Lead Opinion
Opinion by Judge O’SCANNLAIN; Dissent by Judge CANBY.
We must decide whether a state felony drug crime, which would not be a felony under federal law, nevertheless may constitute an “aggravated felony” for purposes of enhancing a sentence for illegally reentering the United States.
I
Ernesto Ibarra-Galindo, a native and citizen of Mexico, appeals the district court’s decision to apply, pursuant to United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A), a sixteen-level enhancement to his sentence for illegally reentering the United States after having been deported for an aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. 1326(a). We review the district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. See United States v. Bailey,
Ibarra-Galindo has been deported from the United States four times. Prior to his last deportation in May 1997, he pled guilty to possessing cocaine (approximately 0.4 grams) in violation of Washington State law. He was convicted and imprisoned for two months. Ibarra-Galindo’s conviction was a felony under Washington law, but his offense would have amounted only to a misdemeanor under federal law. See 21 U.S.C. § 844(a).
In June 1998, Ibarra-Galindo was again in jail in Washington State, this time for stealing a car. When the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) found him there, he was charged with illegally reentering the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). He pled guilty to the charge on November 12, 1998, but stipulated as subject to dispute the applicability of the sixteen-level enhancement to his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A). Although Ibarra-Galindo and the Probation Office expressed their views that U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A) was inapplicable, the district court held that the enhancement applied to Ibarra-Galindo’s sentence and, after adjusting his total offense level down to 11, sentenced him to 18 months in prison (with credit for time served). Ibar-ra-Galindo then filed this appeal, and we now affirm his sentence.
II
The Sentencing Guidelines’ scheme for calculating the punishment for illegal reentry into the United States borrows definitions from several statutes. According to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, the base offense level for illegal reentry is eight; under subsection 2L1.2(b)(l), that level
Ibarra-Galindo argues that a state drug crime that would amount merely to a misdemeanor under federal law cannot constitute an “aggravated felony” within this definitional scheme, regardless of whether the crime is defined under state law as a “misdemeanor” or a “felony.” The crux of his position is that such a crime cannot be a “drug trafficking crime” as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) because it is not punishable under the Controlled Substances Act as a felony. In short, Ibarra-Galindo contends that, within the phrase “felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act,” “Controlled Substances Act” modifies the meanings of both the word “felony” and the word “punishable.”
We cannot agree. First, that is not how § 924(c)(2) is written. If Congress had intended the meaning advanced by Ibarra-Galindo, it would have most naturally referred to offenses “punishable as felonies under the Controlled Substances Act,” but it did not. It is well established that, when one interpretation of a statute or regulation obviously could have been conveyed more clearly with different phrasing, the fact that the authors eschewed that phrasing suggests, ceteris paribus, that they in fact intended a different interpretation. See, e.g., Merchants Home Delivery Serv., Inc. v. Frank B. Hall & Co.,
Second, we have noted before that “[sjection 924(c)(2) of Title 18 ... defines ‘drug trafficking crime’ broadly.” United States v. Garcia-Olmedo,
Moreover, we agree with the six other circuits that have addressed this issue that the term “felony” as used within § 924(c)(2) refers to crimes denominated as felonies under either federal or state law. See United States v. Simon,
Even if, arguendo, the text of the Guidelines and statutes to which it refers did not compel our conclusion, our construction also appears to advance the policies behind the Sentencing Guidelines. “In measuring the seriousness of a defendant’s criminal record, the Guidelines operate on the foundational premise that a defendant’s history of criminal activity in violation of state law is to be treated on a par with his history of crimes committed in violation of federal law.” Restrepo-Aguilar,
III
Ibarra-Galindo argues that we should ignore the plain meaning of the text of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) and deviate from the unanimous interpretation of our sister circuits because the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) has held, for the purposes of defining “aggravated felony” in a wholly different context, that the term “felony” in § 924(c)(2) refers to federal felonies only. See In re L-G- No. A26-025-339,
IV
We hold that a crime that is punishable under the Controlled Substances Act amounts to an “aggravated felony” for the purposes of applying U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A) so long as it was denominated a “felony” by the jurisdiction in which the perpetrator was convicted.
Ibarra-Galindo was convicted in Washington State of a felony under Washington law, and that felony was punishable under the Controlled Substances Act. Ibarra-Galindo therefore committed an “aggravated felony” for the purposes of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A); the district court thus did not err in applying that subsection’s mandatory sixteen-level enhancement to Ibarra-Galindo’s sentence for illegal reentry.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. Ibarra-Galindo was convicted of violating R.C.W. 69.50.401(d), the maximum term of incarceration for which is five years.
. Ibarra-Galindo contends that we must defer to the BIA's interpretation of “aggravated felony” in L-G- under Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,
Because the statutory text is unambiguous, we must decline as well the dissent’s invitation to reach a contrary result by resorting to the text of congressional committee reports and the rule of lenity. As to committee reports, it bears emphasis that "this Court steadfastly abides by the principle that 'legislative history-no matter how clear-can’t override statutory text.’ ” American Rivers v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 201 F.3d
We also reject the argument that we have disregarded the Sentencing Commission’s straightforward observation that the definition of "aggravated felony” in the Guidelines now conforms to the definition of "aggravated felony” in the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43). We are, as required, relying on the text of § 1101(a)(43)(B) to define the term "aggravated felony” for the purposes of applying U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A); indeed, we have never even suggested that we would interpret 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) differently in applying the Immigration and Nationality Act than we now interpret it in applying the Sentencing Guidelines.
1. I recognize that the question whether a state conviction is for an "aggravated felony” is to be determined categorically, by the conduct proscribed by the state statute, and not by the actual conduct of the offender. See United States v. Lomas,
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
It is a somewhat daunting exercise to conclude that the majority has reached an incorrect result when six other circuits agree with it. With all due respect to this imposing array of authority, I am convinced that their construction of the statutes is erroneous. This case is a perfect example why.
Ibarra-Galindo’s guideline offense level of eight has been tripled to twenty-four because he was convicted of a “drug trafficking” crime. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B); 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2). What was that drug trafficking crime? Simple possession of four-tenths of a gram of cocaine! Because common sense rebels at the thought of classifying bare possession of a tiny amount of narcotics as a drug trafficking crime, we should not adopt that interpretation unless the statutory language compels us to conclude that Congress intended such a startling result.
The statutory path is admittedly a tortuous one. The sentencing guideline provides for a sixteen-level increase if the defendant entered the United States after having been convicted of an “aggravated felony.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A). An application note provides that “ ‘[aggravated felony’ is defined at 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43).” Id., comment, (n.l). Section 1101(a)(43)(B) in turn defines “aggravated felony” to include: “illicit trafficking in a controlled substance ..., including a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 924(c) of Title 18).”
Section 924(c) provides enhanced penalties for a person who uses or carries a firearm in relation to a crime of violence or a “drug trafficking crime.” 18 U.S.C.
I do not rest on personal preference, however. The history of section 924(c)(2) indicates that its purpose was to encompass those crimes that we normally think of as “drug trafficking.” Until 1988, section 924(c)(2) defined “drug trafficking” as “any felony violation of Federal law involving the distribution, manufacture, or importation of any controlled substance.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) (1982 & Supp. V 1987). In the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Congress amended this subsection into its present form, defining “drug trafficking crime” as “any felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act, the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act, or the Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) (citations omitted). Congress labeled this change a “clarification.” Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Pub.L. No. 100-690, § 6212, 102 Stat. 4181, 4860. We have held that this “clarification” did not represent a broadening of the definition of “drug trafficking crimes.” See United States v. Contreras,
The majority, however, offers reasons for reading the phrase differently, but they do not hold up. First, the majority suggests that the phrase could have been written more clearly, to state “punishable as felonies under the Controlled Substances Act,” and that, because Congress “eschewed” that phraseology, we should not adopt that meaning. It is a rare statute, however, that could not have been written more clearly than it was.
The majority also states that our precedent binds us to its interpretation of section 924(c), but it does not. It is true that United States v. Garcia-Olmedo,
The majority finds support for its decision in 21 U.S.C. § 802(13), which provides: “[t]he term ‘felony’ means any Federal or State offense classified by applicable Federal or State law as a felony.” This definition, however, refers to the meaning of “felony” only “[a]s used in this subchapter.” 21 U.S.C. § 802. We are not defining “felony” as used in this sub-chapter, or any subchapter, of Title 21. We are defining “felony” as used in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2). Thus the definition in 21 U.S.C. § 802(13) is utterly irrelevant to our purpose.
There is a much better source from which to discern how state law meshes into the meaning of “aggravated felony,” and its history makes clear that Congress did not intend the meaning adopted by the majority opinion. In 1990, Congress amended 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43) to state:
The term [“aggravated felony”] applies to an offense described in this paragraph whether in violation of Federal or State law....
This amendment did not come out of the blue. Earlier in 1990, the Board of Immigration Appeals had decided Matter of Barrett, 20 I. & N. Dec. 171 (BIA 1990). In Barrett, the question was whether the definition of aggravated felony set forth in section 1101(a)(43), and thus by reference in section 924(c)(2), was limited to federal drug trafficking convictions. The BIA held that it was not; a state conviction that contained the same elements would also qualify. See id. at 174. Thus, the BIA held that
the definition of “drug trafficking crime” at 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2), as incorporated into the Immigration and Nationality Act by section 101(a)(43) of the Act, includes a state conviction sufficiently analogous to a felony offense under the Controlled Substances Act....
Id. at 175 (emphasis added). The Board further explained:
[I]t is unreasonable to assume that Congress, in choosing the definition of “drug trafficking crime” at 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2), sought to differentiate between aliens convicted of similar drug-related offenses on the basis of whether the conviction was accomplished under state or federal law.
Id. (emphasis added).
Several months later, Congress enacted the previously-quoted amendment to section 1101(a) to specify that “aggravated felony” applied to the offenses described whether they were violations of federal or state law. The House Judiciary Committee explained the amendment as follows:
Under current law aliens who are convicted of committing an “aggravated felony” (a defined term) become subject to a number of disabilities. They are ...*1344 subject to severe penalties if they unlawfully reenter the United States after being deported.... Current law clearly renders an alien convicted of a Federal drug trafficking offense an aggravated felon. It has been less clear whether a state drug trafficking conviction brings that same result, although the Board of Immigration Appeals in Matter of Barrett (March 6, 1990) has recently ruled that it does. Because the Committee concurs with the recent decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals and wishes to end further litigation on this issue, section 1501 of H.R. 5269 specifies that drug trafficking (and firearms/destructive device trafficking) is an aggravated felony whether or not the conviction occurred in state or Federal court.
H.R.Rep. No. 101-681(1), at 147 (1990), reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6472, 6553. It is thus clear that the concern of Congress was with “drug trafficking,” whether the conviction was state or federal, not with “drug offenses” or “drug possession.” It is also clear that the approach of the Board in Barrett met with Congress’s approval. If it is good enough for Congress it ought to be good enough for us.
The Board has continued to adhere to its Barrett approach. In the case of In re LG-, Int. Dec. 3254,
In my view, then, there is ample reason in the language and the history of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43) and 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), to interpret “aggravated felony” to require conduct punishable as a felony under federal law. Even if the language and history of those statutes did not militate toward such a result, they would certainly give rise to uncertainty about the proper construction.
. We could as easily assert that Congress had the option in section 924(c)(2) of saying "punishable under the Controlled Substances Act and constituting a felony under either federal or state law.” Then; by "eschewing” such language, Congress must have meant to avoid that construction.
. The majority opinion asserts that its holding is consistent with the purposes of the Guidelines, which "operate on the foundational premise that a defendant's history of criminal activity in violation of state law is to be treated on a par with his history of crimes committed in violation of federal law.” United States v. Restrepo-Aguilar,
. It should be apparent from everything I have said thus far that I deem the tangled statutory language to be ambiguous if it does not actually dictate a result contrary to that reached by the majority. In any event, words mean what they are intended to mean and I would construe the words in accord with Congress's intent. The majority in its footnote 2 quotes American Rivers v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm'n,
For the purposes of this case, the most pertinent qualification of the plain meaning rule is that stated in Seattle-First National Bank v. Conaway,