This case illustrates the problems the Government encounters when it deviates from the procedural and substantive rules governing criminal forfeiture by obtaining the defendants’ promises to convey certain interests in property to the United States, in lieu of a forfeiture trial and sentence, and the defendants renege.
I.
A.
On December 16, 1992, a Southern District of Florida grand jury returned a fifty-nine count indictment 1 against Fred De La Mata, Manuel A. Calas, Oscar Castilla, Enrique Fernandez (the “defendants”), Real Estate Partners, Inc., and Hialeah Properties, Inc. (the “corporate defendants”). The indictment charged the defendants with, among other crimes, racketeering, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), racketeering conspiracy, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), money laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1956, and bank fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1844. The corporate defendants, which were wholly owned by the defendants, were charged with racketeering and racketeering conspiracy. 2
The indictment also contained a forfeiture count in which the Government sought forfeiture, under 18 U.S.C. § 1968(a)
3
and 18 U.S.C. § 982(a),
4
of the defendants’ interests in various pieces of property: securities, including the defendants’ interest in the shares of the corporate defendants;
5
real estate; and bank
The case against both the defendants and corporate defendants, which were not represented by counsel, proceeded to trial on October 14, 1992. Two and a half months later, on December 30, the jury found the defendants and corporate defendants guilty on nearly all counts of the indictment.
United States v. De La Mata,
After receiving the jury’s verdicts, the court declared a recess until January 4, 1993, when the trial on the forfeiture count would begin. During the interim, the defendants and the Government settled the forfeiture issues. 8 In exchange for the Government’s release of the defendants’ interests in some of the property listed in the forfeiture count, the defendants agreed to the forfeiture of their interests in the remaining property, including their interests in the shares of the corporate defendants and the bank accounts held in the corporate defendants’ names. The corporate defendants and the Government reached no agreement on forfeiture.
The Government and the defendants informed the district court of the settlements they had reached on January 4, just before the forfeiture phrase of the trial was to begin, and asked the court to approve the agreements. They represented that the settlements were mutually beneficial to the defendants and the Government. The settlements would benefit the defendants because the Government would be acquiring less than what it sought in the forfeiture count. 9 They would benefit the Government because a trial on the forfeiture count, which the prosecutor estimated could take over a year, would be avoided. 10
B.
Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1968(a) and 982(a)(1), if a convicted defendant’s interest in property is to be forfeited to the Government, the district court must provide for the forfeiture as part of the defendant’s sentence. 12 In this case, the court did not include the forfeiture it had approved on January 7, 1993, as part of its pronouncement of the defendants’ sentences, which the court imposed from the bench on April 23,1993. The court memorialized the defendants’ sentences in judgments of conviction entered on April 30, 1993. These judgments also contained no mention of forfeiture.
The district court sentenced the corporate defendants on May 6, 1993, placing them on non-reporting probation for three years. The judgments of conviction in their cases, which were entered the same day, contained no mention of forfeiture.
The defendants filed timely appeals of their convictions.
13
While their appeals were pending, the defendants separately moved the district court for a new trial on the ground that the judge who presided at their trial and sentencing should have re-cused. The defendants’ appeals were held in abeyance pending resolution of the motions. A district judge, sitting by designation,
14
granted the motions, and a panel of this court affirmed.
United States v. Cerceda,
The defendants’ convictions were affirmed, except for two bank fraud counts.
15
De La Mata,
C.
To recapitulate, this was the status of the property interests the defendants had agreed to forfeit to the United States in January 1993. Their interests had not actually been forfeited to the United States by operation of law because the district court had not ordered their forfeiture as part of the defendants’ sentences in conformance with the requirements of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1963(a) and 982(a). And unless the defendants had voluntarily conveyed such interests to the United States, which they had not, they still retained title to the interests. This retention was subject, of course, to the terms of the agreements they had entered into with the Government in January 1993.
To ensure against the possibility that, notwithstanding those agreements, the defendants might seize the interests they had agreed to forfeit — for example, by withdrawing funds from the bank accounts held in the names of various companies which they owned — the Government made sure that the restraining order the court entered following the return of the indictment remained in place. Presumably, the restraining order could remain in force indefinitely, but that would not give the Government what it needed to take title to some of the properties, such as securities, held in the defendants’ names, and bank accounts held in the names of companies which they owned. What the Government needed to obtain title to the interests subject to the restraining order were amendments to the defendants’ sentences explicitly forfeiting such interests to the United States. The Government attempted to fulfill that need on December 13, 2002.
II.
A.
On Friday, December 13, 2002, the Government filed, and served on the defendants by mail,
18
a motion for a “final order
On December 23, De La Mata and his wife moved the district court to set aside the December 17 order. They argued that they had an unspecified legal claim to two of the “amounts of monies” listed in the final order of forfeiture and had intended to oppose the Government’s motion but had been denied an opportunity to be heard in violation of Local Rule 7.1(C), which required the court to give them ten days to respond to the Government’s motion before issuing a ruling. 22 Their motion did not cite the rule of procedure under which they were proceeding. 23
The Government responded to the De La Matas’ motion on December 26, 2002. It characterized the motion as a motion for reconsideration timely filed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e)
24
and thereby represented to the district court that the proceeding before it constituted a civil case. The response labeled the motion groundless, as it failed to specify the legal basis for the De La Matas’
The district court summarily denied the De La Matas’ motion for reconsideration on January 16, 2003. In doing so, the court apparently agreed with the Government that the case was a civil matter, involving a claim by the Government to enforce the settlement agreements the court had approved on January 7, 1993. De La Mata, alone, filed a notice of appeal on January 27, 1993, challenging the district court’s orders of December 17 and January 16. 25
B.
On October 2, 2003, this court disposed of De La Mata’s appeal in an unpublished decision.
United States v. De La Mata (“De La Mata II”),
No. 03-10546, at 8,
Having determined that all parties were properly before it, the court therefore proceeded to the issue De La Mata had raised: whether the district court had abused its discretion by ruling on the Gov
C.
On October 22, 2003, after the case had been remanded, De La Mata filed a response to the Government’s December 13, 2002 motion for a final order of forfeiture. Citing our decisions in
United States v. Pease,
The Government filed a response in opposition to all of these responses on November 14, 2003, and, on December 1, 2003, the defendants and corporate defendants filed a joint reply. On September 28, 2005, the district court issued an order granting the Government’s December 13, 2002 motion for a final order of forfeiture.
32
In its order, the court first addressed the question of which of the defendant parties were before the court. It held that since De La Mata was the only defendant who had appealed from its December 17, 2002 order granting the Government’s December 13 motion, only De La Mata would be heard. The remaining
III.
The defendants and corporate defendants (“appellants” unless otherwise indicated) present the same arguments they made to the district court in opposing the Government’s motion for a final order of forfeiture and requesting Rule 41(g) relief. The Government, in reply, concedes that forfeiture was never ordered as part of appellants’ sentences, but argues, nonetheless, that the district court’s ruling should be affirmed. The Government first contends that only De La Mata is properly before this court, on the ground that the remainder of the appellants waived their right to challenge the court’s September 28, 2005, final order of forfeiture because they had not joined De La Mata in appealing the December 17, 2002 final order of forfeiture. 33 The Government then argues that De La Mata, or, should we disagree with its initial contention, all of the appellants, lacked standing to oppose the Government’s December 13, 2002 motion for a final order of forfeiture 34 and that considerations of equity required that the district court deny the appellants’ Rule 41(g) motion.
A.
As a threshold matter, we must determine whether all appellants are properly before this court. On remand following our decision in
De La Mata II,
the district court limited the controversy to the dispute between the Government and De La Mata, since he was the only defendant to have appealed from the court’s December 17, 2002 final order of forfeiture. In doing so, the court apparently overlooked the scope of
De La Mata IPs
mandate. That mandate “vacat[ed] the final order of forfeiture and remand[ed]” the case “for further proceedings.”
De La Mata II,
No. 03-10546, at 8 (11th Cir. Sept. 3, 2003).
35
Thus, the only pleading pending on remand was the Government’s December 13, 2002 motion, to which all of the appellants (except the corporate defendants, who had yet to appear in the case) could respond.
See
49 C.J.S. Judgments § 357 (2008) (“Where a judgment is vacated or set aside by a valid order or judgment, it is entirely destroyed and the rights of the parties are left as though no
B.
We first consider appellants’ principal argument — that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to grant the Government’s December 13, 2002 motion for a final order of forfeiture. The argument assumes that in granting the motion, the court was amending appellants’ sentences, to include forfeiture, and therefore was exercising its jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231, 36 despite the absence of a pending criminal case. If the district court was purporting to, and did, amend the defendants’ sentences, 37 the law provided them with the means to challenge the court’s action; they could appeal the court’s judgments under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). 38 They had ten days, until January 2, 2003, to do so; 39 absent the filing of a notice of appeal within that period, the district court’s judgments would become final. 40
De La Mata did appeal, but his notice of appeal was not filed until January 27, 2003. The appeal was untimely if he was appealing a district court order amending his sentences, i.e., an amended judgment in a criminal case.
41
The appeal was timely, however, if De La Mata was appealing the district court’s final disposition of a civil case. The latter step is what he was taking, in the view of
De La Mata II
court. The court exercised jurisdiction over the appeal as civil matter
42
after observing that the case involved a “stipulation” providing for the disposal of the items listed in the indictment’s forfeiture count and the Government’s attempt to have the stipula
In sum, appellants’ argument that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction' — because the Government’s motion for a final order of forfeiture sought relief in a criminal case via amended sentences— fails. What the district court had before it was a civil case, instituted by a “motion” that was the functional equivalent of a complaint in a civil case, a complaint seeking the specific enforcement of forfeiture agreements reached between the Government and the defendants — in a criminal case — but not made part of the defendants’ sentences. The district court had subject matter jurisdiction to proceed under 28 U.S.C. § 1345. 43
The defendants do not dispute that they entered into these agreements freely and voluntarily, as they represented to the court when it questioned them on January 4, 1993, nor have they argued that the law somehow precluded the Government and a criminal defendant from providing for forfeiture by contract in advance of the trial on forfeiture.
44
In the absence of any argument from the defendants on this point, we see no error in the Government reaching this, albeit somewhat unconventional, arrangement with the defendants.
See United States v. Bank of New York,
The corporate defendants were not parties to the agreements the Government reached with the defendants on January 4, 1993, and the court approved three days later, on January 7. Accordingly, the Government’s December 13, 2002 motion, which sought, in essence, the specific enforcement of promises the defendants had made in those agreements did not, and could not, have involved the corporate defendants.
45
The corporate defendants, then, still have possession of their interests in the their bank accounts, subject, of course to the district court’s extant restraining order, and thus we do not affirm the final order of forfeiture to the extent
C.
As . noted above, the district court’s September 28, 2005 order, which reinstated the December 17, 2002 final order of forfeiture, did not mention appellants’ applications for the return of interests under Rule 41(g). Our affirmance of the reinstated final order of forfeiture renders moot the applications of the defendants, but it does not render moot the Rule 41(g) applications of the corporate defendants. Rule 41(g) rulings are based on a balancing of the equities and are reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard.
United States v. Machado,
AFFIRMED, in part; VACATED and REMANDED, in part.
Notes
. This was a superceding indictment. The initial indictment was returned on April 14, 1992, and contained seventy-eight counts.
. The defendants used the corporate defendants in carrying out their scheme to defraud Republic National Bank of Miami, the principal activity for which they were indicted.
See United States v. De La Mata,
. Section 1963(a) provides, in relevant part, that whoever engages in racketeering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962 “shall forfeit to the United States” the following:
(1) any interest the person has acquired or maintained in violation of section 1962 ... and
(3) any property constituting, or derived from, any proceeds which the person obtained, directly or indirectly, from racketeering activity ... in violation of section 1962.
. Section 982(a)(1) provides that a person who engages in money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 shall "forfeit to the United States any property, real or personal, involved in such offense, or any property traceable to such property.” Section 982(a)(2) provides that a person who engages in bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344 shall “forfeit to the United States any property constituting, or derived from, proceeds that person obtained directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation.”
. The Government also sought the defendants’ interests in the shares of other corporations, that were not named as defendants in the indictment.
. The defendants used these companies to establish bank accounts in which they deposited funds derived from their offenses.
. 18 U.S.C. § 1963(d)(1)(A) provides:
(d)(1) Upon application of the United States, the court may enter a restraining order or injunction, require the execution of a satisfactory performance bond, or take any other action to preserve the availability of property described in [18 U.S.C. § 1963(a)] for forfeiture under [§ 1963(a)]—
(A) upon the filing of an indictment or information charging a violation of section 1962 of this chapter and alleging that the property with respect to which the order is sought would, in the event of conviction, be subject to forfeiture under [§ 1963(a)].
The court entered the restraining order on April 14, 1992, on the return of the initial indictment in the case. The order remained in effect following the return of the superced-ing indictment.
. The parties settled the forfeiture issues by entering into agreements, which they referred to as "stipulations.” De La Mata and Fernandez entered into separate agreements with the Government; Calas and Castilla reached a joint agreement with the Government.
. The prosecutor told the court that "a conservative estimate” of the total amount forfeited under the agreements was $7,627,908.07. Without the agreements, the prosecutor stated, the total value of the forfeiture would approach approximately $9,500,000.
. The parties agreed that if a defendant's conviction were reversed on appeal, the forfeiture of interests that depended on the validity of the conviction would be "null and void.”
. The court labeled this order, "Judgment and Order of Forfeiture.”
. 18 U.S.C. § 1963(a) requires that "[t]he court, in imposing sentence ... shall order, in addition to any other sentence imposed pursuant to [§ 1963(a)], that the [defendant] forfeit to the United States all property described in [§ 1963(a)].” Similarly, 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1) requires that "[t]he court, in imposing sentence on a person convicted of an offense in violation of [18 U.S.C. §] 1956 ... shall order that the person forfeit to the United States any property, real or personal, involved in such offense, or any property traceable to such property.” Section 982(a)(2) requires that "[t]he court, in imposing sentence or a person convicted of a violation of ... [18 U.S.C. § 1344] shall order that the person forfeit to the United States any property constituting, or derived from, proceeds the person obtained directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation.”
. Hernandez also appealed his sentences. See 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). The Government did not cross-appeal Hernandez's sentences on the ground that the district court erred in failing to order forfeiture as part of Hernandez's sentences, nor did it appeal the other defendants' sentences on the same ground. See 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b).'
. See 28 U.S.C. § 292(b).
. Also affirmed were Hernandez’s sentences.
. The corporate defendants did not appeal their convictions or sentences. Their convictions and sentences therefore became final on May 17, 1993, the eleventh day following the district court's entry of the judgments of conviction.
. 18 U.S.C. § 1963(7) provides the procedural framework under which third parties may assert claims to an interest forfeited under 18 U.S.C. § 1963(a). It allows for a third party wishing to assert such a claim to "petition the court for a hearing to adjudicate the validity of his alleged interest in the property.” 18 U.S.C. § 1963(f)(2). The third party must file this petition within 30 days of the Government's final publication of a notice to dispose of the interest forfeited under the defendant’s sentence. Id. 21 U.S.C. § 853(n) provides the "judicial or administrative” procedures used in adjudicating forfeiture authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 982, see 18 U.S.C. § 982(b)(1), and it authorizes third party proceedings identical to those of 18 U.S.C. § 1963(Z).
In this case, because the district court did not make forfeiture part of the defendants’ sentences, the defendants’ interests were never forfeited to the United States and the 30-day time clock for filing third party petitions did not begin to run. The members of De La Mata’s family, Ocean Bank, and Republic National Bank nonetheless filed petitions.
. The Government served the defendants by mailing a copy of its motion to their attorneys. As indicated
infra,
the Government’s motion sought the corporate defendants’ interests in two bank accounts, but the Govern
. At the conclusion of the ancillary proceedings authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 1963(1) and 21 U.S.C. § 853(n), as discussed in note 17, supra, the district court will enter a final order of forfeiture, adjudicating the Government’s ownership of the forfeited interests visa-vis those of the petitioning third parties. 18 U.S.C. § 1963(0(6); 21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(6); Fed.R.Crim.P. 32.2(c)(2) (2000) ("When the ancillary proceeding ends, the court must enter a final order of forfeiture by amending the preliminary order as necessary to account for any third-party rights.”)
Since no ancillary hearings occurred in this case, as the third parties settled with the Government, there was no need for the district court to enter a final order of forfeiture.
. The Government represented in the motion that it did "not cover all of the assets listed in the preliminary order of forfeiture. The remaining assets will be addressed in a subsequent motion.”
. The motion requested that the court’s order recite that such "assets ... are forfeited to the United States” and that "the United States has clear title to the property which has been forfeited to the United States pursuant to the order of forfeiture and may warrant good title to any subsequent purchaser or transferee in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §§ 1963 and 982.”
. Local Rule 7.1(C) states that "[e]ach party opposing a motion shall serve an opposing memorandum of law not later than ten days after service of the motion.” S.D. Fla. R. 7.1(C).
. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure contain no provision authorizing a defendant to move the district court to reconsider the sentence it has imposed. By statute, a defendant’s sentence must be appealed pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) within ten days of its imposition, see Fed. R.App. P. 4(b)(1)(A), unless the time for filing the notice of appeal is extended as provided in Fed. R.App. P. 4(b)(4).
. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), " Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment," states: "Any motion to alter or amend a judgment shall be filed no later than 10 days after entry of the judgment.” The De La Matas’ motion for reconsideration was filed well within this ten day period.
. The notice of appeal was filed within sixty days of both orders. See Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(1)(B).
. If the case before the De La Mata II court was a criminal proceeding, i.e., the Government had asked the district court to amend the defendants' sentences and De La Mata was appealing from the district court's order amending them, the court would have dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction because De La Mata had neither filed his notice of appeal within ten days of the December 17 final order of forfeiture nor obtained an extension of the time to file it. See Fed. R.App. P. 4(b)(1)
. The panel also noted that a motion filed under "[Fed.R.Civ.P.] 60(b) ... also would seem to provide a basis for De La Mata's motion as it permits relief from a judgment for ‘any ... reason justifying relief.' " United States v. De La Mata, No. 03-10546, at 6 (11th Cir. Sept. 3, 2003).
.Had the district court ordered forfeiture as part of De La Mata's sentences on April 30, 1993, and thereafter conducted ancillary proceedings under 18 U.S.C. § 1963(1) and 21 U.S.C. § 853(n), De La Mata would have lacked standing to oppose the Government's motion for a final order of forfeiture, because the disposition of his interests would have been final at sentencing.
See
18 U.S.C. § 1963(Z)(2) (stating that "any person other than the defendant" is authorized to file a third party claim to the interests forfeited to the United States.); 21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(2) (stating same);
Young v. United States,
.
United States v. Gilbert,
. 18 U.S.C. § 3231 gives the district courts "original jurisdiction ... of all offenses against the laws of the United States.”
. Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g), "Motion to Return Property,” states, in relevant part:
A person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure of property or by the deprivation of property may move for the property's return.... If it grants the motion, the court must return the property to the mov-ant, but may impose reasonable conditions to protect access to the property and its use in later proceedings.
Implicit in De La Mata's demand that the interests at issue be returned was a request that the court vacate the restraining order.
. The court’s order simply reinstated its December 17 order granting the Government’s motion.
. The Government, as did the district court, overlooked the fact that the corporate defendants could not have waived their right to join De La Mata in appealing the district court's December 17, 2002 order, because the Government had not brought them before the district court.
. In advancing this position, the Government apparently views the district court’s January 7, 1993, order approving the settlement agreements as the functional equivalent of the inclusion of forfeiture in the defendants’ sentences, which would have barred the defendants from contesting the final order of forfeiture. See 18 U.S.C. § 1963(0(2); 21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(2); supra note 28.
.In that De La Mata was the sole appellant in De La Mata II, No. 03-10546, at 8 (11th Cir. Sept. 3, 2003), the court, in vacating the December 17 final order of forfeiture, could have vacated the order only as it applied to De La Mata, in which event the final order of forfeiture would have remained intact as to the remaining appellants. The court, however, did not limit the vacatur in that way.
. The argument correctly assumes that amending a defendant’s sentence to include a forfeiture order would constitute a substantive amendment, i.e., a re-sentencing, and not the correction of a clerical error under Fed. R.Crim.P. 36. See
United States v. Pease,
. At first blush, it appeared that this is what the district court was doing in granting the Government’s motion (except as to the corporate defendants, who were not before the court). As we explain in the text below, however, the court was not amending De La Mata's sentences; instead, it was, in effect, enforcing the agreement De La Mata had made with the Government and the court had approved on January 7, 2003.
. 18 U.S.C. § 3742 provides, in relevant part:
(a) Appeal by a defendant. — A defendant may file a notice of appeal in the district court for review of an otherwise final sentence if the sentence—
(1) was imposed in violation of law....
. See supra note 23.
. Since the district court's alleged error could be asserted on direct appeal, because the grounds for appealing were a matter of record, it is doubtful that De La Mata could obtain relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, since that provision does not serve as substitute for a direct appeal.
. Had De La Mata informed the De La Mata II court that he was appealing the amendment of his sentences in a criminal case, the court would have dismissed his appeal as untimely.
. Note that De La Mata treated the case as a civil matter when he moved the district court for reconsideration of its December 17 order; the Government, in response, considered the motion as having been filed pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 59(e), as discussed in note 24, supra, and the De La Mata II court did likewise. De La Mata II, No. 03-10546, at 5-6 (11th Cir. Sept. 3, 2003).
. 28 U.S.C. § 1345 states, in relevant part, that “the district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions, suits or proceedings commenced by the United States.”
. In this case, the defendants' promises were not self-executing; that is, the defendants promised to transfer their interests to the Government at some future date. Had the promises been self-executing, the Government would not have instituted this litigation, which sought to obtain clear title to such interests.
.The defendants did promise to give the Government their shares of the corporate defendants (of which the defendants were the sole owners) in their January 4, 1993 agreements, but the Government’s December 13 motion did not seek the enforcement of that promise. Had it done so, the Government, as the now sole shareholder in the corporate defendants, could presumably have accessed the defendants’ accounts.