484 F.2d 1046 | 9th Cir. | 1973
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) :
Appellant registered with his local board in 1967 and was classified I-A on
Appellant raises two points on appeal: (1) Under section 1628.11(c) of the Selective Service Regulations (32 C.F.R'. § 1628.11(c) (1971)), effective at all times here material, appellant could not have been ordered to report for prein-duction physical examination absent a finding by the board that his induction would shortly occur, and the board did not make that determination; and (2) the court erred in overruling his objection to the hearsay entry “Failed to Report” and in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal.
Section 1628.11(c)
As a III-A registrant, he could not have been ordered to report on November 2, 1970, and his conviction should be reversed.
The majority’s reliance on United States v. Heinrich (9th Cir. 1972 en banc) 470 F.2d 238 is misplaced. In Heinrich the registrant had been validly classified I-A before receipt by his local board of information which presented a prima facie claim for a II-S classification. Prior to performing its duty to reopen his classification, the board ordered Heinrich to submit to a physical examination. The Heinrich majority declared that the “narrow issue” it was deciding was that “[t]he presentation of a prima facie claim for reclassification, by one already validly classified I-A,” did not compel the invalidation of an order to report for a preinduction physical. (470 F.2d at 239.) The majority expressly noted that, under United States v. Brandt (9th Cir. 1970) 435 F.2d 324, a registrant erroneously classified I-A cannot be prosecuted for failure to appear for his physical. (470 F.2d at 239.) In the case at bench, appellant’s request for a III-A had been improperly denied by the local board (and all administrative remedies exhausted) before the order for the preinduction physical was issued. Accordingly, appellant’s I-A classification was invalid at the time he was ordered to report for the physical;
I recognize that we are bound by the law of this circuit expressed in United States v. Hudson (9th Cir. 1972) 479 F.2d 251. Hudson permitted the admission of an anonymous hearsay entry contained in a Selective Service file over objections that the entry was hearsay and that no proper foundation was laid for its receipt. Although I must follow Hudson, I cannot do so without expressing my view that Hudson is plainly wrong, not only for the reasons expressed by Judge Lumbard in dissent, but also because it conflicts with prior decisions within our circuit and with controlling Supreme Court authority.
In Hudson, as in the case at bench, there was no foundation whatever laid for the receipt of the challenged entry. The person who made the entry was never identified in any way in either case. Additionally, there was no showing in either case that the facts recorded were personally observed by the entrant or by the entrant’s subordinates. (LaPorte v. United States (9th Cir. 1962) 300 F.2d 878, 882.) The admission of such an entry over appropriate objection is flatly contrary to our decisions in Olender v. United States (9th Cir. 1954) 210 F.2d 795 and Independent Iron Works, Inc. v. United States Steel Corp. (9th Cir. 1963) 322 F.2d 656.
The burden was on the Government to lay a foundation for the admission of the entry. If the burden were placed on a criminal defendant to prove lack of foundation, it would impermissibly shift the burden of proof. (See McAbee v. United States (9th Cir. 1970) 434 F.2d 361 (semble); Olender v. United States, supra, 210 F.2d at 801; cf. Yaich v. United States (9th Cir. 1960) 283 F.2d 613.)
Of greater moment, however, the Hudson rule permitting admission of the challenged hearsay entry constitutes a violation of appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation and cross-examination. (See, e. g., Dutton v. Evans (1970) 400 U.S. 74, 91 S.Ct. 1, 27 L. Ed.2d 213; California v. Green (1970) 399 U.S. 149, 90 S.Ct. 1930, 26 L.Ed.2d 489; Barber v. Page (1968) 390 U.S. 719, 88 S.Ct. 1318, 20 L.Ed.2d 255; Pointer v. Texas (1965) 380 U.S. 400, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923.) In Dutton and Green the Supreme Court, while refusing to detail a theory that would determine the validity of all hearsay exceptions, did set forth general guidelines for the proper application of the confrontation clause to hearsay problems, guidance which was disregarded in the Hudson decision.
The Green Court held that the right of confrontation is satisfied as long as “the declarant [of prior statements introduced at trial] is . . . subject to full and effective cross-examination.” (399 U.S. at 158, 90 S.Ct. at 1934.) This standard of cross-examination, of course, seeks to assure the reliability at trial of statements previously made by witnesses. Exceptions to the hearsay rule have survived attack under the confrontation clause only when the evidence has clear “indicia of reliability.” (Dutton v. Evans, supra, 400 U.S. at 89, 91 S.Ct. 1. See Mancusi v. Stubbs (1972) 408 U.S. 204, 213, 92 S.Ct. 2308, 33 L.Ed.2d 293.) Nothing about the unidentified entry made in the registrant’s Selective Service file brings it within any recognized exception to Green and Pointer. (Cf. Smith v. Illinois (1967) 390 U.S. 129, 88 S.Ct. 748, 19 L.Ed.2d 956 (denial of cross-examination as to real name and address of key prosecution witness violated the Sixth Amendment).) No foun
The Sixth Circuit in Phillips v. Neal (1971) 452 F.2d 337, following Smith and Dutton, has held that the identity and qualifications of authors of reports are such critical factors that introduction into evidence of an anonymous entry in hospital records violates defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation. The reliability of anonymous entries in a Selective Service file is no more self-proving than an anonymous entry in a hospital record.
I would reverse.
. Section 1628.11(c) was revoked December 6, 1971, 36 Fed.Reg. 23372, 23380-81.
. We have previously held that this view of the law does not conflict with the dictum in McKart v. United States (1969) 395 U.S. 185, 89 S.Ct. 1657, 23 L.Ed.2d 194, which indicated that an invalid classification would not be a defense for failure to report for physical examination, since McKart involved an erroneous interpretation by the board of a statutory provision rather than a disregard of clear deferment standards. (United States v. Brandt, supra, 435 F.2d at 326 n. 2; United States v. Hayden (9th Cir. 1971) 445 F.2d 1365, 1369-1370.)
Lead Opinion
Richardson appeals from his conviction for failure to report for a physical examination in violation of 50 U.S.C. App. § 462. Trial was to the court, which found Richardson not guilty on a second count of failure to report for induction. We affirm.
Appellant challenges on hearsay grounds the admissibility of a stamped entry, “Failed to Report,” on the minute sheet of his Selective Service file. The entry was admissible under 28 U.S.C. § 1733(a). United States v. Hudson,. 479 F.2d 251 (9th Cir. 1972); United States v. Grans, 472 F.2d 597 (9th Cir. 1972).
Appellant contends that a prima facie showing that his I-A classification was without basis in fact is a defense to a prosecution for failing to report for a preinduction physical examination. The law is to the contrary. In United States v. Heinrich, 470 F.2d 238 (9th Cir. 1972), the court, sitting en banc, held that a prima facie showing by a registrant that he is entitled to a classification other than I-A does not relieve him of the duty to report for a physical examination ordered pursuant to the existing I-A classification.
Richardson also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction. Appellant chose not to offer any evidence in his defense. Under these circumstances, with the Selective Service file entry in evidence, the proof was sufficient.
