Affirmed by published opinion. Judge NIEMEYER wrote the opinion, in which Judge MICHAEL and Judge MOTZ joined.
*83 OPINION
We must decide in this case whether the government proved a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) when it established that (1) the defendant possessed a firearm, (2) in or affecting commerce, and (3) the defendant had one yеar earlier been convicted of a North Carolina state drug felony. The defendant, relying on our decision in
United States v. Essick,
On July 9, 1993, in Greensboro, North Carolina, Derrick Thomas was arrested for possession of an Interteeh 9mm semi-automatic handgun. Because he had been convicted one year earlier in state court of possessing cocaine with intent to distribute, he was indicted for violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) & 924(a)(2). At trial, the government offered proof that Thomas possessed the handgun; that the handgun was manufactured in Miami, Florida; and that Thomas had been convicted on August 17, 1992, in a North Carolina state court of a drug felony punishable under North Carolina law by imprisonment for more than one year. After the government rested its case, the defendant mаde a pro forma motion for judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, without articulating any specific grounds for the motion. ■ After the court’s denial of the motion, the defendant introduced evidence in support of his ease and rested. After the сlose of all evidence and before the parties made their closing arguments to the jury, the district judge observed:
Before the jury comes in, I did not hear you, [Assistant United States Attorney] Mr. Weinman, ask the- question or present any evidence concerning the fact, if it is a faсt, that the defendant’s civil rights have not been restored.
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I’ll give you the latest thing out of the Fourth Circuit. “The government must prove in its case in chief that [defendant’s] civil rights have not been restored” [paraphrasing United States v. Essick,935 F.2d 28 (4th Cir.1991) ].
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It is unlikely that [defendant’s civil rights have been restored], because you’vе got a certified copy of his conviction in 1992. Obviously, that’s less than five years. I don’t know what sort of circumstances his civil rights could possibly have been restored. I mean, I don’t think it’s an issue in the case, but I think you’ve got to present evidence on it or have a stipulation conсerning it.
The court reasoned that since it raised this issue sua sponte, it was permissible, in the exercise of its discretion, for it to reopen the case to allow the government to introduce evidence that Thomas was still on parole for the 1992 conviction and thаt his civil rights therefore had not been restored. After the case was reopened and the government presented this evidence, the case was submitted to the jury and Thomas was convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The court sentenced him to 90 months imprisonment.
Thomas contends that because he moved for judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29 at the close of the government’s evidence (before the court reopened the case) and because the district court subsequently found that the government had failеd to present an essential element of proof — that his civil rights had not been restored — the district court erred in refusing to grant his Rule 29 motion. Thomas also contends that the district court abused its discretion in reopening the government’s case after the close of all the evidence to permit the government to prove an essential element of the crime charged.
See
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United States v. Paz,
The resolution of these issues, however, is preceded by the principal issue of whether the government proved a § 922(g)(1) violation when it established Thomas’ possession of a handgun manufactured out of state and his conviction one year earlier of a North Carolina drug felоny, without having shown independently that Thomas’ civil rights had not been restored. Because we believe that the district court misread the scope of our holding in Essick to require the government, for a § 922(g)(1) conviction, to establish as part of its ease in chief in every case in North Carolina that the defendant’s civil rights had not been restored, we need not reach the procedural questions raised by Thomas of whether the district court erred in failing to grant his Rule 29 motion or abused its discretion in reopening the case.
Section 922(g)(1) of Title 18 penalizes the possession in or affecting commerce of a firearm by any person “who has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The definition of the term “crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year” must be determined in accordance with “the law of the jurisdiction in which the proceedings were held.” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). The term specifically excludes any conviction for which a person “has had civil rights restored ... unless ... restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the persоn may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.”
Id.
In effect, therefore, § 921(a)(20) excludes from the definition of a predicate offense any conviction for which the defendant has had his civil rights, including the right to carry a firearm, restored.
See United States v. Clark,
We therefore must turn to North Carolina law to determine whether Thomas’ 1992 drug conviction meets the definition of a predicate offense for purposes of § 922(g)(1). It is undisputed that the North Carolina crime of which Thomas was convicted in 1992 was a felony punishable by imprisonment for more than one yеar. And even though Thomas’ civil rights generally would be restorable upon his unconditional discharge from probation or parole, see N.C.Gen.Stat. § 13-1, which could occur less than five years after his conviction, under the North Carolina Felony Firearms Act, his civil right to possess a handgun сould not have been restored until five years after his 1992 conviction or his unconditional discharge from probation or parole, whichever is later. See N.C.Gen.Stat. § 14-415.1. After that five-year period, however, the prohibition against possessing a handgun automatically ends. Thus, in establishing Thomas’ 1992 felony conviction, the government thereby established at least that his civil right to possess a handgun had not been restored at the time of his firearm possession in 1993.
In United States v. Essick, we held that if the purported predicate offense for a § 922(g)(1) violation is a North Carolina felоny that occurred more than five years before *85 the § 922(g)(1) offense, the government could not assume the “continuing vitality” of the state felony because, under North Carolina law, the defendant’s civil rights, including his right to possess a handgun, might have been restored by the time of his firearm pоssession. The defendant in Essick was arrested in September 1989 for possession of firearms and charged with a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The predicate offense for that charge was a drug conviction in April 1983, more than five years earlier. The government contended that all it neеded to prove to establish a predicate offense for § 922(g)(1) was that the defendant had previously been convicted of a felony. It maintained that whether the defendant’s civil right to possess a firearm and other civil rights had been restored was an affirmative defense to be proved by the defendant. We rejected the government’s contention. Since under North Carolina law the defendant’s civil rights might have been restored upon completion of the sentence and since North Carolina’s prohibition against carrying a handgun ended automatically after five years, we held that the government could not assume the continuing vitality of the six-year old underlying North Carolina felony as a predicate offense. In those circumstances, we concluded, it was the government’s burden to prove that thе defendant’s civil rights had not been restored in order to establish a predicate offense under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). We stated:
The only way in which Essick’s 1983 North Carolina conviction could constitute a predicate felony conviction under § 922(g)(1) would be if the alleged federal violation, i.e., possession of a firearm, occurred within five years of Essick’s release from state supervision.
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There is no contention that the government brought Essick within the five-year post-release period_ In North Carolina, proof of the “prior conviction” element of a § 922(g)(1) charge requires the government to go beyond the mere introduction of a commitment order if such a predicate conviction occurred in the North Carolina state courts.
******
In North Carolina, the government must prove, at a minimum, that the defendant possessed a firearm within five years of release from supervision resulting from the prior North Carolina felony.
Thus, the holding in Essick is limited to circumstances where the underlying North Carolina felony conviction occurred more than five years prior to defendant’s firearm possession, such that the § 922(g)(1) predicate offense was so removed in time that under North Carolina law, defendant’s civil rights would ordinarily be restored automatically and the “continued vitality of the conviction” could not be assumed.
In this case, however, Thomas was arrested for possession of a handgun less than one year after he had been convicted of a North Carolina felony for cocaine possession. Under North Carolina law, thereforе, Thomas’ civil right to possess a handgun could not ordinarily have been restored because five years had not elapsed since his state felony conviction. Since his state felony conviction could not therefore have been excluded from the definition оf a predicate offense under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20), the government did not have the burden of proving independently the additional fact that Thomas’ civil rights had not been restored. This fact was established due jure under the North Carolina Felony Firearms Act by introduction of a North Carolina conviction entered within five years of the instant offense.
Thus, the district court in the instant case properly denied Thomas’ Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal at the end of the government’s case, and its precautionary measure of reopening the case was gratuitous. * *86 Aсcordingly, we need not reach the question of whether the court abused its discretion in that regard.
Thomas also contends that the warrantless search of his automobile incident to his arrest, during which the handgun in this case was discovered, was illegal and therefore that the distriсt court should have granted his motion to suppress. Having carefully reviewed the factual record on this issue, we conclude that the district court’s finding that the officer’s stop of Thomas’ car was prompted by reasonable suspicion is not clearly erroneous.
See Terry v. Ohio,
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
Notes
Ordinarily, when a motion for judgment of acquittal is denied and the defendant thereafter
*86
introduces evidence on his own behalf, we review the case on all the evidence.
See United States v. Heller,