UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Dean RAMIREZ, also known as Dean Castillo Ramirez, also known as Dino; Jose Antonio Vazquez; Julio Cesar Lopez; and Eduardo Mozqueda-Ramirez, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 04-4305.
No. 05-4108.
No. 05-4099.
No. 05-4111.
No. 05-4103.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
March 16, 2007.
Jessica Stengel (Loren E. Weiss, with her on the briefs) Van Cott, Bagley, Cornwall & McCarthy, Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendant-Appellant Dean Ramirez.
Hakeem Ishola of Ishola Law Firm, P.C., Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendant-Appellant Jose Antonio Vazquez.
Stephen R. McCaughey of Salt Lake City submitted a brief for Defendant-Appellant Julio Cesar Lopez; and Roy D. Cole of Law Office of Roy D. Cole, LLC, Ogden, UT, submitted a brief for Defendant-Appellant Eduardo Mozqueda-Ramirez.
Elizabethanne Claire Stevens, Assistant United States Attorney (Paul M. Warner, United States Attorney, with her on the joint brief for all defendants), Salt Lake City, UT, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before HENRY, Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, and SEYMOUR, Senior Circuit Judges.
SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.
On May 1 and May 15, 2003, two separate grand juries returned multi-count indictments against Dean Ramirez, Julio Cesar Lopez, Jose Antonio Vasquez, Eduardo Mozqueda-Ramirez and others for a variety of crimes stemming from a drug trafficking enterprise. The two cases were consolidated for trial, and a jury found defendants guilty as follows: Mr. Ramirez, Mr. Vasquez, and Mr. Lopez on one count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine and 500 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; Mr. Lopez on one count of possession of 500 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); Mr. Ramirez on two counts of possession of a firearm by a restricted person in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and one count of use of a communication facility in a drug trafficking crime in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b); and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez on one count of conspiracy to distribute 50 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and two counts of possession of a firearm by a restricted person in violation of 18 § U.S.C. 922(g). The district court sentenced Mr. Ramirez to 30 years imprisonment, Mr. Vasquez to 10 years imprisonment, Mr. Lopez to 20 years imprisonment, and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez to 151 months imprisonment. All defendants appeal their convictions, and Mr. Ramirez and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez also appeal their sentences. We affirm.
* The record reflects that law enforcement officials engaged in a long-term investigation of a suspected drug trafficking conspiracy in Ogden, Utah. In the course of its investigation, the government sought and was granted authorization to wiretap the phone of Jose Aparicio, a.k.a. "Guido," a suspected member of the conspiracy. The government subsequently filed an application with the district court seeking authorization to wiretap Mr. Ramirez's cellular phone. With its application, the government included an affidavit from Agent John Barrett of the F.B.I. describing the accumulated evidence of Mr. Ramirez's involvement in drug trafficking.
In his affidavit, Agent Barrett described the role of a confidential source in gathering evidence of Mr. Ramirez's involvement in drug trafficking. The confidential informant spoke directly to Mr. Ramirez and his associates concerning the drug trafficking enterprise and corroborated information from an anonymous tipster that hidden compartments were being installed in vehicles at Mr. Ramirez's auto repair shop for use in smuggling drugs. Under law enforcement supervision, the informant made a number of drug purchases in which Mr. Ramirez was the suspected supplier. On January 29, 2001, the confidential informant consummated a drug deal with Francisco Madrigal, an alleged co-conspirator of Mr. Ramirez, involving methamphetamine and cocaine that Mr. Ramirez was suspected of supplying. Pen register analysis of Mr. Madrigal's phone indicated Mr. Madrigal called Mr. Ramirez twice during the drug transaction.
Agent Barrett recounted in his affidavit the stop of Mr. Ramirez for a traffic violation following his visit to Mr. Madrigal's house. The suspected purpose of the visit was to supply Mr. Madrigal with drugs for an upcoming sale to the confidential informant. The particulars of the stop of Mr. Ramirez are described in greater detail below in the context of a motion to suppress. At this point, we note only Mr. Madrigal's statements in a nearly concurrent traffic stop. During that stop, Mr. Madrigal identified Mr. Ramirez as the source of cocaine and methamphetamine discovered in the search of his vehicle.
In further support of its application for a wiretap, the government relied upon conversations between Mr. Ramirez and Mr. Aparicio overheard on Mr. Aparicio's wiretapped phone. During those conversations, Mr. Aparicio told Mr. Ramirez that he "has a dude that wants to buy some iron," and that it sells for $100.00 to $150.00. See Wiretap Aff. ¶ 46. Mr. Aparicio and Mateo Garcia, a.k.a. "Nene," then drove to and entered Mr. Ramirez's shop, where closed circuit television surveillance recorded Mr. Garcia exiting the shop with a small object.1 A subsequent traffic stop for a moving violation turned up a firearm and a box of ammunition matching the description of the removed object. On February 27, 2003, Mr. Aparicio had another conversation with Mr. Ramirez in which he said "Nene wants the gun," and asked if Mr. Ramirez will "take the gun to the shop." Id. ¶ 52. Mr. Ramirez agreed to send someone to retrieve the gun. Other calls included statements by Mr. Aparicio that he "had the stuff" and was on his way, id. ¶ 73, and requests by Mr. Ramirez for an "8," a term believed to refer to a 1/8 ounce of cocaine. Id. ¶ 75. In total, Mr. Aparicio had 542 contacts over his wiretapped line with Mr. Ramirez's cellular phone between October 2002 and March 2003.
On March 24, 2003, the district court issued an order authorizing the wiretap of Mr. Ramirez's cellular phone. Numerous conversations were subsequently monitored and recorded pursuant to the order. Prior to trial, several defendants filed motions to suppress the evidence obtained from the Ramirez wiretap, arguing the government failed to make the necessary showings to obtain the order and failed to adequately minimize the interception of non-pertinent conversations. The district court found that two prerequisites for the authorization of a wiretap order—probable cause and necessity—were met. The issue of adequate minimization was deferred for further proceedings.
The government thereafter submitted a memorandum, including an affidavit by Agent Barrett, in opposition to suppression of the wiretap evidence on minimization grounds. In his affidavit, Agent Barrett described the VoiceBox III computer program used to collect and store wiretap data and the written procedure for the minimization of non-pertinent calls.2 Defendants expressed the following concerns with particular sets of calls: forty-one calls on the Ramirez line where the computerized monitoring program failed to disclose the time counts for minimizations; sixteen calls over two minutes which may or may not have been minimized and which were allegedly not pertinent and should have been minimized; twelve non-minimized calls over two minutes that were allegedly non-pertinent; and nineteen calls over two minutes for which there is no audio recording or synopsis. The government responded directly to each of these assertions by way of Agent Barrett's affidavit. The district court concluded: "it's very clear from the affidavit of Agent Barrett that the general minimization effort certainly satisfied the statute . . . [and] it appears to me quite clear that the wiretap statute requirements were complete as far as minimization." Vasquez Rec., vol. IV at 15-16. Accordingly, the district court held the wiretap recordings admissible.
The wiretap of Mr. Ramirez's phone recorded a number of incriminating conversations. The conversations were peppered with terms whose common meanings are entirely innocuous. At trial, however, the government presented evidence of alternate definitions for these terms as they are used in the drug trade. In all, the recorded calls from the Ramirez and Aparicio wiretaps produced several hundreds pages of transcribed dialogue, which we describe in the context of the relevant claims.
In addition to the wiretap evidence, Mr. Ramirez sought suppression of the fruits of two unrelated traffic stops. The first stop on February 16, 2001, was rooted in an arranged drug deal between the government's confidential informant and Mr. Madrigal. Mr. Madrigal told the informant the drugs would be delivered to his house prior to the sale, and law enforcement established surveillance of Mr. Madrigal's house in anticipation of the supplier's arrival. The surveilling officers observed a white pick-up truck containing two Hispanic males arrive at the residence. The driver entered the house and, a short time later, exited and drove away. An officer positioned nearby stopped the truck shortly thereafter for a traffic violation. The driver was identified as Dean Ramirez. The officer, after returning Mr. Ramirez's relevant documentation, asked if he could search the vehicle. Mr. Ramirez consented, and the officer found $5,060.00 hidden in the gearshift boot on the floor of the truck. Mr. Ramirez denied ownership of the money and speculated the cash belonged to a mechanic who had recently worked on the vehicle.
On May 15, 2002, Agent Troy Burnett observed a white truck, different from the one involved in the February 2001 stop, driving above the speed limit. When Agent Burnett caught up with the vehicle, it was parked at the house of a known drug user and alleged drug distributor. From the vantage point of his police cruiser, Agent Burnett observed an individual entering the driver's side of the truck. Agent Burnett concluded that the truck could not have been parked for "more than a minute or so" before the driver was seen entering it. Id. Agent Burnett pulled up behind the truck before it could drive away and engaged his police lights. He exited his vehicle, and Mr. Ramirez exited the white truck. Agent Burnett and Mr. Ramirez recognized each other from prior encounters and addressed each other by name. The agent obtained Mr. Ramirez's driver's license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance.
Near the outset of the stop, Agent Burnett requested the assistance of a canine unit. Before the dog arrived, the agent sought and was denied consent from Mr. Ramirez to search the truck. He then questioned both Mr. Ramirez and the resident of the house. Mr. Ramirez told the officer he had gone to the home to obtain auto parts. The resident of the house said Mr. Ramirez had come to borrow a magazine. During these interactions Agent Burnett gauged Mr. Ramirez's demeanor to be more anxious than in their prior encounters. After the arrival of the canine unit, the dog performed a sniff of the exterior of the truck. It scratched and barked at the driver's side door, the signal indicating the presence of drug odors, and the officers and the dog began an interior search of the truck. Agent Burnett discovered $30,020 in the vehicle.
Prior to trial, Mr. Ramirez challenged the legality of both stops and sought to suppress the money retrieved from the searches. After a hearing, the district court concluded that Mr. Ramirez had voluntarily consented to the February 2001 vehicle search, and that the May 2002 detention was justified by reasonable suspicion and the interior search was supported by probable cause. Although the evidence obtained in both searches was deemed admissible on Fourth Amendment grounds, the money discovered in the February 2001 stop was not admitted at trial after the district court concluded its prejudicial effect outweighed its probative value. The court determined the money found in the May 2002 search was admissible, and the government presented that evidence at trial.
Also prior to trial, Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's counsel, Roy. D. Cole, petitioned the court for leave to withdraw as counsel. Less than two weeks before the start of trial, a hearing was held before a magistrate judge to examine the merits of the petition. At the hearing, Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's counsel stated that the "change we've had" is that "Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez does not want me on this case anymore." Ramirez Rec., supp. vol. VII at 4. The magistrate judge denied the petition, noting the district court would not delay the swiftly approaching consolidated trial and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez had a lawyer who was up to speed on the evidence and had personally discussed the evidence with Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez.
In addition to the contested traffic stops, there were a number of searches of defendants and their associates that produced relevant evidence. On January 8, 2003, Agent Aaron Johnson of the Ogden City police department visited several apartments at 1095 16th Street in response to an anonymous complaint of drug activity at that address. The agent initially knocked on the door of apartment four, but was told by the residents of the unit that the prior occupants had moved to apartment five. He then knocked on the door of apartment five. At the time of the search, Michael Hurst owned unit five and had lived there when Mr. Lopez and a man known as Javier lived in apartment four. Mr. Hurst testified that while he lived in apartment five, Mr. Lopez, known to him as Emilio Felix, had on at least one occasion supplied him with a small amount of methamphetamine.
When Mr. Hurst vacated apartment five, he left behind a step exercise machine. In early November, Mr. Lopez and Javier moved in and began paying rent to Mr. Hurst. By mid-November, Mr. Lopez had "faded away," Ramirez Rec., vol. XIII at 168, and was living with his wife "somewhere out north." Ramirez Rec., vol. XIV at 7. By mid-December, both of the original occupants had vacated the apartment and it was occupied by Raul Gaitan-Dominguez and Jesus Solis-Gaona. Javier paid December's rent for the apartment. Mr. Hurst contacted the apartment's residents after the January rent was late and asked to speak with Mr. Lopez. One of the then-current occupants called Mr. Lopez, and after a short conversation between Mr. Hurst and Mr. Lopez, one of the new residents paid Mr. Hurst the January rent.
On the day of the search, Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez consented to Agent Johnson's search of apartment five. During the search, Agent Johnson noticed numerous rolls of packing tape and plastic wrap products in a closet just off the living room. Further investigation of the closet uncovered methamphetamine in a "ball about the size of a softball" stored in a plastic grocery bag. Ramirez Rec., vol. XIII at 92. More methamphetamine was found in the kitchen packaged in one pound bricks.3 The methamphetamine bricks were individually packed inside a ziploc style bag, wrapped in plastic wrap sprayed with what Agent Johnson described as a "cleaning agent" that "smelled like Lysol," then wrapped again with plastic wrap, and finally covered by tape. Id. at 94. Agent Johnson located a number of other items in the apartment, including Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez's Mexican passport; a vehicle title in Mr. Lopez' name with the apartment five address; a letter to Mr. Lopez from a collection agency for past due gas payments at the apartment five address; a phone bill addressed to Mr. Lopez at the apartment five address; and a number of photographs picturing Mr. Lopez and Mr. Gatain-Dominguez, among others.
Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez and Mr. Solis-Gaona were arrested in connection with the discovery of methamphetamine in apartment five. After their arrest, the two men placed phone calls from prison that were recorded by the prison phone system. On January 14, 2003, Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez called Diana Murillo, with Mr. Lopez allegedly listening on Ms. Murillo's end, see Gov't Ex. 1R-T1 at 2 ("Hey! Jul . . . he's going to talk"), and told Mr. Lopez to "get those things out, as soon as you can and hurry up." Id. Mr. Solis-Gaona called Ms. Murillo on the same day and had further discussions about "tak[ing] the things out of the house." Gov't Ex. 1R-T3 at 2. On January 24, Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez called Mr. Lopez from prison to ask that Mr. Lopez "move it, man, before they make this into a bigger deal." Gov't Ex. IR-T3 at 3.
On April 18, 2003, Agents Burnett and Johnson conducted a consent search of the residence of Mr. Galaz-Feliz, a suspected member of the conspiracy. The officers recovered a firearm, $26,175 in cash, and what were interpreted to be drug accounting ledgers or pay/owe sheets.4 During the search, a drug dog alerted to a slashed tire in the basement of the house. The officers reported Mr. Galaz-Feliz was talking on the phone during the search and was overheard requesting the other party get a hold of Dinosaurio.5 On the evening of the search of Mr. Galaz-Feliz's residence, the Ramirez wiretap captured a number of conversations about the search.
On April 28, 2003, Agent Johnson searched a storage unit in Ogden pursuant to a search warrant. According to storage business records, that unit was leased to Emilio Felix, an alias used by Mr. Lopez. In the unit, Agent Johnson discovered a photograph of Mr. Lopez; an insurance policy for Emilio Felix at 1095 16th Street, Apartment Four; a box of sandwich bags; a digital scale; plastic wrap with a "lysol type smell . . . exactly alike . . . to the stuff that the methamphetamine was packaged in apartment number five;" and methamphetamine residue in the packaging as confirmed by chemical analysis. Ramirez Rec., vol. XIII at 123.
Finally, law enforcement officials seized two cellular phone receipts from Mr. Vasquez when he was arrested. At the time of his arrest, he did not possess drug related materials, firearms, or large sums of cash. See Ramirez Rec., vol. XVII at 60; Ramirez Rec., vol. XVI at 20. Mr. Vasquez unsuccessfully argued against the admission of the receipts as hearsay evidence before the district court.
II
For ease of analysis, we have divided the claims from the four separate appeals into four thematically related subgroups: admissibility of evidence, sufficiency of the evidence, issues with counsel, and sentencing. The first group, contentions that particular pieces of evidence were wrongly admitted, includes the conversations recorded by the Ramirez wiretap; the fruits of Mr. Ramirez's two traffic stops; the cell phone receipts found on Mr. Vasquez upon his arrest; and co-conspirator statements challenged by Mr. Vasquez. The second group includes Mr. Lopez's argument that there was insufficient evidence to convict him for possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and Mr. Lopez, Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez, and Mr. Vasquez's claims that there was insufficient evidence to support their respective conspiracy convictions. The third category consists of Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel and his appeal of the district court's denial of his counsel's motion to withdraw prior to trial. The final section focuses on Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's challenge to the application of mandatory minimums in light of Booker, and Mr. Ramirez's arguments about the constitutionality of sentencing factors in relation to his sentence and the vagueness of his underlying charge.
ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE
1. Ramirez Wiretap
Mr. Lopez, Mr. Ramirez, and Mr. Vasquez argue the district court erred in authorizing the Ramirez wiretap and, as a result, the evidence obtained via the wiretap should be suppressed. They variously attack the wiretap order on the grounds that the government failed to demonstrate probable cause, necessity, and proper minimization. We address each of the three issues below and conclude the district court properly authorized the wiretap and admitted the recorded conversations as evidence at trial.
a. Probable Cause
Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 requires the government to demonstrate "probable cause for belief that an individual is committing, has committed, or is about to commit" a specified criminal offense as a prerequisite for the authorization of a valid wiretap. 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(a). Defendants argue this requirement was not met with respect to the wiretap of Mr. Ramirez's cellular phone. We review the district court's finding of probable cause "to determine whether the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge based on reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has or is being committed." United States v. Armendariz,
In evaluating the presence of probable cause, we look primarily to the government's wiretap application and Agent Barrett's attached affidavit. The agent described a number of specific conversations implicating Mr. Ramirez in the distribution of contraband. Among those were a pen register analysis showing two phone calls placed to Mr. Ramirez by Mr. Madrigal during a drug deal with a confidential source, see Wiretap Aff. ¶ 23, and a series of recorded phone calls between Mr. Ramirez and Mr. Aparicio6 in which the two parties discussed the sale of guns and drugs either explicitly or in code. See Wiretap Aff. ¶ 52 ("[Mr. Aparicio] then asked Ramirez, if he'll `take the gun to the shop.'"); Id. at ¶ 62 (Ramirez asked Mr. Aparicio "for more cold one," allegedly in reference to methamphetamine); id. ¶ 73 (Mr. Aparicio told Mr. Ramirez he "had the stuff"); id. ¶ 75 (Mr. Ramirez asked Mr. Aparicio for an "8," an alleged reference to an 1/8 ounce of cocaine, and stated he had the money). In light of this information, we conclude a person of reasonable caution could believe a crime had been committed. Thus, the order authorizing the wiretap of Mr. Ramirez's phone was supported by probable cause.
b. Necessity
Defendants assert the government failed to adequately demonstrate the necessity of wiretapping Mr. Ramirez's phone. We review a district court's determination that a wiretap was necessary for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Ramirez-Encarnacion,
"Title III contains a `necessity' requirement . . . which must be satisfied before a wiretap order may be lawfully issued." United States v. Castillo-Garcia,
In a wiretap application, the government must explain how normal investigative techniques have been used in its attempts to gather evidence against the target of the wiretap, or in the alternative, why "untried techniques would be either unsuccessful or too dangerous" in serving that purpose. Castillo-Garcia,
1) standard visual and aural surveillance; (2) questioning and interrogation of witnesses or participants (including the use of grand juries and the grant of immunity if necessary); (3) use of search warrants; and (4) infiltration of conspiratorial groups by undercover agents or informants. In addition, if other normal investigative techniques such as pen registers or trap and trace devices have not been tried, a similar explanation must be offered as to why they also would be unsuccessful or too dangerous.
Id. at 1187. The "necessity" requirement does not require that law enforcement officials exhaust all of the above procedures prior to the issuance of a wiretap warrant. The statutory requirement can be met if the government demonstrates either normal investigatory techniques have been tried and failed or that they "reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried, or to be too dangerous to try." Id.
Mr. Lopez asserts the wiretap affidavit "did not illustrate, with particularity, the necessity for the wiretap." Lopez Br. at 19. Mr. Lopez cites Castillo-Garcia extensively in an attempt to analogize that case's invalidated wiretap to the wiretap of Mr. Ramirez's phone. The wiretap application in Castillo-Garcia, however, was supported by "wholly conclusory language" without the benefit of a particularized discussion of how normal investigative techniques were used, or why they were not used, against the target. Castillo-Garcia,
Looking at each investigative technique in turn, we first consider the prior use of visual and aural surveillance. As described in the affidavit, law enforcement officials recorded the comings and goings of individuals into and out of Mr. Ramirez's auto repair shop and home via closed circuit television cameras.7 Furthermore, FBI agents physically surveilled Mr. Ramirez from September 2002 to March 2003. According to the government, this video monitoring and physical surveillance did not reveal "which individuals with whom Dean Ramirez associated, if any, were criminal members or customers of his drug enterprise." Wiretap Aff. ¶ 107. Thus, the government demonstrated it had tried physical and visual surveillance and adequately explained its failure, namely, the inability of physical and visual surveillance to distinguish between legitimate customers of Mr. Ramirez's auto business and those associates engaged in drug trafficking.
Second, Agent Barrett demonstrated that the government had utilized a confidential informant with significant connections to Mr. Ramirez and his associates. The informant "spoke[] directly to Dean Ramirez and his associates concerning the drug trafficking activities of Dean Ramirez," made supervised drug buys, and spent a "considerable amount of time meeting with [an associate of Mr. Ramirez] in a social setting." Id. ¶ 9. Investigators, however, found that even this well-connected confidential source was "unable to gather detailed information about Ramirez's Organization or its suppliers." Id. ¶ 97. They did not utilize confidential sources from related investigations because those informants did not have sufficiently strong ties to Mr. Ramirez, id. ¶ 101, and they did not attempt to insert an undercover agent because they believed an unfamiliar agent would have been less likely to succeed than an informant already in the confidences of the conspirators. See Castillo-Garcia,
Third, Agent Barrrett explained why interrogation of the participants or use of a grand jury coupled with grants of immunity was not tried. In prior cases, we have found "the risk that witnesses would . . . claim their Fifth Amendment privilege, or inform principal suspects of the investigation outweighed modest potential evidentiary gains." United States v. VanMeter,
And finally, the use and failure of the remaining methods of normal surveillance were also well explained. As to search warrants, the affidavit stated "search warrants, consent to search investigations, and searches incident to arrest . . . executed against [individuals] and residences associated with Ramirez have failed to identify the full scope criminal enterprise." Id. ¶ 120. Pen registers were applied to Mr. Ramirez's phones, but the registers did not identify the actual participants in the phone calls or provide sufficient evidence of criminal activity.
In sum, the record clearly demonstrates how each investigatory technique was tried and why it failed, or why any unutilized method was likely to be ineffective. These techniques were described not with broad generalities but with particularity to the ongoing investigation of Mr. Ramirez. Consequently, the district court did not abuse its discretion by concluding the wiretap was necessary.
c. Minimization
Defendants assert law enforcement officials failed to "minimize the interception of communications not otherwise subject to interception" as required by 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5). In reviewing whether the statutory minimization requirement is met, we examine "the reasonableness of the agents' efforts to refrain from monitoring conversations deemed nonpertinent to the investigation." United States v. Willis,
We read defendants' briefs to allege minimization problems with three specific sets of calls. When these same concerns were raised to the district court, the government submitted a detailed affidavit from Agent Barrett explaining the general minimization protocol and directly responding to defendants' questions about particular calls. The first allegedly troubled set of calls are those where the line sheets generated by the listening software did "not disclose the time counts for minimization." Lopez Br. at 23. However, as was noted in his affidavit, Agent Barrett manually retrieved that information and provided the data to defendants. Ramirez Rec., vol. III, doc. 110, att. A ¶ 18. Second, Mr. Lopez contends a number of calls from the Ramirez wiretap were non-pertinent and should have been minimized, see Lopez Br. at 23, but the government printed the screen image for each contested call and explained how each call was evaluated. See Ramirez Rec., vol. III, doc. 110, att. A ¶ 20. Lastly, Mr. Lopez asserts audio recordings and synopses were not provided for nineteen calls. Agent Barrett concluded six of the calls were "hookflash"8 and ten were neither monitored nor recorded by law enforcement. Id. att. A ¶ 21. In light of these explanations, and because we review minimization for the reasonableness of the efforts of law enforcement officials and not the perfection of their results, we conclude the Ramirez wiretap was properly minimized.
2. Constitutionality of Stops and Searches of Mr. Ramirez
Mr. Ramirez argues the district court erroneously admitted evidence seized during two allegedly unlawful traffic stops. On February 16, 2001, an Ogden police officer stopped Mr. Ramirez for failing to signal while he was driving a white truck. The stop resulted in the discovery of $5,060 in cash hidden in the gearshift boot. On May 15, 2002, Agent Burnett stopped Mr. Ramirez's truck outside the house of a known drug user and suspected drug dealer after observing Mr. Ramirez speeding. An alert from a dog sniff on the exterior of Mr. Ramirez's truck led to an interior search that uncovered $30,020 in cash.
Because the government did not introduce the $5,060 found in the first search as evidence at trial, the issue of the lawfulness of the February search is moot. See United States v. Arias-Villanueva,
The Fourth Amendment protects the "right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." U.S. CONST. amend. IV. A routine traffic stop is a "seizure" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, see Delaware v. Prouse,
The first inquiry under Terry is whether the stop was justified at its inception. Id. "[A] traffic stop is valid under the Fourth Amendment if the stop is based on an observed traffic violation or if the police officer has reasonable articulable suspicion that a traffic or equipment violation has occurred or is occurring." United States v. Botero-Ospina,
Mr. Ramirez argues, in accord with the second inquiry of Terry, that the investigative stop "exceeded the reasonable scope and duration of a traffic stop." Ramirez Br. at 32. If we were to look only to the original justification for the stop, as Mr. Ramirez seems to suggest, he would be correct. After a validly initiated traffic stop, however, an "officer may detain a motorist for questioning unrelated to the initial traffic stop if he has an objectively reasonable and articulable suspicion that illegal activity has occurred, or the driver voluntarily consents to further questioning." Williams,
When evaluating the existence of reasonable suspicion, we look to the "totality of circumstances" to see whether the detaining officer had a "particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing." United States v. Arvizu,
Factors, which when taken separately may be perfectly innocent behavior, can support a finding of reasonable suspicion when taken together. Conversely, although the nature of the totality of the circumstances makes it possible for individually innocuous factors to add up to reasonable suspicion, it is impossible for a combination of wholly innocent factors to combine into a suspicious conglomeration unless there are concrete reasons for such an interpretation. In analyzing the factors that may amount to reasonable suspicion, we must be careful to judge the officer's conduct in light of common sense and ordinary human experience but also to grant deference to a trained law enforcement officer's ability to distinguish between innocent and suspicious circumstances.
United States v. Wallace,
With respect to the location of the truck, the Supreme Court has instructed that "officers are not required to ignore the relevant characteristics of a location in determining whether the circumstances are sufficiently suspicious to warrant further investigation." Illinois v. Wardlow,
At the time of the stop, Officer Burnett was participating in the ongoing investigation of Mr. Ramirez for drug trafficking. "[K]nowledge of a person's prior criminal involvement . . . can . . . be a factor, along with other factors, giving rise to an articulable suspicion." United States v. McRae,
This conclusion represents only the first of two Terry inquiries. Having determined the drug investigation was supported by reasonable suspicion, we must still assess whether the stop was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances justifying the interference. Bradford,
3. Admissibility of Cellular Phone Receipts
At trial, the government sought to offer two cellular phone receipts possessed by Mr. Vasquez at the time of his arrest as evidence of his involvement in the conspiracy. The district court admitted the receipts over Mr. Vasquez's hearsay objection, which he renews on appeal. "Evidentiary rulings are committed to the discretion of the trial court, and we review them only for abuse of discretion. Our review is even more deferential where the evidentiary ruling concerns the admissibility of what is claimed to be hearsay evidence." United States v. Cestnik,
Hearsay evidence, defined as a "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted," Fed.R.Evid. 801(c), is generally inadmissible unless the statement is explicitly defined as not hearsay, see Fed.R.Evid. 801(d), or falls under an exception to the hearsay rule, see Fed. R.Evid. 802. In United States v. Jefferson,
In Jefferson, we classified the pager bill as hearsay and broadly rejected the application of adoptive admissions to bills due to the frequent "inaccuracies contained" within them. Jefferson,
After reviewing the record in this case, we are persuaded the context of Mr. Vasquez's cellular receipt more closely mirrors those of the pager bill in Jefferson than the receipt in Pulido-Jacobo. Mr. Vasquez's receipts were dated April 21, 2003, and he was arrested in possession of the receipts on April 28, 2003. Thus, he possessed the receipts for only a single week, far less than the two months that carried the day in Pulido-Jacobo. The facts of this case further differ from those in Pulido-Jacobo in that the government did not demonstrate Mr. Vasquez possessed the two cellular telephones. The discovery of the speakers, the subject of Mr. Pulido-Jacobo's receipt, in the trunk of a car in which he was riding confirmed his connection to the item and the documentation of its purchase. In this case, not only were the phones not in the possession of Mr. Vasquez, but his name was not on the bill and the registrants of the phones and the individuals who paid the bills were never identified. Even in Jefferson, the bearer of the document's name was inscribed on the bill. Because the facts fail to tie Mr. Vasquez to the receipts other than by possession, we conclude he did not adopt their contents and the district court erred by admitting the receipts into evidence.
The question remains whether the error was harmless. As previously noted, Mr. Vasquez objected to the admission of the receipts upon Rule 801 grounds, and not as a violation of his Sixth Amendment rights. "[W]here a Confrontation Clause objection is not explicitly made below we will not address the constitutional issue in the absence of a conclusion that it was plain error for the district court to fail to raise the constitutional issue sua sponte." United States v. Perez,
We first consider the nature of the receipts because it is relevant to Confrontation Clause analysis. The Supreme Court held in Crawford v. Washington,
We are therefore left to analyze nontestimonial statements, the receipts, to determine whether their admission violated the confrontation rights of Mr. Vasquez. We analyze such statements under the pre-Crawford rubric of Ohio v. Roberts,
The authenticity of the pager bill was not disputed. It was a bill from an established company that, on its face, gave every indicia of having been issued in the ordinary course of business. There was no indication that [Mr. Jefferson], who knew its contents, disputed the bill in any way. We need not, and do not, decide whether these factors establish the requisite "particularized guarantees of trustworthiness." However, we do hold that they are sufficient to prevent a conclusion that it was patently obvious that the introduction of the pager bill violated [Mr. Jefferson's] confrontation rights . . . Thus, it was not clear error for the district court to fail to exclude such evidence under the Confrontation Clause.
Jefferson,
We therefore review the violation of the hearsay rules in this case for nonconstitutional harmless error. An error is not harmless if "it has a substantial influence on the outcome or leaves one in grave doubt as to whether it had such an effect." United States v. Wacker,
4. Admissibility of Co-conspirator Statements
Mr. Vasquez contends the district court further erred by admitting recorded conversations into evidence as "co-conspirator statements" under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E). He asserts the admission of this evidence impinged upon his Sixth Amendment confrontation rights as defined in Bruton v. United States,
As we have previously pointed out, "where a Confrontation Clause objection is not explicitly made below we will not address the constitutional issue in the absence of a conclusion that it was plain error for the district court to fail to raise the constitutional issue sua sponte." United States v. Solomon,
First, Mr. Vasquez argues the admission of transcribed phone conversations between co-conspirators ran afoul of the Supreme Court's holding in Bruton. Specifically, he disputes the admissibility of calls between Mr. Ramirez and Mr. Galaz-Felix while the later was incarcerated, in which the two parties appear to be discussing the debts due from Mr. Vasquez.10 Mr. Vasquez's Bruton argument is unpersuasive, however, because "[e]vidence which is admissible under the conspiracy exception to the hearsay rule does not violate the right to confront and cross-examine guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. The Bruton doctrine does not rule situations . . . in which the evidence is admissible under a well recognized exception to the hearsay rule." United States v. Cox,
Second, Mr. Vasquez contends the co-conspirator statements satisfy the analytical scheme developed in Crawford, which bars testimonial out-of-court statements unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine.
In sum, the statements Mr. Vasquez asserts were wrongly admitted in this case were not testimonial, and thus do not present Confrontation Clause problems under Crawford. The statements at issue were admitted pursuant to Rule 801(d)(2)(E), and the district court did not violate Mr. Vasquez's right to confrontation by admitting the recorded phone conversations.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE CLAIMS
1. Mr. Lopez's Conviction for Possession with Intent to Distribute
Mr. Lopez contends the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support his conviction for possession of the methamphetamine discovered at 1095 16th Street, Apartment Five. To sustain a conviction for possession with intent to distribute, the government must prove that "(1) the defendant possessed the controlled substance; (2) knew that he had it; and (3) possessed it with the intent to distribute it." United States v. Pulido-Jacobo,
The government did not prove Mr. Lopez actually possessed the methamphetamine during or prior to the drug seizure. His conviction was founded instead on a demonstration of constructive possession. See United States v. Carter,
On appeal, Mr. Lopez focuses his insufficiency claim on the dearth of evidence connecting him to apartment five as of the date of the search. Having reviewed the record, we agree that the evidence presented at trial does not demonstrate Mr. Lopez was then a resident or had continuing broad dominion over the apartment.13 However, the legally determinative relationship is not the one connecting Mr. Lopez to the apartment, but the relationship linking Mr. Lopez to the seized methamphetamine. As we recently declared, the "bedrock of constructive possession . . . is the ability to control the object," United States v. Al-Rekabi,
Phone calls made by Mr. Solis-Gaona and Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez following their arrests provide compelling evidence that Mr. Lopez exercised control over the drugs found in the apartment. See Gov't Ex. 1R-T1-3. After his arrest, Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez telephoned Ms. Murillo, with Mr. Lopez apparently listening in the background, see id., on a recorded prison telephone line. Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez said "Hey, dude! It's just so [sic] can get those things out, as soon as you can and hurry up, do it fast, in every way. Don't stop for any reason." Gov't Ex. 1R-T1. Ms. Murillo, the speaker on Mr. Lopez' end, responded, impliedly in reference to Mr. Lopez, "He says that he agrees. He agrees, he says." Id. The prison phone system also recorded a conversation between Mr. Solis-Gaona and Ms. Murillo discussing the presence of drugs in the exercise machine at apartment five and the need for the "guy . . . to take the things out of the house." Gov't Ex.1R-T2 at 2.15 In a third prison call involving Mr. Lopez, Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez, and Ms. Murillo, Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez told Mr. Lopez, "Well, move it, man, before they make this into a bigger deal," and Mr. Lopez responded "I know, man." Gov't Ex.1R-T3 at 3.
Although Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez and Mr. Solis-Gaona speak in vague phrases, "this guy," "the things," "some stuff," a jury could reasonably infer that in these calls Mr. Lopez committed to orchestrating the removal of drugs from apartment five. The callers discuss "some stuff" hidden in the "walking thing," and the need to "take them out from there." Gov't Ex. 1R-T2 at 2. This discussion refers euphemistically, but quite specifically, to the drugs hidden in the exercise machine in apartment five. Furthermore, statements like "get those things out as soon as you can," "he's going to send someone there [to take the things out of the house]," and "move it, man," among others, demonstrate Mr. Lopez's ability to collect and then transfer the drugs from the apartment.
These phone conversations, and the reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom, when viewed, as we must, in a light most favorable to the government, support a finding that Mr. Lopez had the power to exercise control over the drugs. As the reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the phone calls meet the requirement of constructive possession, namely ability to control the contraband, see Lopez,
2. Evidence Supporting Conspiracy Convictions
Mr. Lopez, Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez and Mr. Vasquez contend the government failed to prove they knowingly agreed to participate in a conspiracy. "To prove conspiracy, the government must show: (1) that two or more people agreed to violate the law, (2) that the defendant knew at least the essential objectives of the conspiracy, (3) that the defendant knowingly and voluntarily became a part of it, and (4) that the alleged co-conspirators were interdependent." United States v. Small,
We examine Mr. Lopez's claim first. He disputes that sufficient evidence was presented to demonstrate he agreed with others to violate the law. Such an agreement "need not be explicit, but rather may be inferred from the facts and circumstances of the case." Id. at 669. In this case, the facts from which a jury could infer an agreement include: (a) the storage unit rented in the name of Emilio Felix, Mr. Lopez's alias, containing paperwork in that name and sandwich bags, packing materials, a digital scale, and methamphetamine residue, see Ramirez Rec., vol. XIII at 120-124; (b) testimony from an Ogden City police officer that the "smell . . . and the wrapping" in the storage unit "was the same" as the wrapping for the drugs found in apartment five, id. at 123; (c) Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez's telephone conversation with Mr. Lopez, asking Mr. Lopez to "move it" after Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez was arrested in connection with drugs found in apartment five, Gov't Ex. 1R-T3 at 3; and (d) Mr. Lopez's recorded phone conversations with Mr. Ramirez discussing the transfer of money and drugs.16
Additional evidence connects an individual referred to by the conspirators as Julio, Jul, or Julia to the distribution of drugs. Mr. Lopez contends the record does not establish that the Julia or Julio appellations noted in phone calls and the drug ledger refer to him. Even assuming this is true,17 the aforementioned evidence directly implicating Mr. Lopez is sufficient to establish an agreement. In this regard, we note that the storage unit was registered to Emilio Felix, an alias unambigously connected to Mr. Lopez, see Ramirez, Rec., vol. XIII at 159, 175 (Mr. Hurst identifies Mr. Lopez as Emilio Felix, the renter of apartment five, and testifies that Mr. Lopez admitted he was both Mr. Lopez and Mr. Felix), and Mr. Lopez discussed in numerous phone calls with Mr. Ramirez what a juror could reasonably conclude was the trafficking of drugs. None of this evidence required the jury to conclude an offhand reference to an individual by the shortened or feminine form of Julio was in fact Mr. Lopez. There is sufficient evidence linking Mr. Lopez to the conspiracy even without considering evidence referencing Julio, Julia, or Juliana.
Similarly, Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez argues there was insufficient evidence linking him to the conspiracy. He asserts the evidence connecting him to the conspiracy consisted solely of phone calls between him and Mr. Aparicio in which he made "innocuous statements regarding a white Camaro or a Brave One." Mozqueda-Ramirez Br. at 21. He contends that the "reference to a white Camaro could have been just that, a white Camaro and not drugs," id. at 20, and that a "Brave One" could represent a "saying that means something to Hispanics" unrelated to drugs. Id. at 21. If those references were the whole of Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's statements, we might be inclined to rule in his favor, but his conversations included numerous additional alleged coded references to drugs and money,18 in a context demonstrating his involvement in distribution.19 The extensive recorded dialogue between Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez and Mr. Aparicio, containing what a jury could reasonably conclude was coded language relating to drug distribution, is sufficient to support Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's conspiracy conviction.
Mr. Vasquez makes similar claims as to the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conspiracy conviction. Previously, we concluded the cellular phone receipts found on Mr. Vasquez when he was arrested were mistakenly admitted into evidence at trial. Even without the aid of the receipts, however, a reasonable jury could find Mr. Vasquez guilty of conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt. Wiretap recordings capture Mr. Vasquez directly conversing about drugs or, more precisely, terms a reasonable jury could conclude refer to drugs and drug dealing. For example, Mr. Vasquez and Mr. Aparicio engaged in the following recorded conversation:
[Jose Aparicio]: . . . do you have any material.
[Vasquez]: . . . the only thing I have left are donuts.
[Jose Aparicio]: No, no problem, I only need a quarter, a hotel.
[Vasquez]: oh.
[Jose Aparicio]: With the money on hand.
Gov't Ex. 4A-T7. Although the government failed to establish "donuts" had a drug-related meaning, see Ramirez Rec., vol. XIV at 50, it did provide the jury with specific secondary drug-related definitions for the terms "hotel" and "quarter." See id. at 46.
Furthermore, numerous references to Mr. Vasquez, by his given name or by his nickname, Chilango,20 in other recorded wiretap conversations indicate his involvement in drug trafficking.21 Furthermore, Mr. Galaz-Felix's ledger includes a number of entries for "Vasquez" and variations of the nickname Chilango accompanied by references to money and items and quantities that could be interpreted as drug related euphemisms. Taking this evidence together with the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the government, we conclude a reasonable jury could find Mr. Vasquez guilty of conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.
TRIAL COUNSEL ISSUES
1. Claim of Ineffective Assistance of Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's Counsel
Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez argues his original trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file pre-trial motions or join the motions of other defendants and for failing to recognize a conflict of interest earlier in the trial process. As we have previously noted, however, "[i]neffective assistance of counsel claims should be brought in collateral proceedings, not on direct appeal. Such claims brought on direct appeal are presumptively dismissible, and virtually all will be dismissed." United States v. Galloway,
2. Denial of Motion for Withdrawal of Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's Counsel
Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez asserts the district court erred in denying his attorney's motion to withdraw as counsel. See Mozqueda-Ramirez Rec., vol. II at 163. We review the denial of such a motion for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Johnson,
SENTENCING ISSUES
1. Application of Mandatory Minimum
The district court sentenced Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez to 151 months imprisonment, followed by five years of supervised release, in accordance with the lower end of the recommended guidelines range. See Rec., vol. XI at 16. Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez now asserts "the trial judge erred by imposing minimum mandatory sentencing in light of . . . Blakely . . . and . . . Booker." Mozqueda-Ramirez. Br. at 25. In doing so, he fails to cite facts in the trial record or post-Booker case law from the Tenth Circuit to clarify and support his claim. As best as we can decipher, a statutory minimum mandatory sentence of five years was required on Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's conviction for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez's argument is that the application of a mandatory minimum violated his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. We have held, however, that United States v. Booker,
2. Sentencing of Mr. Ramirez
Mr. Ramirez contends the district court erred by imposing a sentence based on facts not proven beyond a reasonable doubt or admitted by him, in violation of Booker and its antecedents. Specifically, he argues the district court committed a constitutional Booker error by relying on evidence not proven to the jury to establish his possession of a gun, his use of a minor, and his leader status. See United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta,
The Probation Office, in drafting Mr. Ramirez's presentence report ("PSR"), originally assigned a base offense level of 38. At Mr. Ramirez's sentencing hearing, the district court rejected the PSR's recommendation and instead assigned a base level of 32 to account for a lower drug quantity. See Ramirez Rec., vol. XXI at 19. The court supplemented the base level of 32 with 4 additional levels for being a leader, 2 for possession of a gun, and 2 for the use of a minor to commit an offense. Mr. Ramirez's offense level then totaled 40, which led to a recommended range of 360 months to life when combined with his criminal history category of IV. The court noted it did "not believe that [18 U.S.C. §] 3553 requires a life sentence." Id. at 4. Before determining Mr. Ramirez's actual sentence, the court "recognize[d], as we all do now, [the Sentencing Guidelines] are not mandatory. They are a factor." Id. at 26. See also id. at 4 ("I'm not bound by the guidelines."). The court then sentenced Mr. Ramirez to 30 years imprisonment and 5 years of supervised release.
The type of constitutional error Mr. Ramirez asserts does not apply here because the district court did not apply the guidelines as mandatory. "[C]onstitutional [Booker] error . . . occurs when the district court applies the Guidelines in a mandatory fashion, makes factual findings (other than the fact of prior convictions), and imposes a sentence above the maximum that would apply in the absence of such findings." United States v. Yazzie,
[i]f the Guidelines as currently written could be read as merely advisory provisions that recommended, rather than required, the selection of particular sentences in response to differing sets of facts, their use would not implicate the Sixth Amendment. We have never doubted the authority of a judge to exercise broad discretion in imposing a sentence within a statutory range.
After Booker, the fixed statutory maximum and not the discretionary guidelines range establishes the "maximum" for purposes of Apprendi v. New Jersey,
Mr. Ramirez also contends 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846 are void for vagueness because the guideline sentencing factors were not defined by statute as elements of the crimes or charged in the indictment. Mr. Ramirez concedes he "had sufficient notice to know that conspiring to distribute 500 grams or more of a mixture containing methamphetamine was unlawful conduct," but he asserts he "could not have known that he would be subject to criminal liability for his role in the offense or relevant conduct" recognized by sentencing enhancements. Ramirez. Br. at 17.
The Sentencing Guidelines provide that "[c]onduct that is not formally charged or is not an element of the offense of conviction may enter into the determination of the applicable guideline sentencing range." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, backg'd, and the Supreme Court has said sentencing courts "may exercise[ ] discretion . . . in imposing sentence within statutory limits in the individual case." Apprendi,
Mr. Ramirez's only conviction was for violating § 841 and § 846, the content of which he concedes he had sufficient notice. "The evidence produced at trial demonstrates that [the defendant] had knowledge of the illegality of his activities, and thus this is not a situation where he could not reasonably understand that his contemplated conduct is proscribed." United States v. Day,
CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the convictions and sentences of all defendants.
Notes:
Notes
From September 2002 through March 2003 FBI agents physically surveilled Mr. Ramirez and his associates. In addition, law enforcement observed the entrances of Mr. Ramirez's home and auto repair business with closed circuit television cameras
See Ramirez Rec., vol. III, doc. 110 at 3 ("If you terminate the interception because the conversation is not pertinent, you may spot-monitor the conversation to see if its character changes. After a thirty (30) second interval, the equipment may be activated for approximately thirty (30) seconds to determine if the conversation continues to be not pertinent. The speakers and/or the nature of the conversation may change. This procedure of spot-monitoring may be continued throughout the conversation, but should be kept to the minimum necessary to ascertain whether the conversation has changes. If during the spot-monitoring, the conversation is determined to be pertinent, full interception of the conversation is then appropriate so long as the conversation remains pertinent.").
The two bricks weighed between 437 and 443 grams and were between 95 and 96 percent pureSee Ramirez Rec., vol. XIII at 95.
Agent Barrett testified at length about the contents of the documents and his conclusion that the papers were used as drug ledgersSee Ramirez Rec., vol. XIV at 102-136.
The government alleged throughout the trial that Dinosauri and Dino were nicknames for Dean RamirezSee Ramirez Rec., vol. XIII at 80 (Agent Johnson testified "Dean Ramirez uses the name Dinosaurio also.")
Those conversations were recorded by the authorized wiretap of Mr. Aparicio's phone. The validity of that wiretap was not challenged by defendants
Law enforcement officials primarily relied upon video monitoring and not physical surveillance because Mr. Ramirez home and business were "located in residential neighborhoods, making static physical surveillance difficult." Barrett Wiretap Aff. ¶ 103
See Lopez Rec., vol. II, doc. 223, Att. C (defining hookflash as "[m]omentarily depressing the hookswitch (up to 0.8 of a second) [which] can signal various services such as calling the attendant, conferencing or transferring calls.")
Mr. Ramirez seeks to establish the extreme length of his detention by discussing the apparently dead battery his vehicle suffered during the stopSee Ramirez Br. at 32. But he also acknowledges the "government estimates the traffic stop lasted about thirty minutes," without directly contesting this conclusion. See id.
See Gov't Ex. 1R-T86 (Mr. Galaz-Felix says, "You have Chilango's number, right? . . . Tell him that the old stuff . . . Tell him he owes for the old stuff . . . and the yellowish kind . . . he was going take off the phone expenses and stuff."); Gov't Ex. 1R-T75 (Mr. Galaz-Felix says "I told Chilango that . . . two out of those four. Two for the thirteen point five and two for twelve and a half. I mean, and two for thirteen and five hundred . . . Because he owed the part for five hundred and . . . Two for thirteen and the other one for twelve.").
"In order for statements to be admissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(E), the proponent of the evidence must establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (1) a conspiracy existed; (2) the declarant and the defendant were both members of the conspiracy; and (3) the statements were made during the course of, and in furtherance of, the conspiracy."United States v. Lahue,
InUnited States v. Faulkner,
Mr. Lopez was only tenuously connected to apartment five at the time the police discovered the drugs. He had not resided there for at least a month and a half prior to the discovery of the drugsSee Ramirez Rec., vol. XIII at 168 (Mr. Hurst stated [Mr. Lopez] "faded away . . . in the middle of November . . . [and] wasn't living [at the apartment]"); Ramirez Rec., vol. XIV at 7 (Mr. Lopez informed Mr Hurst he was living with his wife "somewhere out north."). Although a search of the apartment unearthed two bills addressed to Mr. Lopez at that address, one was a collection matter, and the other was for overdue charges. The search turned up three photographs of Mr. Lopez as well as a vehicle title in his name registered to the address. Two of the three photographs included Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez, the succeeding resident of the apartment. Although both bills demonstrate Mr. Lopez was previously a named bill-payer for the apartment, a fact neither party contests, neither bill provides evidence of his inhabitation at the time the drugs were discovered because they are for past services rendered. The other items found in the apartment only weakly, if at all, demonstrate Mr. Lopez's control over the apartment in January, as they may simply represent common detritus left behind upon his exit.
Jury instructions explained constructive possession as "the power and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion or control over a thing, either directly or through another person or persons." Ramirez Rec., vol. II, doc. 346, Jury Instruction 37, 54
The call transcript reads:
[Mr. Solis-Gaona]: Tell this guy that's over here, to . . . to take the things out of the house.
[Ms. Murillo]: Yeah, I already . . . I already told him. He's going to send someone there.
. . . .
[Mr. Solis-Gaona]: Did you tell him about . . . about the walking thing?
[Ms. Murillo]: No.
[Mr. Solis-Gaona]: Didn't he tell you?.
[Ms. Murillo]: uh-uh
[Mr. Solis-Gaona]: But that guy already knows about . . . On that walking thing there's . . . down there, there's some stuff there, have him take them out from there. . . .
Gov't. Ex. 1R-T2.
See, e.g., Gov't Ex. 1R-T37 at 7 (Mr. Lopez states "Every time I talk to [Mr. Galaz], he's just bringing out the money. Where the money is."); Gov't Ex. 1R-T46 at 3 (Mr. Ramirez asks Mr. Lopez, "Share some, can you?" Mr. Ramirez then tells Mr. Lopez, "[Topo] finished it off.," Mr. Lopez says, "like seven," and Mr. Ramirez responds, "Yeah, I've seen it."); Gov't Ex. 1R-T60 at 5 (Mr. Ramirez says, "[Mr. Galaz] had it right in his house, can you believe that?" Lopez responds "Oh, really?" Ramirez replies, "He had a half, because he gave me another half, so I could store it for him"); Gov't Ex. 1R-T69 at 7-8 (Mr. Ramirez asks "You still can't get anything for me, right?" Mr. Lopez responds "There ain't nothing, Deano. . . . Last night I . . . I called and no one has any . . . Jose told me that he has some.); Gov't Ex. 1-RT-74 at 3 (Mr. Lopez asks "What did he tell you?" Mr. Ramirez responds, "That you owed six . . . and [you] were gonna give it to him in two's."); Id. at 8 (discussing a police search of [Mr. Galaz's] basement, Mr. Lopez states "the guy bought a pick . . . in order to make a stash down there.").
Contrary to Mr. Lopez's contention, at least one reference to "Julio" can be reasonably associated with him. In his brief, Mr. Lopez acknowledges he "help[ed] retain an attorney," Aplt. Br. at 37, for Mr. Gaitan-Dominguez and Mr. Solis-Gaona after their arrest. In Mr. Galaz's written financial accounting, he noted, "Julio took 10 thousand for the lawyer." Gov't Ex. 1R-24(g). A juror could reasonably infer that Mr. Lopez's involvement in retaining an attorney and the ledger's reference to a "Julio" taking money for a lawyer describe the same person and action. Although this entry alone does not prove all references to Julio pertain to Mr. Lopez, the listing of Mr. Lopez, even once, in the ledger supports a conclusion that he was part of the criminal enterprise
See, e.g., Gov't Ex. 4A-T5 "a quarter," "tickets," "small room of a hotel," "the other animal," "windows," "ice," "little eight," and "a Seven Eleven"); Gov't ex. 4A-T11 ("that stuff," "a ball," "a notebook"); Gov't ex. 4A-18 ("material," "the brave one," "white paint"); Ramirez Rec., vol. XIV at 46-47 (Agent Barrett's testified the term "[h]otel [represents] the pound quantity, a room being a quarter pound, and a quarter of that, or the small room, would be a quarter of the quarter" and "from my own experience . . . windows is a common term for crystal methamphetamine.").
See, e.g., Gov't. Ex. 4A-T5 (In a phone call involving Mr Aparicio and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez, Mr. Aparicio says "I just wanted to see if you could get me a small room of a hotel," and "I want to be sure that you can get it." Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez later says "I've got some but it's just three or four little ones. I've got them ready"); Gov't. Ex. 4A-T11 (In a phone call involving Mr Aparicio and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez, Mr. Aparicio says "There's this guy that wants . . . a ball . . . and there was another guy up there that wanted a whole notebook. . . . But I don't know if you would be able to lend me the whole notebook for two days."); Gov't Ex. 4A-T18 (In a phone call involving Mr Aparicio and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez, Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez says he is "over here on the streets already," Mr. Aparicio asks "How are you doing on material?" and Mr. Mozqueda-Ramirez responds by asking "which kind? the brave one . . . the white paint?").
Notably, Mr. Vasquez self-identified as Chilango in a recorded call with Mr. RamirezSee Gov't Ex. 1R-T66 (Mr. Ramirez asks, "Who is this?" and Mr. Vasquez responds, "This is Chilango, man"); Gov't Ex. 2, # 93 (authenticating Mr. Vasquez as speaker on above call).
See Gov't Ex. 1R-T6 (Jose Aparicio tells Carlos Aparicio, "It was a half ounce that belonged to Chilango." Carlos Aparicio later says, "I just called Chila a little while ago, to tell him that I wanted, but he says he doesn't have anything left. . . . It's just that when I get some, I tell Chila."); Gov't Ex. 1R-T86 (Mr. Galaz-Felix says to Mr. Ramirez, "You have Chilango's number, right? . . . Tell him that the old stuff . . . Tell him he owes for the old stuff . . . and the yellowish kind . . . he was going take off the phone expenses and stuff."); Gov't Ex. 1R-T66 (Mr. Vasquez discusses Mr. Galaz-Felix's arrest with Mr. Ramirez, "He asked me to call you. . . . They got him with just the tickets, right?"); Gov't Ex. 1R-T75 (Mr. Galaz-Felix says to Mr. Ramirez "I told Chilango that . . . two out of those four. Two for the thirteen point five and two for twelve and a half. I mean, and two for thirteen and five hundred. . . . Because he owed the part for five hundred and . . . Two for thirteen and the other one for twelve."); Gov't Ex. 1R-T56 (Mr. Galaz-Feliz tells Mr. Ramirez that "Chilango called me . . . I told him to drop by . . . to take it over to you . . . so just keep it there for me and I'll pick it up." during a conversation about stashing drugs).
See 21 U.S.C. § 841(1)(A)(viii) ("In the case of a violation . . . involving . . . 500 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of methamphetamine . . . such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be . . . more than life.") (emphasis added); 21 U.S.C. § 846 ("Any person who . . . conspires to commit any offense defined in this subchapter shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense.").