Dеfendant-Appellant Timothy DeShazer appeals his conviction for interstate stalking, see 18 U.S.C. § 2261A, and carrying a firearm during a crime of violence. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(l)(A)(ii). Through counsel, he argues that he was not competent to stand trial, that he should not have been permitted to represent himself at trial, and that his pre-trial detention without mental-health treatment violated his due process rights. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Underlying Offense and, State Court Proceedings
During the spring of 1998, the victim in this case contacted Mr. DeShazer after her recent divorce. The two, who were former childhood friends, began to interact via telephone and e-mail. Their relationship progressed, and in July 1998 Mr. De-Shazer, who was living in Wisconsin, spent a month at her home in Wyoming.
The victim then learned that her sister was ill and began to fly frequently to Las Vegas to visit her. At this point, she told Mr. DeShazer that the relationship would not work. Mr. DeShazer continued, however, to contact her by telephone and email, despite her pleas that he stop. In December 1998, he hand delivered a note *1283 and left it in her mailbox. The note included this passage: “Sorry I missed you. I hope to hear from you by January 10. Otherwise, perhaps you will see me when I return.”
After the note, some time passed without incident. On January 5, 2000, however, Mr. DeShazer loaded his vehicle with various guns, duct tape, and other supplies and set out to the victim’s home. As he attempted to burst through her front door, she heard him and retrieved a gun she had obtained for this very situation. During the ensuing confrontation, a neighbor knocked on the door, and the victim was able to escape and call the police. Mr. DeShazer was arrested about an hour later near Gillette, Wyoming. In the car, the police found, among other inculpatory items, a digital recording on which Mr. DeShazer said he intended to seek retribution from the victim for destroying his life.
Mr. DeShazer was charged in Wyoming state court with attempted kidnapping, aggravated assault and battery, and aggravated burglary. Shortly thereafter, he was indicted in federal district court on one count of interstate stalking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261A, and one count of using or carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii).
The federаl charges were deferred pending resolution of the state charges. Mr. DeShazer was found guilty on the state charges, but while awaiting sentencing he was diagnosed with delusional and depressive disorders. The Wyoming State Hospital informed the state trial court that his delusional disorder was “well controlled by his current medication,” but that he had been legally incompetent during the trial. Mr. DeShazer was then taken into federal custody for further evaluation that could be used in the state sentencing proceedings.
B. Federal Proceedings
Doctors evaluated Mr. DeShazer at the Federal Medical Center in Rochester, Minnesota. In December 2001, a report submitted to the district court stated that Mr. DeShazer “does not presently suffer from a mental disease or defect rendering him unable to understand the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him, or to assist properly in his defense.” Mr. DeShazer was subsequently returned to state custody for sentencing. Upon completion of the state proceedings, Mr. DeShazer was returned to federal custody in July 2002 to face the federal сharges against him.
1. First Competency Hearing
After postponing arraignment to allow defense counsel to obtain an independent mental evaluation, the district court held a competency hearing on February 24, 2003. Upon hearing testimony from defense and government experts, the district court found Mr. DeShazer competent to stand trial. Specifically, the government expert’s opinion persuaded the court. It corresponded to the opinion set forth in the December 2001 report, that Mr. DeShazer had an obsessive compulsive disorder and not a mental illness. The court also told defense counsel to inform Mr. DeShazer that it would not allow him to “play games with the court.”
At the arraignment, trial was set for July 2, 2003. In May 2003, however, defense counsel filed a motion to dismiss based on double jeopardy. The trial was delayed for resolution of this motion and an interlocutory appeal to this court. The appeal was mooted, however, when the Wyoming Supreme Court reversed Mr. DeShazer’s state-court convictions on competency grounds that August.
*1284 2. Second Competency Hearing
Trial was rescheduled for Februаry 17, 2004. On motions by both the government and counsel for Mr. DeShazer, .however, the district court scheduled another competency hearing for the morning of trial. At that hearing, the district court expressed concerns with the possible staleness of the 2001 report by the Federal Medical Center and ordered that Mr. De-Shazer be evaluated again by a facility within the Bureau of Prisons. The district court scheduled a third competency hearing for August 25, 2004.
3. Third Competency Hearing
On August 17, counsel for Mr. DeShazer moved to continue the third competency hearing and requested independent competency evaluations. After a hearing, the district court granted the defense’s requests. While those evaluations were underway, and before a new date had been set for a competency hearing, the district court set a preliminary trial date of January 4, 2005, and an alternate date of April 18, 2005.
A few weeks before the January 4, 2005 trial date, counsel for Mr. DeShazer filed a motion asking the court to continue the trial, schedule a new competency hearing, and dismiss the charges pursuant to
Jackson v. Indiana,
In May 2005, Mr. DeShazer refused to be medicated any further and filed a motion to stay forced medication. The district court granted the motion despite its concern that Mr. DeShazer was malingering. In August 2005, Dr. Cristina Pietz, a federal examiner, determined that Mr. De-Shazer suffered from no mental illness or defect. Rather, he had obsessive impulses that interfered with daily functioning.
In July 2006, we dismissed Mr. De-Shazer’s interlocutory appeal based on
Jackson
for lack of appellate jurisdiction.
See United States v. Deshazer,
In August 2006, the court held a third competency hearing. At that hearing, there was no real dispute that Mr. De-Shazer rationally undеrstood, inter alia, the nature of the proceedings against him, the strength of the government’s evidence, and the potential availability of an insanity defense. Accordingly, the central question was whether Mr. DeShazer suffered from a mental disease that rendered him unable to assist in his defense. See 18 U.S.C. § 4241(a). Mr. DeShazer’s expert, Dr. Bruce Kahn, who had examined Mr. De-Shazer many times previously, testified that Mr. DeShazer was delusional and that this mental disease interfered with his ability to work with counsel. Dr. Kahn’s testimony can be summarized as follows: Mr. DeShazer had been, and is at the рresent time, delusionally obsessed with the victim in that he believes she deliberately used him for the purpose of ruining his life. Because of these delusions, Mr. DeShazer is furious with the victim, and his sole intent is to avenge himself by making the “truth” about the victim be *1285 known. He thinks only the victim can deliver that truth by testifying at trial that he is a nice person and that she intentionally used him and tried to hurt him. This mindset is also the motivation for Mr. De-Shazer’s request to represent himself at trial. His counsel does not support that trial strategy, and Mr. Deshazer feels only he can effectively cross-examinе the victim.
In contrast, Dr. Pietz testified that Mr. DeShazer was not delusional; that his interest in the victim and his desire to put her on the stand to expose the truth was indicative of an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, rather than a mental illness; and that he could assist in his own defense if he chose to do so. The district court ultimately found Dr. Pietz’s testimony more persuasive and thus found Mr. DeShazer competent to stand trial.
4. Faretta Hearing
Having determined that Mr. DeShazer was competent to stand trial, the court held two hearings in September 2006 concerning his request to rеpresent himself pursuant to Faretta. The court repeatedly and vehemently urged Mr. DeShazer that he should proceed with counsel. The court added that due to the overwhelming evidence against him, the only plausible defense was likely insanity, and that he needed counsel’s assistance to present that defense. The court additionally questioned the wisdom of Mr. DeShazer’s professed trial strategy. The court warned him that he would likely anger the jury and suggested that even if the victim testified in the way that he hoped, such testimony would not acquit him. Despitе the district court’s repeated admonitions, Mr. DeShazer unequivocally affirmed his desire to represent himself. After determining he knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel, the court granted the motion to proceed pro se and appointed his counsel as standby counsel. The matter went to trial in November 2006, and the jury returned guilty verdicts on both counts. The court sentenced Mr. De-Shazer to 480 months’ imprisonment.
On appeal, 1 counsel for Mr. DeShazer argues that (1) the district court erroneously found him competent to stand trial; (2) he was not competent to waive his right to an attorney and represent himself; and (3) he was denied treatment during the pendency of his case, which he contends violates the principles set forth in Jackson.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Competency Determination
The Constitution forbids the trial of a defendant who lacks mental competency.
See Indiana v. Edwards,
— U.S. -,
*1286
We review the district court’s competency determination for clear error and will reverse only if we are “left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”
Markovich,
Mr. DeShazer contends that the district court erred in finding him competent to stand trial for three reasons: (1) the finding was based on the court’s unsupported view that he was malingering; (2) the finding was based on an erroneous legal opinion by Dr. Pietz; and (3) the court did not give sufficient weight to the requirement that a defendant have the ability to cooperate with his attorney and assist in his defense.
First, the district court’s competency order does not indicate that its determination was based, even in part, on its view that Mr. DeShazer was purposefully manipulating the court system in an attempt to further delay a trial — an opinion that was not shared by any of the experts involved or even the government. While the district court judge certainly voiced his suspicions throughout the proceedings, he repeatedly stated that despite his personal views, the court’s determination must be based on evidence provided by appropriate professionals. 2
Indeed, the court focused on the testimony presented by each side’s respective experts. During the August 2006 competency hearing, both Dr. Kahn and Dr. Pietz testified that Mr. DeShazer could understand the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him. The principal disagreement was over whether he was able to assist in his defense. Dr. Kahn opined that Mr. DeShazer suffered from а delusional disorder that compromised his ability to assist counsel at trial. Dr. Pietz concluded that Mr. DeShazer did not suffer from a mental illness but rather from a personality disorder, and that de *1287 spite this disorder, Mr. DeShazer had the capacity to assist in his own defense if he chose to do so. The district court stated that it found Dr. Pietz’s evaluation and opinion more persuasive, and expressly adopted her conclusion. Specifically, the court found that Mr. DeShazer had “a rational and factual understanding of the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him, and that he is capable of cooperating and assisting in his defense.” In short, the record belies Mr. DeShazer’s assertion that the court relied on its suspicion that he was manipulating the system to support its competency determination.
Mr. DeShazer also argues that the competency determination is clearly erroneous because it was, he contends, based on Dr. Pietz’s legally erroneous view that a “personality disorder” is not a “mental illness” under 18 U.S.C. § 4241.
3
The court, however, did not rely on Dr. Pietz’s legal conclusion. Dr. Pietz testified that a “personality disorder,” or Axis II illness, is not a mental illness for purposes of § 4241, which she said was clear in both the relevant literature and under
Kansas v. Hendricks,
In its competency order, the court did not reference Dr. Pietz’s erroneous legal conclusion or Hendricks. Dr. Pietz also testified that the defendant could rationally assist in his defense and cooperate with his lawyer — which are the relevant considerations for a competency determination. Whether or not Mr. DeShazer could be diagnosed with an Axis I or Axis II illness is irrelevant, and there is no indication the district court relied on such a diagnosis.
Finally, Mr. DeShazer contends that the district court “gаve little or no weight” to the requirement that an accused be rationally and intelligently able to assist his counsel. To the contrary, the district court identified this requirement as the only genuine issue concerning his competency to stand trial. The district court simply chose to credit the testimony of Dr. Pietz on this point, as it was entitled to do.
See Mackovich,
B. Waiver of Right to Counsel
A defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to sеlf-representation.
See Faretta v. California,
The second prong of this analysis— whether the waiver is knowing and voluntary — hinges on the defendant’s understanding of the significance and consequences of his decision, as well as whether the decision was coerced.
Id.
at 677. Thus, we have said that “[i]t is ideal when the trial judge conducts a thorough and comprehensive formal inquiry including topics such as the nature of the charges, the range of punishment, possible defenses, and a disclosure of risks involved in representing oneself pro se.”
United States v. Turner,
Mr. DeShazer instead contends that he was not competent to waive his right to counsel. In contrast to the knowing-and-voluntary analysis, we have held that the competency analysis focuses on the defendant’s ability to understand the proceedings, and that the standard is the same as the standard used to determine whether the defendant is competent to stand trial.
See Maynard,
Neither Mr. DeShazer nor his counsel raised this “heightened-standard” argument below or otherwise objected when the district court conducted the
Faretta
proceedings without сonsidering Mr. De~ Shazer’s competency in these terms. We therefore limit our review to plain error.
See United States v. Muñoz-Nava,
The Supreme Court first addressed the issue of competency to waive counsel and to proceed pro se in
Godinez v. Moran,
Following
Godinez, we
have made clear that the level of competency required to waive the right to counsel is the same as the level of competency to stand trial.
See Maynard v. Boone,
In
Edwards,
however, the Supreme Court clarified the precise parameters of its decision in
Godinez.
In that case, an Indiana trial court found the defendant competent to stand trial but not competent to represent himself at trial.
Edwards,
The Court first explained that Godinez addressed only the level of competency required to waive the right to counsel when the defendant intends to enter a guilty plea and, accordingly, that a different standard may be used when the defendant asserts his right to self-representation to defend himself at trial. Id at 2385. The Court also emphasized that Godinez involved a state trial court that had permitted the defendant to represent himself, whereas Edwards involved a state trial court that had denied the defendant that right. Id. Thus, the Court reiterated that under Godinez, it is constitutional for a state to allow a defendant to conduct trial proceedings on his own behalf when he has been found competent to stand trial. Id. On the other hand, the state may insist on counsel and deny the right of self-representation for defendants who are “competent enough to stand trial ... but who still suffer from severe mental illness to the point where they are not competent to conduct trial proceedings by themselves.” Id. at 2388.
Edwards, then, does not speak to the level of competency required to waive the right to counsel and invoke the right to represent oneself at trial when (in Mr. DeShazer’s words) “the only viable defense is an insanity defense.” Nothing in Edwards suggests that the applicability of a particular defense is relevant to whether a defendant is comрetent to waive counsel and represent himself.
In his supplemental brief, Mr. DeShazer correctly notes that after
Edwards
a state may deny a criminal defendant the right to represent himself when he suffers from a severe mental illness. But that situation is simply not present here: the district court acceded to Mr. DeShazer’s unopposed request to invoke that right. To the extent
*1290
that Mr. DeShazer suggests that the district court was duty-bound to deny him the right, we do not read
Edwards
as announcing such a new rule. By its terms, the
Edwards
Court held only that “the Constitution permits States to insist upon representation by counsel for thosе competent enough to stand trial ... but who still suffer from severe mental illness to the point where they are not competent to conduct trial proceedings by themselves.”
Edwards,
C. Lack of Adequate Treatment Claim
Finally, Mr. DeShazer argues that a lack of adequate medical treatment throughout the pendency of the pre-trial proceedings violated his due process rights as articulated in
Jackson.
He makes clear that this claim is distinct from his previous motion to dismiss under
Jackson,
which argued that the trial delay prejudiced his ability to present an adequate defense, and which we dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because it was in essence a speedy-trial claim.
See Deshazer,
Mr. DeShazer does not point out where
Jackson
provides that such a “promise of treatment” is constitutionally required. Indeed, he does not even state what remedy he is seeking.
Jackson
held that due process prevents the government from indefinitely confining an incompetent defendant without further proceedings directed at treatment or to restore competency.
See Jackson,
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Mr. DeShazer’s conviction.
Notes
. On July 11, 2008, Mr. DeShazer submitted a pro se letter to this court expressing his desire to withdraw his appeal. After ordering briefing on the issue from the government and counsel for Mr. DeShazer, we remanded to the district court for the limited purpose of determining whether Mr. DeShazer was competent to withdraw his appeal in that the decision was made knowingly and voluntarily. The district court found that Mr. DeShazer was not competent to make that decision, and, in any event, that he no longer wished to withdraw his appeal. Although Mr. De-shazer has since submitted additional pro se motions suggesting he again would like tо withdraw his appeal, we proceed with our disposition of this case. Neither the government nor counsel for Mr. DeShazer challenge the district court's determination that Mr. De-shazer is not competent to withdraw his appeal, and regardless, it is within our discretion whether to accede to a litigant’s request to terminate his appeal.
See
Fed. R.App. P. 42(b) ("An appeal
may
be dismissed on the appellant’s motion on terms agreed to by the parties or fixed by the court.”) (emphasis added);
see also United States v. Cusumano,
. For examplе, just before the court granted Mr. DeShazer's motion to stay forced medication, the judge stated:
I maintain the position I have maintained on this case from the beginning, and that is that Mr. DeShazer is one of the most adept manipulators of the criminal justice system that I've encountered. I remain convinced of that fact, and I want this record to reflect — and I hope it has in the previous occasion reflected so that there’s no doubt at the Court of Appeals that I think this is one giant scam on the United States. I believe Mr. DeShazer was competent from the git-go and that he is competent now and that he should stand trial for the charges for which he is indicted. But I recognize that I cannot stand on my own assessment and that it has to be based on an evaluation of clinicians.
. 18 U.S.C. § 4241 reads in relevant part:
(a) Motion to determine competency of defendant. — At any time after the commencement of a prosecution for an offense and prior to the sentencing of the defendant, or at any time after the commencement of probation or supervised release and prior to the completion of the sentenсe, the defendant or the attorney for the Government may file a motion for a hearing to determine the mental competency of the defendant. The court shall grant the motion, or shall order such a hearing on its own motion, if there is reasonable cause to believe that the defendant may presently be suffering from a mental disease or defect rendering him mentally incompetent to the extent that he is unable to understand the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him or to assist properly in his defense.