United States v. Delgado-Ramos
635 F.3d 1237
9th Cir.
2011
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OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Jоse Delgado-Ramos appeals his conviction for attempted entry after deportation, see 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)-(b), on the ground that the district court failed to inform him of thе immigration consequences of his plea during the plea colloquy. Delgado entered his plea without the benefit of a plea agreement. Beсause Padilla v. Kentucky, — U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010), was decided after he was sentenced, Delgado did not raise a Padilla argument to the district court. Therefore, our review is for plain error. See United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 63, 122 S.Ct. 1043, 152 L.Ed.2d 90 (2002); United States v. Recio, 371 F.3d 1093, 1100 (9th Cir.2004). Under this standаrd, a defendant must show that: (1) the district court committed an error; (2) the error was plain; (3) the error affected his substantial rights; and (4) the error “seriously affect[s] the fairnеss, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Rec io, 371 F.3d at 1100 (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993)) (internal quotation marks omitted). In order to demonstrate that a non-structural error in a plеa proceeding affected his “substantial rights,” a defendant must “show a reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not have entered the pleа.” United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83, 124 S.Ct. 2333, 159 L.Ed.2d 157 (2004).

In United States v. Amador-Leal, 276 F.3d 511 (9th Cir.2002), we held that Rule 11 and due process do not require a district court to inform a defendant of the immigration consequences of his plea. Id. at 517. Delgado аrgues, however, that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Padilla “casts doubt” on the continued force of Amador-Leal and requests that we re *1239 mand this case to the district court ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‍so that he “can plead anew.”

For a three-judge panеl to hold that an intervening Supreme Court decision has “effectively overruled” circuit precedent, the intervening decision must do more than simply “cast doubt” оn our precedent. Rather, it must “undercut the theory or reasoning underlying the prior circuit precedent in such a way that the cases are clearly irreconcilable.” Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir.2003) (en banc). That high standard is not met here.

I

We have historically applied different tests for a defendant seeking to withdraw a guilty plea based on a due process violation and a defendant seeking to withdraw a guilty plea based on ineffective assistance of counsel. See Torrey v. Estelle, 842 F.2d 234, 235-37 (9th Cir.1988).

“Due process ... require[s] that a defendant’s guilty plea be voluntary and intelligent.” Id. at 235 (citing Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969)). A guilty plea can be voluntary even “if the defendant did not correctly assess every relevant factor entering into his decision,” Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 757, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970), so long as it is “entered by [a defendant] fully aware of the direct consequences” of his plea, id. at 755, 90 S.Ct. 1463 (quoting Shelton v. United States, 246 F.2d 571, 572 n. 2 (5th Cir.1957) (en banc)). Thus, we have held that а court conducting a plea colloquy must advise the defendant of the “direct consequences of his plea,” but “need not advise him of ‘all the possible collateral consequences’ ” of the plea. Torrey, 842 F.2d at 235 (quoting United States v. King, 618 F.2d 550, 552 (9th Cir.1980)).

In Fruchtman v. Kenton, 531 F.2d 946 (9th Cir.1976), in response to a defendant’s claim that his guilty plea was not “voluntary” because the district cоurt failed to inform him of the immigration consequences of his plea, we held that the risk of deportation is a collateral consequence of a guilty рlea and thus that the court’s failure to advise the defendant of that risk did not violate Rule 11. See id. at 949. In Amador-Leal, the defendant claimed a due process violation ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‍on the samе ground we had rejected in Fruchtman, i.e., the district court’s failure to inform him of the immigration consequences of the plea, but argued that Fruchtman was no longer good law beсause AEDPA rendered the immigration consequences of a guilty plea virtually “automatic.” Amador-Leal, 276 F.3d at 516. We again rejected this argument, holding that “[w]hat renders the plea’s immigrаtion effects ‘collateral’ is not that they arise ‘virtually by operation of law,’ but the fact that deportation is ‘not the sentence of the court which accept[s] the plea but of another agency over which the trial judge has no control and for which he has no responsibility.’ ” Id. at 516 (second alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Gonzalez, 202 F.3d 20, 27 (1st Cir.2000), abrogated on other grounds by Padilla, 130 S.Ct. 1473). Amador-Leal thus reaffirmed our longstanding rule thаt a district court has no obligation under Rule 11 and due process to advise a defendant of the immigration consequences of his plea. See id.

In contrast, we assess a defendant’s claim that an attorney’s advice in the plea context constituted ineffective assistance of counsel under the test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985). Under Strickland, we ask whether counsel’s advice regarding the *1240 рlea “was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases,” Torrey, 842 F.2d at 237 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 56, 106 S.Ct. 366), and whether the defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance, id. In this context, we held that an attorney’s failure to advise a defendant of the collateral consequences of a plea (including immigration consequences) did not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel. United States v. Fry, 322 F.3d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir.2003).

II

The defendant in Padilla raised an ineffective assistance of counsel ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‍claim, not a due process claim. 130 S.Ct. at 1478. In Padilla, the Court considered whether a defense attorney who fails to advise a client that his plea carries a risk of deportation has rendered ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment. See id. at 1486-87. The Kentucky court in that case had rejected Padilla’s Strickland claim “on the ground that the advice he sought about the risk of deportation concerned only collateral matters” because, in the state court’s view, “cоllateral consequences are outside the scope of representation required by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 1481 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Padilla, 253 S.W.3d 482, 483-84 (Ky.2008)). In disagreeing with this approach, the Court pоinted out that it had “never applied a distinction between direct and collateral consequences to define the scope of constitutionаlly ‘reasonable professional assistance’ required under Strickland,” id., and held that the distinction was “ill-suited to evaluating a Strickland claim concerning the specific risk of deportation,” id. at 1482; see also id. at 1483 (“[Pjreserving the client’s right to remain in the United States may be more important to the client than any potential jail sentence.” (quoting INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 323, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001))).

Turning to the merits of Padilla’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the Court applied Strickland, focusing on whether “prevailing professional norms” require attorneys to advise their clients regarding the risk of deportation. Id. at 1482. After reviewing a wide range of guidelines enunciating performance standards for lawyers, the Court concluded that “[t]he ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‍weight of prevailing professional norms supрorts the view that counsel must advise her client regarding the risk of deportation.” Id. Noting the importance of immigration issues to a typical client, and that the immigrаtion consequences in Padilla’s case should have been clear to the attorney, the Court concluded that the defendant had “sufficiently alleged constitutional deficiency to satisfy the first prong of Strickland,” id. at 1483, and remanded to the state court to determine prejudice, id. at 1487.

Because the defendant in Padilla raised only a Sixth Amendment claim, the Court had no occasion to consider the scope of a district court’s obligation under Rule 11, whether a defendant’s due process rights are violated if the court fails to inform him of the immigration consequences of his plea, or the continued viability of the distinction between direct and collateral consequеnces in the due process context (which traces back to Brady’s statement that a plea is voluntary so long as a defendant is informed of the direct consequences of the plea). Rather, the Court indicated only that where the immigration consequences of a plea are clear, an attorney’s failurе to provide such information falls below professional norms, see id. at 1486, and therefore failure to advise a defendant of the immigration consequences of a plea can constitute a Sixth *1241 Amendment violation under some circumstances, see id. at 1486-87. While Padilla’s holding is directly applicable to our Sixth Amendment analysis in Fry, it sheds no light on the obligations a district court may have under Rule 11 and duе process. Accordingly, we cannot say that Padilla “undereut[s] the theory or reasoning ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‍underlying” our decision in Amador-Leal “in such a way that the cases are clearly irreconcilable.” See Miller, 335 F.3d at 900. Because Amador-Leal remains the law of the circuit, the district court did not err in failing tо advise Delgado of the immigration consequences of his plea. See Redo, 371 F.3d at 1100. Furthermore, because Delgado does not assert on appeal that he wоuld not have entered the plea “but for the [district court’s alleged] error,” he has not demonstrated the “probability of a different result” and thus cannot show that the district court’s action affected his “substantial rights.” Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. at 83, 124 S.Ct. 2333.

AFFIRMED.

RYMER, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:

Without expressing an opinion on the effect, if any, of Padilla v. Kentucky, — U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010), on United States v. Amador-Leal, 276 F.3d 511 (9th Cir.2002), I would affirm because on the facts in this case, there is no way that Delgado-Ramos can show prejudice. See United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83, 124 S.Ct. 2333, 159 L.Ed.2d 157 (2004).

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