Lead Opinion
HAYNES, Circuit Judge, joined by STEWART, Chief Judge, and DENNIS, PRADO, OWEN, ELROD, SOUTHWICK, GRAVES, and COSTA, Circuit Judges:
In this case, we address whether the deportation of a defendant renders that defendant’s appeal of his term of supervised release moot. We hold that such deportation, by itself, does not render the appeal moot. We thus return this case to the panel for final disposition.
I. Facts and Proceedings
After pleading guilty to illegal reentry after deportation pursuant to a plea agreement, David Heredia-Holguin received a sentence of twelve months of imprisonment and three years of supervised release. The term of supervised release contains two special conditions: (1) he cannot illegally reenter the United States; and (2) he cannot consume alcohol or other intoxicants. Heredia-Holguin did not object to any part of his sentence.
Heredia-Holguin appealed, but before he could file his initial brief, he completed his prison sentence and was deported. Accordingly, Heredia-Holguin conceded that his appeal was moot under the existing case of United States v. Rosenbaum-Alanis, 483 F.3d 381, 383 (5th Cir.2007), and argued that his term of supervised release should be equitably vacated. In response, the government moved to dismiss the appeal as moot.
A panel of this court ordered supplemental briefing to address, among other things, whether Heredia-Holguin’s appeal of his unexpired term of supervised release was mooted by his release from prison and deportation from the United States. In response, while Heredia-Holguin continued to press for equitable vacatur of his sentence, he also argued that this court should reconsider en banc the holding of Rosenbaumr-Alanis.
In its decision, a panel of this court noted that “[t]wo Fifth Circuit decisions address the question of whether deportation moots a sentencing appeal. These decisions, however, arrived at opposite conclusions.” United States v. Heredia-Holguin, 789 F.3d 625, 627 (5th Cir.), reh’g en banc granted, 803 F.3d 745 (5th Cir.2015).
Heredia-Holguin petitioned for rehearing en banc, seeking review of the following issues:
1. When an alien defendant is deported upon completing his term of imprisonment, but remains subject to a term of supervised release, is his sentencing appeal moot?
2. If an alien defendant’s sentencing appeal is rendered moot by his involuntary deportation, is the alien entitled to have his sentence — or at least the remaining term of supervised release— vacated under the doctrine of equitable vacatur?
We granted rehearing, and because we answer the first question in the negative, we need not address the second.
II. Discussion
A Mootness
“Whether an appeal is moot is a jurisdictional matter, since it implicates the Article III requirement that there be a live case or controversy.” Bailey v. Southerland, 821 F.2d 277, 278 (5th Cir.1987). Under Article Ill’s case-or-controversy requirement, “[t]o invoke the jurisdiction of a federal court, a litigant must have suffered, or be threatened with, an actual injury traceable to the defendant and likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Lewis v. Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 477, 110 S.Ct. 1249, 108 L.Ed.2d 400 (1990). “This case-or-controversy requirement subsists through all stages of federal judicial proceedings, trial and appellate.... The parties must continue to have a personal stake in the outcome of the lawsuit.” Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 7, 118 S.Ct. 978, 140 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998) (quoting Lewis, 494 U.S. at 477-78, 110 S.Ct. 1249).
“A case becomes moot only when it is impossible for a court to grant any effectual relief whatever to the prevailing party.” Knox v. Serv. Bmps. Int’l Union, Local 1000, — U.S. —, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 2287, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) (quoting City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 287, 120 S.Ct. 1382, 146 L.Ed.2d 265 (2000)). “[A]s long as the parties have a concrete interest, however small, in the outcome of the litigation, the case is not moot.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Ellis v. Bhd. of Ry., Airline & S.S. Clerks, 466 U.S. 435, 442, 104 S.Ct. 1883, 80 L.Ed.2d 428 (1984)). With these general mootness principles in mind, we turn to the case before us.
On the face of his appeal, Here-dia-Holguin is claiming an error as to an aspect of his sentence — the term of supervised release — that is still in effect. Recent amendments to the sentencing guidelines state that “ordinarily” a term of supervised release will not be ordered for a deportable alien, and the application notes provide that a district court may order supervised release in such a scenario for “deterrence and protection” based on the facts of the case. U.S. SENTENCING Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G.) § 5D1.1 & cmt. n.5. (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2015).
The closest Supreme Court case on point supports a conclusion that deportation of the defendant does not moot the challenge to his unexpired term of supervised release. See United States v. Campos-Serrano, 404 U.S. 293, 92 S.Ct. 471, 30 L.Ed.2d 457 (1971). While in Mexico, Heredia-Holguin is subject to at least one of the terms of his supervised release— that he not enter the United States illegally. Although such entry is already prohibited by law, the Court in Campos-Serrano held that a since-deported defendant’s appeal was not moot because the conditions of his probation were “that he return to Mexico and not return to the United States illegally[,] ... [and s]hould he violate those conditions [by illegally reenter
Further, even though illegal reentry is already prohibited by law, as a condition of supervised release, it subjects him to the procedures applicable to revoking supervised release, which among other diminished rights only require proof by a preponderance of the evidence, as well as the potential of a lengthier sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3); Lane v. Williams, 455 U.S. 624, 631, 102 S.Ct. 1322, 71 L.Ed.2d 508 (1982); United States v. Hinson, 429 F.3d 114, 118 (5th Cir.2005). This fact alone gives Heredia-Holguin a concrete injury. Moreover, other violations of supervised release terms that also constitute standalone crimes are analyzed on the merits, rather than seen as nonjusticiable. See United States v. Asuncion-Pimental, 290 F.3d 91, 94-95 (2d Cir.2002) (possession of a firearm by a felon); United States v. Morey, 120 F.3d 142, 143 (8th Cir.1997) (same).
In opposition, the Government urges us to follow the approach of other circuits that hold that a defendant’s deportation renders moot the defendant’s appeal of his sentence. See, e.g., United States v. Mercurris, 192 F.3d 290, 293-95 (2d Cir.1999); United States v. Vera-Flores, 496 F.3d 1177, 1182 (10th Cir.2007). These cases all predate the amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines set forth above and, therefore, do not address the' deterrence issue.
We conclude that our court has the authority to grant relief as long as the term of the supervised release has not expired.
B. Equitable Vacatur
Having determined that Heredia-Hol-guin’s appeal is not mooted by his deportation, we need not address whether equitable vacatur is appropriate.
We remand to the panel to consider any other issues remaining in Heredia-Hol-guin’s appeal of his term of supervised release.
. In Lares-Meraz, a panel of this court determined that the sentencing appeal of a deported defendant was not moot because the defendant “remains subject to a term of supervised release, an element of the overall sentence.” United States v. Lares-Meraz, 452 F.3d 352, 355 (5th Cir.2006). By contrast, the following year, another panel of this court determined an appeal of a sentence in a similar situation was moot because the defendant was “legally unable, without permission of the Attorney General, to reenter the United States to be present for a resentencing proceeding as required by Rule 43, [and thus] there [was] no relief we [could] grant him.” Rosenbaum-Alanis, 483 F.3d at 383.
. The provision discouraging the imposition of supervised release where the defendant is a deportable alien was added in 2011 with the following comments:
*341 [SJupervised release is imposed in more than 91 percent of cases in which the defendant is a non-citizen. The Commission determined that such a high rate of imposition of supervised release for non-citizen offenders is unnecessary because "recent changes in our immigration law have made removal nearly an automatic result for a broad class of noncitizen offenders.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 1481, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010); see also id. at 1478 ("[Djeportation or removal ... is now virtually inevitable for a vast number of nonciti-zens convicted of crimes.”).
U.S.S.G.App. C, am. 756 (citation omitted). The application note to § 5D1.1 provides in part that:
Unless such a defendant legally returns to the United States, supervised release is unnecessary. If such a defendant illegally returns to the United States, the need to afford adequate deterrence and protect the public ordinarily is adequately served by a new prosecution. The court should, however, consider imposing a term of supervised release on such a defendant if the court determines it would provide an added measure of deterrence and protection based on the facts and circumstances of a particular case.
U.S.S.G. § 5D1.1 cmt. n.5.
. Another distinction is that these cases largely involve situations in which a defendant had completed his term of imprisonment and been deported, yet was still trying to challenge the term of imprisonment on the ground that the term of supervised release had not yet expired. See, e.g., United States v. Frook, 616 F.3d 773, 778 (8th Cir.2010) (finding moot an appeal of a two-level enhancement for obstruction that influenced the term of imprisonment); Vera-Flores, 496 F.3d at 1179-82 (finding moot various challenges to the Guidelines range); United States v. Okereke, 307 F.3d 117, 121 (3d Cir.2002) (finding moot an appeal on Apprendi grounds of the drug quantity finding that influenced the term of imprisonment); Mercurris, 192 F.3d at 292, 294 (finding moot an appeal of an aggravated felony enhancement that increased the Guidelines range governing that term of imprisonment).
.Also sometimes raised in support of a finding of mootness is the argument that a deported defendant cannot appear at a resentencing and therefore cannot obtain relief. This is an issue for the district court for another day. See United States v. Reyes-Sanchez, 509 F.3d 837, 839 (7th Cir.2007) (‘TT]he Judicial Branch should stand ready to impose a lawful sentence as soon as the defendant is available for sentencing, or is deemed voluntarily absent for the purpose of Rule 43(c)(1)(B).”). Also, even were we to assume the defendant physically could not appear, Rule 43 explicitly contemplates a defendant's voluntary waiver of the right to be present for sentencing. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 43(c)(1)(B). Moreover, under Rule 32.1(c)(2), a defendant can waive the requirement of a hearing for a modification of supervised release. Fed.R.Crim.P. 32.1(c)(2)(A); see United States v. Spencer, 609 Fed.Appx. 781, 784 (5th Cir.2015) (modifying a condition of supervised release without the need for resentencing (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2106)). A hearing is also not required for a modification of supervised release where “the relief sought is favorable to the [defendant]” and “an attorney for the government has received notice of the relief sought, has had a reasonable opportunity to object, and has not done so.” Fed.R.Crim.P. 32.1(c)(2)(B), (C). Accordingly, the hypothetical potential absence of the defendant cannot form the basis of a general rule of mootness in all cases. See Chafin v. Chafin, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 1017, 1024, 185 L.Ed.2d 1 (2013) (rejecting the argument that a Hague Convention appeal was moot where the daughter had returned to Scotland and "the District Court lackfed] the authority to issue a re-return order,” because "that argument — which goes to the meaning of the Convention and the legal availability of a certain kind of relief — confuses mootness with the merits”); Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 500, 89 S.Ct. 1944, 23 L.Ed.2d 491 (1969) (rejecting the argument that a case was moot where a backpay claim was brought in the wrong court and could not result in relief because “it confuses mootness with whether [the plaintiff] has established a right to recover”).
. The Sixth Circuit has reached the same conclusion. In United States v. Solano-Rosales, 781 F.3d 345, 355 (6th Cir.2015), the Sixth Circuit held that a deported defendant’s sentencing appeal was not moot because the court retained discretion to modify the defendant’s supervised release term.
. In this regard, we note that any deficiencies in Heredia-Holguin’s briefing of claimed errors in his sentence constitute "a prudential construct that requires the exercise of discretion,” which we leave to the panel. United States v. Miranda, 248 F.3d 434, 443 (5th Cir.2001).
Dissenting Opinion
joined by JOLLY, DAVIS, JONES, SMITH, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges, dissenting;
Heredia-Holguin, not a United States citizen, and no longer in this country, does not contest his conviction or deportation. Convicted of illegally reentering the country after deportation — and having served his one year prison sentence — Heredia-Holguin has been deported a second time to Mexico, where he is not being supervised by the United States government. See 18 U.S.C. § 3624(e). He makes no
. United States v. Rosenbaum-Alanis, 483 F.3d 381, 383 (5th Cir.2007) (distinguishing United States v. Lares-Meraz, 452 F.3d 352 (5th Cir.2006)). Cf. United States v. Segura-Resendez, 515 Fed.Appx. 316, 319 (5th Cir.2013) (dismissing "for lack of appellate jurisdiction”).
. See United States v. Frook, 616 F.3d 773, 778 (8th Cir.2010); United States v. Vera-Flores, 496 F.3d 1177, 1182 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Mercurris, 192 F.3d 290, 293-95 (2d Cir.1999); United States v. DeLeon, 444 F.3d 41, 55-56 (1st Cir.2006); Okereke v. United States, 307 F.3d 117, 121 (3d Cir.2002). But see United States v. Solano-Rosales, 781 F.3d 345, 350, 355 (6th Cir.2015).
.Compare Mercurris, 192 F.3d at 294 (dismissing appeal), with United States v. Montez-Gaviria, 163 F.3d. 697, 700 (2d Cir.1998) (exercising discretion to decline to dismiss appeal), and with United States v. Suleiman, 208 F.3d 32, 41 (2d Cir.2000) (affirming sentence without prejudice to subsequent motion to modify).