11 F.2d 785 | W.D. Wash. | 1926
In this suit in equity to cancel defendant’s grant or certificate of citizenship, as grounds therefor the bill alleges that one year subsequent to
At the trial it is agreed that defendant is now in Norway, and the evidence consists of Ms statements orally and in affidavit made to naturalization agents, in substance to the visits and labors aforesaid, that therein he used Norwegian passports, that people in general assumed he was a Norwegian subject, and he -told no one of Ms American citizenship, save inquiring friends, that he did not report to or register as an American citizen with any American consul in Norway, and that he re-entered the United States as an American citizen.
Apart from statute there is no jurisdiction in equity to annul a grant of eitizensMp, save perhaps as in any ease of a grant procured by fraud, and no statute goes farther and confers jurisdiction to avoid the grant for any other reason, or for that the grantee has terminated the rights and duties by the grant created.
Section 3959, Comp. St., to wMeh plaintiff appeals, is but a rule of evidence, apparently enacted in limitation of duty to protect naturalized citizens abroad (see 28 Op. At-ty. Gen. 504), and does not contemplate avoidance of eitizensMp by suit, nor confer jurisdiction in equity to that end. There is no reason why a valid grant of citizenship, once terminated by the grantee, should be avoided by suit thereafter, and there is good reason why it should not be, even as is the ease in respect to any other variety of grant. Valid in its inception, its termination thereafter does not invalidate its origin, and under it rights accrue, which ought not to be, as they eannot be, impaired by annulment of the grant.
If, however, it be granted that the suit can be maintained, it fails in proof. Section 3959 is the first statutory definition of expatriation, which in Talbot v. Jansen, 3 Dall. 154, 1 L. Ed. 540, the Supreme Court advised to be made, and that definition is that any American citizen shall be deemed to have expatriated Mmself when he has been naturalized in or taken an oath of allegiance to any foreign state. It further provides that, if a naturalized citizen thereafter resides two years in Ms native land, it shall be presumed that he has ceased to be an American citizen, whieh presumption may be overcome by evidence satisfactory to any of tMs country’s diplomatic or consular agents. If this statute has any other object than limitation of duty as aforesaid, if the presumption can be invoked in court, then it imports expatriation as in the statute defined, and wMeh is “a matter of option and intention,” the presumption -of whieh is, as it ought to be, “easy to preclude and easy to overcome.” See U. S. v. Gay, 44 S. Ct. 389, 264 U. S. 358, 68 L. Ed. 728.
In this suit the presumption is precluded and overcome by the circumstances and the defendant’s oath that he has not been naturalized abroad. Plaintiff not having proven that the laws of Norway otherwise admit persons to the membersMp of that nation, and having presented this oath of defendant, evidently procured by and in the language of its agents, evidently intended to import denial of expatriation as defined by the statute, it has failed to prove its allegation that defendant has “again become a subject of Norway.”
Like any grant, that of eitizensMp is not to be avoided save by evidence whieh in quality and quantity commands credibility and Mspires conviction of the truth of the charge — virtually beyond reasonable doubt. It is obvious that mere residence abroad, however long contmued, absolves not from allegiance, for that accrues only from new allegiance assumed abroad. And failure to register or report to consuls abroad is immaterial. In so far as plaintiff relies upon section 4374, Comp. St., it is observed that neither in pleading nor in proof is plaintiff’s ease within that statute. For the latter is limited to grants or certificates of citizenship illegally procured by fraud, voidable in their inception, and creates a presumption thereof from the citizen’s permanent residence abroad.
Decree for defendant.
