The circus impresario, P.T. Barnum, is famously reputed to have said that “there’s a sucker born every minute.” That droll commentary on the human condition, whether or not fairly attributed to Barnum, 1 appears to be as insightful in cyber-commerce as in face-to-face business transactions. This conclusion is borne out by the case at hand, which involves an Internet fraud.
In the appeal proper, we are asked to consider allegations of instructional and sentencing error. The overarching themes are those of chicanery and greed. Thoroughly assured by a careful canvass of the record, we affirm the judgment below.
I. BACKGROUND
Beginning in March of 2003, defendant-appellant Michael R. Deppe commenced a series of transactions in which he offered Rolex watches over the Internet in exchange for funds wire-transferred directly to his bank account. By December of 2003, he had engaged in twenty-seven such transactions and had snared roughly $115,000 in payments. But there was a catch: not a single customer had received a watch.
An investigation uncovered the following scenario. Upon receipt of wire-transferred funds in the stipulated amount, the appellant would ship a package. The customer would receive tracking information for the shipment. In fact, however, the package would deliberately be sent to an incorrect addrеss within the customer’s zip code. This artifice worked because the tracking information only indicated to the customer that a package had been sent to his zip code; it did not reveal the intended destination with any greater specificity. When and if the package caught up with the customer, it invariably proved to contain only crumpled newspaper or worthless baseball cards.
By March of 2004, the Rolex scheme had been laid waste, аnd a state prosecutor had charged the appellant with nineteen counts of larceny. He was not detained, though, on the condition that he no longer conduct business through the instrumentality of a computer.
The fall of 2004 saw the appellant contravene the state court bail order. He teamed up with William Englehart and entered a new line of business. Their fledgling firm, called Aceprosports, aspired to sell sports merchandise through well-knоwn Internet intermediaries like eBay and PayPal.
Initially, each sale went off without a hitch, and Aceprosports garnered “power seller” honors from eBay. In early 2005 — ■ some two weeks before the Super Bowl— the dénouement began. At that juncture, the company started selling nonexistent tickets to the game. The Super Bowl scheme netted nearly $263,000 for tickets *57 that the partners never possessed. While Englehart made a few refunds, the vast majority of custоmers lost their deposits.
On February 23, 2005, a federal grand jury indicted the appellant on eight counts of wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, and two counts of mail fraud, id. § 1341, all related to the Rolex swindle. Exactly five weeks later, the grand jury handed up a superseding indictment that added four counts of wire fraud and two counts of mail fraud growing out of the Super Bowl scheme.
The appellant initially maintained his total innocence. Then, on March 6, 2006, he pleaded guilty to the ten counts that implicаted the Rolex fraud. The six Super Bowl counts remained pending.
A seven-day jury trial ensued. The trial evidence featured finger-pointing by the two erstwhile partners. The government’s theory of the case was that the appellant had falsely assured Englehart that he (the appellant) had found a legitimate source of Super Bowl tickets and had bilked Engle-hart out of the money paid by prospective purchasers. For his part, the appellant sought tо erase this portrait of Englehart as “the perfect dupe.” He asserted that Englehart helped with many of the sales himself, controlled the company’s bank account and cash flow, and forged receipts to make it appear that the appellant had siphoned off the proceeds of the scheme.
The government dropped one of the six remaining counts mid-trial. As to the rest, the jury apparently accepted the gоvernment’s version of the relevant events; on May 2, 2006, it convicted the appellant on each of the five submitted counts.
The conceded counts and the tried counts were grouped for purposes of sentencing. Without objection, the district court fixed the appellant’s adjusted offense level at 27. The court then declined to grant the appellant a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, see USSG § 3El.l(a); placed him in criminal history category I; arrived at a guideline sentencing range (GSR) of 70-87 months; and imposed a mid-range 78-month incarcera-tive term. The court also fined the appellant, levied a special assessment, ordered restitution in the amount of $520,375.84, and set a period of supervised release. This timely appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
We begin our substantive analysis with the appellant’s claim of instructional error. We then proceed to consider his twin сlaims of sentencing error.
A. Jury Instructions.
The appellant’s complaint about the jury instructions has its genesis in an original instruction given to the jury after both sides had rested and counsel had delivered their summations. The court stated:
The defendant contends that another person was responsible for any wrongful acts that may have occurred in this case. The fact that someone else may have had the requisite intent to commit mail or wire fraud does not, by itself, constitute a defense or an excuse for Mr. Deppe. However, you may consider evidence of the intent and conduct of other parties to the extent that such evidence bears on the issue of whether Mr. Deppe himself had the requisite intent and committed the crimes charged.
The appellant seasonably objected to this instruction, asserting that whatever the indictment might say, the government had presented its case as one in which Engle-hart had been duped, yet the instruction invited the jurors to convict even if they found that Englehart had co-engineered the fraud. Deeming this objection well-taken, the district court gave the following *58 supplementary instruction before the start of deliberations:
The indictment charges ... a scheme to defraud, both in the form of mail fraud and wire fraud, and it charges it in a particular way, and the way it charges it is that Mr. Deppe is criminally culpable, and no other person is criminally culpable, and that is what you are to decide, whether the government has proved beyond a reasonable doubt the particular scheme charged in the indictment.
Thus instructed, the jury retired to deliberate.
Shortly thereafter, the jurors requested clarification of the supplementary instruction. The court brought them back into the courtroom, candidly acknowledged that its supplementary instruction might have been “a little bit looser” than it should have been, and bade the jurors to foсus on whether the government had proven the fraudulent scheme substantially as charged in the relevant counts of the indictment. It repeated no fewer than five times words to the effect that “the Government must prove that there was a scheme to defraud, substantially as charged in the indictment.” Relatedly, the court reminded the jurors of the burden of proof.
At this point, a juror asked a somewhat garbled question anent the district court’s earlier instruction:
It sounds to me as though if Mr. Deppe isn’t completely solely responsible, that there’s no one else culpable then — 'then we decide that he’s guilty. If we decide that — that someone was in on this with him, then he’s not guilty?
By way of response, the court reiterated that the jury should focus on whether or not the scheme charged in the indictment had been proved. In search of certitude, the court repeated that admonition at least three times after the juror interposed his query. The court refused to editorialize about the scheme or otherwise to elaborate on the jury’s duty. Despite requests by both sides, the court also declined to reduce any of its supplementary instructions to writing.
Thus instructed, the jury repaired to the jury room and resumed its deliberations. It returned with a guilty verdict on all five of the pending counts.
The appellant’s challenge to these instructions is quixotic. His brief makes no claim that any of the instructions were incorrect as a matter of law. Rather, he asserts that the instructions must have confused the jury, as evidenced by one juror’s expression of puzzlement (expressed in the question quoted above).
Objections to allegedly confusing jury instructions, when preserved for appeal, engender review for abuse of discretion.
See United States v. Nascimento,
The relevant facts are as follows. When the district court held a sidebar conference to discuss its further instructions, the appellant injected himself into the conversation, bypassing his counsel and explaining how he thought the instructions should be worded. The court then asked defense counsel whether the appellant’s objection was counsel’s objection. Counsel equivocated; he disavowed the objection but then enigmatically observed that, whatever he (counsel) happened to think, “it’s [Deppe’s] life.”
In the end, we find it unnecessary to resolve whether the claim of institution *59 al error was preserved for appellate review. Instead we assume, favorably to the appellant, that it was. On that assumption, we proceed to assay the challenged instructions for abuse of discretion. We discern none.
The most pertinеnt consideration is that none of the instructions harmed or prejudiced the appellant in any way. In point of fact, the only problematic instruction given to the jury — -the district court’s first supplementary instruction — favored the appellant. 2 We explain briefly.
The district court at that point instructed the jury that the indictment required proof that the appellant “is criminally culpable, and no other person is criminally culpable.” But the government’s burden was not so onerous: the indictment itself included charges of aiding and abetting and left ample room for scenarios in which the appellant and one or more collaborators could be held criminally responsible. When the putative error in a criminal jury instruction is such that it tends to narrow the indictment or to elevate the government’s burden of proof, the defendant cannot be heard to complain about prejudice.
See United States v. Lizardo,
Viewed against this backdrop, the somewhat inаrticulate question posed by the inquisitive juror fails to supply any meaningful evidence of prejudicial jury confusion. The appellant asks us to interpret this question as an indication that all the jurors believed that, if they found that no one else was guilty of the fraud, they could convict the appellant on that basis alone. This is too much of a stretch: the question was ambiguous and, in all events, reflected only the tentative thought processes of one juror. It would be pure speculation to infer a mistaken view of the law from an ambiguous question posed by a single juror.
Cf. Ayers v. Belmontes,
— U.S. -,
Here, moreover, the query was interposed
before
the court completed its instructions. Even if some modicum of juror confusion persisted at that preliminary stage — an assumption that we view as dubious — there is no reason to think that the district court’s subsequent clarification did not dispel it.
See Howard D. Jury, Inc. v. R & G Sloane Mfg. Co.,
In sum, we adhere to the sensible principle that a “jury instruction cannot be read in a vacuum, but, rather, must be taken in light of the charge as a whole.”
Ellis v. United States,
B. Acceptance of Responsibility.
We turn next to the appellant’s primary claim of sentencing error: his entreaty that the district court improvidently refused to shrink his offense level for acceptance of responsibility. We discern no error.
Under the applicable guideline, USSG § 3E1.1(a), a defendant may receive a two-level downward adjustment if he seasonably accepts responsibility for the crime(s) of conviction. The burden of proving that he accepted responsibility rests squarely with the defendant.
See United States v. Franky-Ortiz,
Accеptance of responsibility entails more than merely mouthing the vocabulary of contrition. Pleading guilty in advance of trial and truthfully disclosing the details of all relevant conduct usually will constitute substantial evidence that a defendant has accepted responsibility.
See
USSG § 3E1.1, cmt. (n.3). But not every pretrial guilty plea guarantees the defendant the two-level reduction.
See, e.g., United States v. McLaughlin,
When a defendant proceeds to trial and puts the government to its proof, a credit for acceptance of responsibility normally will not be available.
See, e.g., Unit
ed
States v. Sánchez-Berríos,
The standard of review for acceptance-of-responsibility determinations is familiar. Recognizing the special difficulty of discerning, on a cold record, whether a defendant’s expressions of remorse were in earnest, we review a sentencing court’s judgments about acceptance of responsibility for clear error.
See United States v. Dethlefs,
In this case, we confront the hybrid situation in which a defendant has admitted guilt in advance of trial as to some of the counts in a multi-count indictment, yet proceeded to trial on other counts.
3
The appellant argues, in effect, that the district court gave too short shrift to thе fact that
*61
he had pleaded to several of the charges and erroneously applied what amounted to a conclusive presumption that the reduction should not be awarded. Several of our sister circuits have held that acceptance of responsibility is an all or nothing proposition and that a rebuttable presumption of non-availability (that is, a presumption subject to the “rare situation” exception) appliеs where a defendant pleads guilty to some but not all of the crimes charged in a multi-count indictment.
See, e.g., United States v. Thomas,
The fact of the matter is that the district court — contrary to the appellant’s implication — did not automatically deny an acceptance-of-responsibility credit on account of his decision to go to trial on some of the charged counts. Rather, in its statements at the disposition hearing, the court referred repeatedly to an application note, which provides in pertinent part:
In determining whether a defendant qualifies [for an acceptance of responsibility reduction], appropriate considerations include ... truthfully admitting the сonduct comprising the offense(s) of conviction, and truthfully admitting or not falsely denying any additional relevant conduct.
USSG § 3E1.1, cmt. (n.1(a)). The court concluded:
The defendant did not truthfully admit the conduct of the offensive conviction and did not truthfully admit and has falsely denied other relevant conduct. ...
He has sought to shift blame to others, and otherwise engaged in-engaged in denials and other conduct suggesting that he had not accepted responsibility....
I don’t think [the two-level reduction is] appropriatе under the circumstances, so that objection is overruled.
These comments evince a particularized consideration of the appellant’s actions at the trial. That focus is thoroughly incompatible with the appellant’s suggestion that the court made a rote rejection of his request for an acceptance-of-responsibility adjustment merely because he had pleaded to fewer than all of the charged counts.
In dеnying a section 3El.l(a) discount, the district court need not articulate a tight matrix of factual findings, in light of which its denial seems all but ineluctable.
See United States v. Saxena,
C. Reasonableness of the Sentence.
In a parting shot, the appellant tries to impugn the length of his 78-month sentence. For this limited purpose, he *62 concedes the correctness of the district court’s guideline computations and acknowledges that the sentence falls within the compass of the GSR. He nonetheless claims that factors to which the court attached insufficient weight dictated a more benign result. This argument is wide of the mark.
In the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in
United States v. Booker,
In the instant case, the appellant posits that, in considering the sentencing factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), 4 the district court undervalued four relevant factors: the appellant’s lack of a prior criminal record, his youth (twenty-one years old at the time of the Rolex fraud), the non-violent nature of the crimes of conviction, and his psychological frailties (specifically, an obsessive-compulsive disorder and a gambling addiction). This argument comprises more cry than wool.
The record makes manifest that the district court was well aware of each of these factors when it pronounced sentence. Indeed, three of them — the absence of a criminal record, the character of the offenses, and the appellant’s addictive behavior — were explicitly mentioned by the court during its statement of reasons for configuring the sentence. The court also spoke about the appellant’s failure to accept full responsibility, the need for deterrence, and the unfortunate hallmarks of the appellant’s crimes (cynicism, brazenness, greed, and deliberateness). It is readily apparent that the court elected to focus on certain important aspects of the offenses of conviction and to give less weight to other allegedly mitigating factors. So viewed, the court’s weighing of the relevant factors entailed a choice of emphasis, not a sin of omission. That is not a basis for a founded claim of sentencing error.
See United States v. Dixon,
The short of it is that the sentencing court provided a logical explanation for the
*63
78-month sentence and — given the nature of the crimes committed and the characteristics of the criminal — that sentence represents a sensible punishment. That is all that an appellate court can exрect.
See Jiménez-Beltre,
III. CONCLUSION
We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above, we find the appellant’s conviction and sentence to be unimpugna-ble.
Affirmed.
Notes
. Although this statement was attributed to Barnum in the Fort Wayne Weekly Sentinel of January 17, 1894, Barnum is said to have doubted that he had uttered these precise words. He conceded, however, that he may have said: "The people like tо be humbugged.”
. This is the instruction that the district court itself, on reflection, fretted had “set some sort ■of land speed record ... in confusing a jury.”
. For purposes of this analysis, we ignore the count that the government voluntarily dismissed, as a defendant need not plead guilty to charges the government itself has relinquished in order to receive the basic reduction for acceptance of responsibility.
See United States v. Perez-Franco,
. These factors include:
(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed (A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; (C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and ... (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records ...; and (7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).