LOWELL, Circuit Judge.

It is well settled that when pecuniary penalties are affixed by statute to an act or a neglect, and there is no imprisonment provided for, or other reason to suppose that a mere punishment is intended, and no special remedy is pointed out in the statute, a civil action (formerly always “debt”) will lie for their recovery, although the penalties are for the sole use of the sovereign. Rolle, Abr. 598, pi. 18, 19; Jacob v. U. S. [Case No. 7,157]. When the practice of the courts of the United States first adopted that of the several states, penalties could be so recovered in Massachusetts. When the sovereign was interested in the penalty, it might be recovered, in England, by information in the nature of debt, which, in revenue cases, was brought in the exchequer, but in others in any of. the king’s courts. If an informer was interested, his rights were established by the decree. See Attorney General v. Hines, Parker. Exch. 182; U. S. v. Lyman [Case No. 15,647], per Story, J.; Rook’s Case, Hardr. 20; Roe v. Roe, Id. 185; Rex v. Clark, 2 Cowp. 610; Butler v. Butler, 1 East, 338. In the vice admiralty court at Boston, in January, 1728, the advocate general exhibited an information in behalf of the king, the governor of the province, and John Jekyl, Esq., collector of the port of Boston, against Abisbai Ffolgier, of Nantucket, master of the sloop Raven, for breach of the acts of trade, for that the said Ffolgier, on the 21st of December last, made report of his arrival from Nantucket with oil and whalebone, etc., but refused to give to said John Jekyl a manifest, and for certain other acts in connection with another vessel; and the decree was that the defendant pay one hundred pounds,—one third to his majesty, one-third to- his excellency, the governor, and one-third to John Jekyl, the informer. Rex v. Ffolgier, 1 Vice-Adm. Records, Mass. 56. In 1831 a similar information was filed in the district court for this district against a master for not delivering his manifest, demanding a penalty of not exceeding $500. After hearing, Judge Davis awarded $5 and costs. Records, vol. 18, p. 27. There are other informations on file for pecuniary penalties. I assume, therefore, that where *1001debt will lie, the United States may have an information, unless the' recent practice act has changed the rule,—a’ point to be considered hereafter.

In looking over the recent admirable collection of the province laws of Massachusetts, edited by Messrs. Ames and Goodell, I have found a great many acts imposing pecuniary penalties and forfeitures. In many of them- no remedy is specifically given. In many others it is enacted that they may be recovered by “bill, plaint, or information.” • These words were probably used to meet the English law that a qui tam action could not be by “bill,” but must be by “original” or by information. In others there is added after these words, “or by- the presentment of a grand jury.” In February, 1794, a statute provided that all pecuniary fines and forfeitures made, or that may be made, recoverable by bill, plaint, or information, or by any of these modes of prosecution, or where no mode of recovery is prescribed, shall and may be sued for and recovered by action of debt; saving, however,' all remedies specifically given by any statute. This means, I suppose, that when the statute gave a right to file an information, or to obtain a presentment, these additional remedies should be preserved. St. 1793, c. 43, § 4. In 1801 a statute gave an alternative remedy by indictment whenever the penalty was wholly or in part for the use of the commonwealth. St. 1800, c. 57, § 4. It has remained the law of -this state since 1801 that the commonwealth may have a civil action or an indictment at its election, though the form of the action is now tort. Rev. St. c. 133, § 14, and e. 118, § 42; Gen. St. c. 176, | 2.

It is in my opinion, the law of this country that debt will lie, though the amount of the penalty is uncertain. See the able judgment of Washington, 3., in U. S. v. Colt [Case No. 14,839], the reasoning of which was adopted- and enforced by the supreme court, though not in a case upon a statute. Hughes v. Union Ins. Co., 8 Wheat. [21 U. S.] 294; Rockwell v. State, 11 Ohio, 130; U. S. v. Allen [Case No. 14,431]. In Dane’s Abr. c. 148, art. 9, § 5, it is said that for the many penalties and forfeitures enacted by congress, of not less than so much, or more than so much, debt is generally the proper remedy. In 1795 an action of debt was sustained in Massachusetts for an uncertain penalty, and the court assessed the amount. Eddy v. Oliver, 5 Dane, Abr. c. 148, art. 11, § 3. In the case of Com. v. Stevens, 15 Mass. 195, a similar action was sustained. The statute is not cited, but it must have been St. 1809, c. 108, § 34, art. 21, which imposes a penalty of not less than five nor more than twenty dollars for each offence.

Most of the foregoing cases were cited in argument, and it was urged by the defendant that they came under statutes which expressly mentioned an action of debt. This is true, and is the ground of decision in U. S. v. Allen [supra]; but the other-cases do not rest upon that basis alone, but seem to me to establish, as Mr. Justice-Washington. asserts, a general rule that debt will lie for a penalty imposed by statute, as well as for one reserved in a bond, and that the declaration may be for the largest, or for any definite, sum, under which the penalty is to be chancered or assessed as the case máy be. Our practice is now assimilated, as nearly as may be, to that of the several states at the time of suit brought (Rev. St. § 914); and an action of tort will lie in the district of Massachusetts to recover-a penalty, where no other remedy is expressly or impliedly given by congress.

There is nothing in the section on which this information is brought which indicates that the exclusive remedy is a criminal proceeding. The language is, “liable to a penalty.” The word “conviction” is used in. the section, but this is often applied-to civil prosecutions, and the context shows that the master who has been so convicted is to recover the amount of the penalty and the-costs incurred by him from the owner;, which seems to point to a civil action. In the many statutes and cases which I have-examined I find words of a quasi criminal character constantly applied to civil actions for penalties. It is probable that in-formations for penalties were originally criminal. And.it was always held in England that “not guilty” was a good plea to-an action of debt for a penalty. See St. 21 Jac. I. c. 4, § 4; Wortley v. Herpingham,. Cro. Eliz. 766; Attorney General v. Hines, Parker, Excb. 182; Atcheson v. Everitt, 1 Cowp. 382; Rex v. Clark, Id. 610. This plea, was said by Parsons, C. J., to be of doubtful propriety in Stilson v. Tobey, 2 Mass. 521, 522; but the statute of James expressly authorizes it, and it was used in the cases-above cited from Parker, Croke, and Cowper, Dane’s Abridgement, and Com. v. Stevens, 15 Mass. 195. A striking example of the application of language imparting a criminal proceeding to a civil action for penalties is found in Adams v. Woods, 2 Cranch. [6 U. S.] 336. It may be added that many parts of our Revised Statutes clearly showthat a civil action is understood to be the-usual form for recovering these penalties. Rev. St. §§ 732, 919, 942, 1041, 2124, 3087,. 3213. Both parties agree that Rev. St. 4610, which purports to instruct us how the penalties and forfeitures of the title may be recovered, is so drawn that it is impossible-to reconcile its language with either mode of proceeding exclusively. The rule that a civil action will lie is so general, and. has been so long established, that I should, hesitate to deny the remedy, unless upon a clear command against it; especially as-it is in favor of the citizen. Mr. Justice Story has said that an indictment cannot *1002be brought in such a case. Ex parte Marquand [Case No. 9,100]. Mr. Justice Clifford has pointed out that there are many •cases in which the' government may proceed in that mode. U. S. v. Abbot [Id. 14,416]. The case last above cited, in' which I sat with the presiding justice of this circuit, does not decide that a civil action will not lie for the penalty therein mentioned. The reasoning leads to the opposite conclusion. The act (now Rev. St. § 3213) provided that all fines, penalties, and forfeitures might be sued for and recovered in the name of the United States in any proper form of action, or by any appropriate form of proceeding, qui tarn, or otherwise. The decision was that the last clause gave remedies in addition to an action, and, among others, an indictment; and, by a still stronger argument, the action which is mentioned must be sustainable. If those additional words had not been in the act, the •civil remedy would have been exclusive. U. S. v. Tilden [Case No. 16,523].

We have seen that in Massachusetts the state has the election to proceed by action ■or *by indictment. This election has been expressly given in several statutes of the United States, and may be fairly inferred from others. Judge Leavitt, expressing a clear opinion that an indictment might have been sustained for a pecuniary penalty un•der a certain statute in which no specific remedy was given, held that an action of debt would lie. U. S. v. Bougher [Case No. 14,627]. And at common law an indictment may be maintained for a misdemean- or, in addition to a specific, penalty given by another part of the statute, and recoverable civilly. Rex v. Robinson, 2 Burrows, 799; Rex v. Harris, 4 Term R. 202; Shipman v. Henbest, Id. 109.

I therefore decide that, whether the penalties of Rev. St. § 4570, can be recovered by indictment or not, they may be sued for by the United States in a civil action. I do not think that the practice act (Rev. St. § :914) intends to deprive the United States of the right to file an information, instead of bringing an action, although Informations for this precise cause of action are not now brought in Massachusetts. The provision of section 3213, that any proper form may be adopted, though by its context it is probably to be confined to penalties accruing under the internal revenue laws, expresses what I think is the intent of the legislature. The government must conform substantially to the practice of Massachusetts. That practice still admits civil information, though not for penalties, and if an informer •sues qui tarn, be should sue in tort; and I agree with the district attorney that the information, which is the king’s action, should be treated as in the nature of an action of tort.

The declaration avers that an action has •accrued for not more than certain sums. Mr. Justice Washington remarked in U. S. v. Colt [supra], that the declaration should demand a precise sum, and leave the court or jury to assess a lesser amount if they saw fit. This remark was more particularly applicable to an action of debt; but, even in tort, you demand a certain sum. Though you may fail to recover, in either action, all that you demand, still a demand of not more than $600 may be a demand of nothing, which is certainly not more than thát sum. But this fault of pleading may be easily supplied by amendment. Demurrer overruled.