if such person knows or has reason to know that such visual depiction will be transported in interstate or foreign commerce or mailed, if that visual depiction was produced using materials that have been mailed, shipped, or transported in interstate or foreign commerce by any means, including by computer, or if such visual depiction has actually been transported in interstate or foreign commerce or mailed.
Fadl alleges a number of errors pertaining to the way in which the parties construed the statute and argues that the statute, properly interpreted, does not reach his conduct. Fadl also contends that these errors were reflected in the indictment to which he pled.
Fadl argues first that he did not “use” a minor to engage in sexual conduct, as that term is employed in the statute, because he had only filmed the minors and did not initiate or solicit their sexual conduct. We find this argument unpersuasive, for we agree with the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that the “use” component “is fully satisfied for the purposes of the child pornography statute if a child is photographed in order to create pornography.”
United States v. Sirois,
Fadl’s next contention concerns the meaning of the term “producing.” “Producing” is defined as “producing, directing, manufacturing, issuing, publishing, or advertising.” 18 U.S.C. § 2256(3). Fadl contends that this definition “implies directorial, editorial, or managerial role, and an ultimate goal of commercial production.” (Appellant Br. at 24). Accordingly, Fadl asserts that because he neither took a directorial role nor intended that the photographs be disseminated commercially, his conduct was not punishable under the statute. We disagree. The fact that “producing” is retained in the definition and *867 placed alongside other terms indicates that Congress intended to retain a non-technical definition of the term “producing” (that is, in the sense of creating or making), but also sought to expand its scope to include activities that may not be generally considered to fall within the typical meaning of the term. We therefore conclude that list of terms in the definition reflects Congress’s intention to enact a broad definition of “producing” that encompasses the varied means by which an individual might actively participate in the creation and distribution of child pornography.
We have considered Fadl’s remaining challenges to the application of § 2251(a) to his case and conclude that they are equally without merit.
D. Fadl’s Sentence
1. Double-Counting
Because Fadl’s offense involved multiple minors, the district court applied United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G.) § 2G2.1(d)(1), which directs the district court to treat the exploitation of each minor as though it had been contained in a separate count of conviction. This resulted in a five-level increase to Fadl’s base offense level. The district court also applied § 4B1.5(b), which requires a five-level increase if, inter alia, the defendant engaged in prohibited sexual conduct on two or more separate occasions. U.S.S.G. § 481.6(b), cmt. n. 4(B)(i). Fadl contends that applying both the § 2G2.1(d)(1) and § 4B1.5(b) enhancements resulted in impermissible double counting because it punishes him twice for the same conduct. We disagree.
“Double counting occurs when one part of the Guidelines is applied to increase a defendant’s punishment on account of a kind of harm that has already been ... accounted for by application of another part of the Guidelines.”
United States v. Fortney,
There was no double counting here. The application of § 2G2.1(d)(l) punished Fadl “for exploiting!)] different minors, while the § 4B1.5(b) enhancement punished him for exploiting those minors on multiple occasions.”
United States v. Schmeilski,
2. Reasonableness
Fadl contends that his sentence was unreasonably high. We disagree. ‘We review the reasonableness of the sentence imposed for an abuse of discretion.”
United States v. Gnavi,
Fadl contends that the district court failed to properly weigh considerations such as his involvement in community activities and the fact that fourteen-year-olds are considered adults in his native culture. The district court did, however, take note of Fadl’s community standing and concluded that this standing may have facilitated his crimes. As for Fadl’s assertions about the practices of his native culture, Fadl does not explain on appeal, and did not explain to the district court, how Fadl’s cultural background would bear on the district court’s analysis of the factors outlined in § 3553(a). Finally, we note that Fadl’s sentence lies within the presumptively reasonable guidelines range of 360 months.
United States v. Lincoln,
The judgment and the sentence are affirmed. 5
Notes
. The Honorable Linda R. Reade, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Iowa, adopting the reports and recommendations of the Honorable John A. Jarvey, then United States Magistrate Judge for the Northern District of Iowa, now United States District Judge for the Southern District of Iowa.
. The 2004 version of the Guidelines was applied in calculating the applicable Guidelines range.
. Schmeilski cites an earlier, and differently numbered, version of § 2G2.1(d)(1).
. There are other considerations discussed by Fadl on appeal, including Fadl's allegation that he had destroyed the images in his computer once he discovered that they were illegal. We do not believe that the district court was obliged to comment on every single factual consideration that was adduced in support of a lower sentence.
Cf. Gnavi,
. We have considered the arguments set forth in Fadl's pro se supplemental brief and conclude that they are without merit.