Eugene P, Kent appeals the district court’s inclusion of a special condition to his three-year period of supervised release on the grounds that the condition was an abuse of discretion by the district court. Kent also urges that the district court improperly delegated his probation officer the authority to determine whether he must participate in a psychological or psychiatric counseling program. We reverse.
I. Background
On February 24, 1997, Kent was sentenced to twenty-seven months plus three years supervised release after being found guilty of two counts of mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341. On May 18, 1998, Kent pleaded guilty to one count of attempting to cause a financial institution not to file a report required by 31 U.S.C. § 5313 in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 5324(a)(1). He was sentenced to five months incarceration to be served concurrently with his prior sentence of twenty-seven months, as well as a concurrent three-year term of supervised release. On March 23, 1999, the district court, upon motion of the government, filed an amended judgment adding two special conditions to Kent’s supervised release. Specifically, the court ordered: (1) Kent shall have no contact, in person or otherwise, with his wife, Marijo Kent, unless Kent’s probation officer approved such contact in advance and in writing; and (2) Kent “shall participate in an appropriate psychological/psychiatric counseling program as directed by his probation officer.” (Am. J. at 3.1.) In this appeal, Kent challenges only the second special condition. 1
At the hearing on the government’s motion on March 15, 1999, Marijo testified she suffered physical, mental, and emotional abuse at the hands of Kent. She explained that she was fearful of Kent’s anger upon his release from prison. She also informed the court that she had initiated divorce proceedings in January of 1998, but cancelled the court date two weeks later due to pressure from her children. The dissolution action was still pending at the time of the hearing, however. On cross-examination, counsel for Kent asked Marijo if she knew that South Dakota Statute § 25-4-33.1 provides that, upon filing for divorce, a temporary restraining order issues immediately against both parties. Marijo expressed familiarity *1075 with the restraining order provision. 2 When asked whether Kent had disturbed her peace since filing, she recalled one 45-minute phone conversation occurring the month prior to the hearing. When asked on redirect examination whether she thought Kent was being abusive during the conversation, Marijo responded: “I don’t know if you can term it abusive. It’s just that he wears me down. He wears me out.” (Tr. at 29.)
Marijo also specifically admitted that Kent had not physically abused or threatened her with abuse since 1986 at the latest. Upon being asked to recount instances of sexual abuse “in recent years,” she alleged that Kent forced her to watch pornographic films against her will and awoke her in the middle of the night with sexual contact. The phrase “recent years” was not defined for the court other than to mean some time subsequent to 1985. Finally, Marijo conceded on cross-examination that Kent had not attempted to threaten, physically abuse, or inappropriately contact her since his release from prison a couple weeks earlier.
The government then called Connie Dawson, a mental health counselor at Children’s Inn, a shelter where Marijo had spent some time. Dawson testified to her experiences with Marijo during counseling. Thereafter, the government called Krista Heeren-Graber, the operations director of Children’s Inn, to testify about the general characteristics of abusers and their victims. Neither Dawson nor Heeren-Gra-ber are psychiatrists or psychologists, and neither have met Kent or investigated Marijo’s claims of abuse. The government provided no other testimony at the hearing.
In granting the government’s motion, the court recognized that while Kent probably did not present a danger to anyone other than Marijo, the temporary restraining order was insufficient to address all of the court’s concerns. Therefore, “to afford deterrence to any potential criminal conduct on the part of [Kent],” (Tr. at 65), the court imposed the two special conditions. With regard to the psychiatric counseling requirement, the court clarified that the condition did not require Kent to undergo treatment immediately. The court explained: “I’m not ordering him into anything right now. I’m just saying if, during the course of supervised release it becomes necessary, then it will happen. And I’m not going to make the determination. The probation officer will.” (Tr. at 67.) When asked whether Kent could move the court for reconsideration if he disagreed with the probation officer’s determination, the court responded: “I don’t hope to be riding herd on such questions, but if necessary, I will. But remember, the probation officer is my personal staff and I have confidence in them.” (Id.)
II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
District courts are normally afforded wide discretion in imposing terms of supervised release.
See United States v. Behler,
B. Sentencing Factors Under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
Kent argues that the district court’s special condition does not comport with the standards set out by Congress and the United States Sentencing Commission (Commission). In imposing a sentence, a court shall consider: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the defendant’s history and characteristics; and (2) the need for the sentence to (A) reflect the gravity of the offense, promote *1076 respect for the law, and justly punish the defendant for the unlawful behavior, (B) adequately deter criminal behavior, (C) protect the public, and (D) effectively provide necessary educational or vocational training, medical attention, or other correctional treatment. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (2)(A)-(D) (1998). These factors are equally applicable considerations in the imposition of a term of supervised release under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(c), which expressly adopts each of the above-stated factors with the exception of (2)(A). Section 5D1.3(b) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G.), which also addresses conditions of supervised release, mirrors § 3583(c)’s adoption of § 3553(a). 3 Furthermore, § 5D1.3(b) directs that the imposed conditions should not deprive the party of his or her liberty any more than is reasonably necessary to fulfill the purposes of Congress and the Commission. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5D1.3(b) (1998). Finally, in order to impose the special condition of participation in a mental health program, the court must have reason to believe the party is in need of such treatment. See U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 5D1.3(d)(5) (1998).
In
United States v. Prendergast,
The government concedes that the special condition of mental health treatment is unrelated to the nature of Kent’s offenses; however, it argues that the condition is consistent with the goals of rehabilitation and protection as found in
Prendergast.
The government cites
Cooper,
We find Kent’s case better aligned with Prendergast and Bass than with Cooper. The instances of abuse recounted by Marijo occurred at least thirteen years prior to the hearing, and Marijo admitted that Kent had not physically abused her since then. 4 Thus, the use of the condition as a deterrent makes little sense in light of the fact that the behavior to be deterred had ceased independently. Similarly, the “public protection” justification no longer applies since Kent and Marijo have reconciled. 5 Additionally, the government failed to provide any testimony from a medical expert aimed at addressing Kent’s current mental condition. Neither Dawson nor Heeren-Graber are medical professionals, and, at the time of trial, neither had ever met Kent, let alone studied his current mental state. Moreover, neither of the pre-sentence reports for Kent’s criminal convictions suggest any past or present mental health problems. There is nothing to suggest the condition will provide “needed” medical attention as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D). Much like the situation in Bass, the district court’s imposition of the mental health counseling condition is based on a groundless assumption: that Kent would become abusive towards his wife upon his release from prison, even though he has neither physically abused her nor threatened such abuse in over a decade. The district court had no reason to believe that psychiatric counseling was necessary.
We are not persuaded otherwise by
Beh-ler,
This case is factually distinguishable from
Behler.
Behler’s crimes involved the trafficking of methamphetamine while in possession of a firearm, and Behler’s former drug problem included methamphetamine abuse.
See Behler,
Moreover, the court must keep in mind that its conditions of supervised release *1078 are to infringe the defendant’s liberty only to the extent necessary to effectuate the goals of Congress and the Commission. The court expressly admitted that it did not believe Kent presented a threat to anyone except possibly Marijo. As such, the court should only have been concerned with keeping him away from her. The better alternative in this case was to order full compliance with the temporary restraining order. Imposing the additional requirement that Kent potentially submit to psychological counseling, when there is no evidence suggesting the necessity or desirability of the condition and the alleged reason for the condition is based upon events taking place long before Kent’s prison term, was an abuse of discretion and an excessive infringement of Kent’s liberty.
C. Delegation of Authority to the Probation Officer
The duties of probation officers are set out at 18 U.S.C. § 3603. Among other things, a probation officer shall: (1) “instruct a probationer or a person on supervised release, who is under his supervision, as to the conditions specified by the sentencing court”; and (2) “perform any other duty that the court may designate.” 18 U.S.C. § 3603(1), 3603(10) (1998). While the latter statement may seem a broad grant of authority at the behest of the district court, it is limited by the probation officer’s status as a nonjudicial officer. As the Supreme Court explained in
Ex parte United States,
Indisputably under our constitutional system the right to try offences against the criminal laws and upon conviction to impose the punishment provided by law is judicial, and it is equally to be conceded that in exerting the powers vested in them on such subject, courts inherently possess ample right to exercise reasonable, that is, judicial, discretion to enable them to wisely exert their authority.
Thus, the imposition of punishment is a judicial function reserved to the courts under Article III of the United States Constitution.
The courts have been faced many times with the question of the proper amount of authority to be delegated a probation officer. One of the more illuminating opinions on the subject is
United States v. Johnson,
Regarding the seemingly broad language of 18 U.S.C. § 3603(10), the Johnson court stated:
While the statute does authorize the district court to order the probation officer to perform such duties as the court directs, the type of duty that the court may so delegate is limited by Art. III. Cases or controversies committed to Art. Ill courts cannot be delegated to nonjudicial officers for resolution. That general principle does not, however, prohibit courts from using nonjudicial officers to support judicial functions, as long as a judicial officer retains and exercises ultimate responsibility ....
*1079 [I]n every delegation, the court must retain the right to review findings and to exercise ultimate authority for resolving the case or controversy.
Id. at 808-09 (emphasis added).
In this case, the court explicitly stated it hoped it would not be “riding herd” in the probation officer’s decision to require Kent to undergo psychiatric treatment. Thus, it is entirely possible that Kent’s probation officer, as opposed to the court, would retain and exercise ultimate responsibility over the situation. This is inconsistent with Article III, as well as U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(b), which specifically provides that the court may impose special conditions of supervised release. Hence, we find that the lower court improperly delegated a judicial function to Kent’s probation officer when it allowed the officer to determine whether Kent would undergo counseling. We limit our holding only to the facts of this case, however, as we realize that the federal district courts cannot be expected to police every defendant to the extent that a probation officer is capable of doing.
III. Conclusion.
For these reasons, we REVERSE and VACATE the district court’s imposition, of the second special condition.
Notes
. At oral argument, counsel for the government stated that he believed Kent’s probation officer requested the court remove the "no contact” condition after Marijo apparently voluntarily chose to have contact with Kent.
. Marijo’s testimony does suggest that she was somewhat confused about the purpose of the restraining order. In response to counsel’s question, she stated: "I thought [the restraining order] meant that they couldn’t destroy any of your personal belongings.” (Tr. at 27.)
. We note that it is not necessary that all of the factors listed in § 5D1.3(b) be present in order to avoid a finding of abuse of discretion; rather, each are independent factors to be weighed. The special condition imposed need not be related to each and every one of the factors.
See United States
v.
Johnson,
. While recognizing that most of the physical abuse occurred years ago, the district court stated that it nevertheless found "more recent incidents” of abuse, specifically mentioning instances where Kent dragged Marijo by her hair. (Tr. at 66.) We are confused by this assertion, as nothing in Marijo's testimony suggests that this occurred more recently than the other episodes to which Marijo testified. She specifically admitted there had been no physical abuse since 1986 al the latest; we understand that to mean that the hair-pulling incidences to which the district court alluded occurred prior to that time.
. • Moreover, now that the couple has seemingly reconciled to the extent that she has voluntarily chosen to have contact with him, the federal court should stay its hand in any domestic relations dispute.