Case Information
*2 Before: REINHARDT and BERZON, Circuit Judges, and AMON, [**] District Judge.
We address in this memorandum disposition two unrelated cases presenting similar issues, argued together by the same lawyers. Defendant-Appellants Donald Ray Bumann Strange and Eduardo Campos (“Defendants”) appeal the district courts’ applications of the offense-level enhancement provided by U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”) § 2L1.1(b)(6) in their respective cases. [1] They also challenge § 2L1.1(b)(6) as unconstitutionally vague. Campos further appeals the district court’s imposition of a special assessment. We affirm on each issue with respect to each Defendant.
1. Both Defendants’ vagueness challenges to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(6) are precluded by the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Beckles v. United States , 137 S. Ct. 886, 892 (2017), which held that Guidelines provisions are not subject to void-for-vagueness challenges under the Due Process Clause.
* * The Honorable Carol Bagley Amon, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
[1] All references to the Guidelines are to the 2015 edition, the operative edition at the time Defendants were sentenced. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4)(A)(ii).
2. We affirm the district court’s application of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(6) in each Defendant’s case.
Section 2L1.1(b)(6) provides for an offense-level increase where the offense
“involved intentionally or recklessly creating a substantial risk of death or serious
bodily injury to another person.”
[2]
Application Note 5 to § 2L1.1 further provides:
“Reckless conduct to which the adjustment from subsection (b)(6) applies includes
a wide variety of conduct (
e.g.
, transporting persons in the trunk or engine
compartment of a motor vehicle . . .).” “[T]he ‘commentary in the Guidelines
Manual that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it is
inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.’”
United States
v. Bernardo
,
We review for clear error the district court’s factual findings and for an
abuse of discretion its application of the Guidelines to the facts.
United States v.
Gasca-Ruiz
,
a. The district court found that Strange transported two individuals in the
trunk of a car in July in Arizona. One of the individuals in Strange’s trunk testified
*4
that it was hot in the trunk, and the district court concluded there was no way for
the passengers to communicate with Strange or to access the passenger
compartment of the car. In light of these findings, which are not clearly erroneous,
and Application Note 5, the district court did not abuse its discretion in applying
the § 2L1.1(b)(6) enhancement to Strange.
See Bernardo
,
b. Campos also transported two individuals in the trunk of a car. One of his
concealed passengers stated that he could not communicate with Campos from
within the trunk and at one point indicated that he feared asphyxiation. Although
an escape lever and instructional diagram were present in the trunk, both
individuals in the trunk testified that they were not aware of the lever, nor were
they instructed on how to use it. Further, the district court found that Campos
drove on the highway at a lawful but “high rate of speed” before reaching the
checkpoint in Arizona where he was apprehended, a fact indicating that, even had
Campos’s passengers known about the escape lever, it would have been of limited
*5
utility. The district court’s factual determinations were not clearly erroneous, and
the court did not abuse its discretion in applying the § 2L1.1(b)(6) enhancement
under these circumstances.
See Bernardo
,
3. We affirm the district court’s imposition of a $5,000 special assessment on Campos pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a).
The record indicates that, at the time of sentencing, Campos was employed full time, that he was welcome to continue living with his family, and that a monthly payment of $150 would not endanger Campos’s ability to cover his existing expenses. Because Campos’s capacity to work is relevant to whether he can comply with a three-year payment plan, the district court properly took into account that Campos was “able-bodied.”
The district court did not clearly err in finding Campos able to pay the
special assessment.
See United States v. Orlando
,
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgments of the district courts in United States v. Strange , No. 16-10128, and United States v. Campos , 16-10234.
Notes
[2] No party disputes that U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1, which addresses offenses concerning “[s]muggling, [t]ransporting, or [h]arboring an [u]nlawful [a]lien,” covers the Defendants’ conduct.