40 M.J. 196 | United States Court of Military Appeals | 1994
Lead Opinion
Opinion of the Court
Contrary to his pleas, appellant was convicted of maltreatment of subordinates (2 specifications), solicitation to commit sodomy (3 specifications), and obstruction of justice, in violation of Articles 93 and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §§ 893 and 934, respectively. The convening authority approved the sentence of a bad-conduct discharge and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The Court of Military Review affirmed the findings and sentence. We granted review on the following issue:
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS SPECIFICATION 2 OF CHARGE I, ALLEGING MALTREATMENT BY SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF PRIVATE FIRST CLASS [A], FOR FAILURE TO STATE AN OFFENSE, WHERE THE ALLEGED VICTIM SPECIFICALLY DENIED THAT APPELLANT HAD INFLUENCED, OFFERED TO INFLUENCE OR THREATENED HER CAREER, PAY OR JOB IN RETURN FOR SEXUAL FAVORS AND WHERE, UNDER THE EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES, APPELLANT’S ALLEGED REMARKS DID NOT RISE TO THE LEVEL OF “DELIBERATE OR REPEATED OFFENSIVE REMARKS OF A SEXUAL NATURE.”
We hold the military judge did not err in failing to dismiss specification 2 of Charge I for failure to state an offense under Article 93. Cf. United States v. French, 31 MJ 57 (CMA 1990).
Specification 2 of Charge I alleges that appellant
on or about 15 January 1991, through on or about 30 January 1991, did maltreat Private First Class [A], a person subject to his orders, by making repeated offensive gestures and comments of a sexual nature, to wit: “Did you know you look real sexy with glasses?,” “Have you thought of anything you can do that I would like for the gloves?,” or words to that effect, while grinning at PFC [A].
At a session under Article 39(a), UCMJ, 10 USC § 839(a), prior to arraignment, the judge denied defense counsel’s motion to dismiss the specification of Charge I on the ground that the specification did not constitute an offense of maltreatment.
DISCUSSION
The standard for determining whether a specification states an offense is whether the specification alleges “every element” of maltreatment by sexual harassment “either expressly or by necessary implication, so as to give the accused notice and protect him against double jeopardy.” RCM 307(c)(3), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984. See also Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 94 S.Ct. 2887, 41 L.Ed.2d 590 (1974). This is a three-prong test requiring (1) the essential elements of the offense, (2) notice of the charge, and (3) protection against double jeopardy.
The elements of the offense of maltreatment are: “(1) That a certain person was subject to the orders of the accused; and (2) that the accused was cruel towards, or oppressed, or maltreated that person.” Para. 17b, Part IV, Manual, supra.
The explanation indicates that “sexual harassment may constitute this offense.”
Sexual harassment includes influencing, offering to influence, or threatening the career, pay, or job of another person in exchange for sexual favors, the deliberate or repeated offensive comments or gestures of a sexual nature.
Para. 17c(2).
The first prong is met since the specification indicates that Private First Class A was subject to appellant’s orders and he “maltreat[ed]” her “by making repeated offensive gestures and comments of a sexual nature.” The second prong is met because it sets forth the Article of the Code, name of the victim, the time frame of the offense, and the comments alleged to have been made by appellant. While the third prong was important at common law, Willard, The Seventeenth Century Indictment In The Light Of Modern Conditions, 24 Harv. L.Rev. 290, 292 (1910), one may question its relevance today since the defendant may turn to the entire record of trial in raising double-jeopardy protection. United States v. Williams, 21 MJ 330, 332 (CMA 1986). In any event, here the third prong is satisfied.
The decision of the United States Army Court of Military Review is affirmed.
“While sexual harassment in the workplace is recognized as a form of employment discrimination ... or as a matter for professional and educational ethics committees, it is not expressly covered by civilian criminal law” or in the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The American Bar Association has approved a resolution which would change Article 93 to expressly cover sexual harassment.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring):
I write separately only to point out that the granted issue is normally limited to the sufficiency of the specification. Thus, I find no conflict between this case and United States v. Hullett, 40 MJ 189 (CMA 1994).