201 F. Supp. 2d 142
D.D.C.
2002

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, District Judge.

On May 3, 2002, this matter came before the Court for a hearing on a number of motions filed by the defendants in this case. With respect to defendants’ motions to suppress statements, the Court hеard the testimony of Officer John J. McDonald of the Metropolitan Police Department. Upon consideration of the arguments of counsel and the testimony of the officer, and for the reasons stated in open court, the Court denied defendant Clemons’ motion to suppress statements. It held defendant Goodman’s motion to suppress statements in abeyance to permit counsel for the government and counsel for Goodman to file supplemental memoranda and additional authority. Having now considered thе testimony and arguments of counsel, as well as the supplemental memoran-da, the Court grants defendant Goodman’s motion to suppress.

I. THE FACTS

Officer McDonald testified at the hearing that he and other officers were check ing abandoned apartments in a public housing project at about 4:00 a.m. on January 10, 2002, for possible unlawful entries when they heard whаt sounded like an automobile accident. Officer McDonald, dressed in full police uniform, got into his marked police cruiser and drove towards the sound. When he arrived at the сorner of Southern Avenue and D Street, S.E., he saw a black Monte Carlo with two flat tires driving in his direction. He made a U-turn, turned on his flashers and pulled up behind the vehicle which then stopped, presumably because the driver saw the police cruiser behind him. He observed two men in the vehicle; defendant Goodman was in the driver’s seat and defendant Clemons was in the frоnt passenger seat. Officer McDonald testified that he saw defendant Clemons bend forward and appear to hide something under his seat and that he then saw defendant Goodman lean forward and across the center console, also appearing to hide something under the front passenger’s seat. The passenger door opened аnd defendant Clemons exited the vehicle. Officer McDonald directed Clemons to get back into the car, but Clemons began to run. As the other officers arrived, Clemons was subdued by Officer McDonald.

The officers ordered defendant Goodman to remain in the vehicle during all of this activity, and he complied. Subsequently, the officers forcibly removed Goodman from the vehicle, and Officer Francis handcuffed him and directed him to sit on the ground next to the car. Upon searching the vehicle, the officers found two handguns under the passenger’s seat and one loose round of ammunition. After the weapons were discovered, Officer Francis asked defendant Goodman: “Whose car is this?” Goodman replied that defеndant Clemons “came and picked me up. We were going to the' Legends nightclub.” Officer Francis asked Goodman whether he had been smoking anything. Defendant Goodman attempted to answer the question but his statements were incoherent. Officer Francis told defendant Goodman that the car was stolen. Defendant Goodman responded: “I didn’t steal it. He [Clemоns] had it when he picked me up.” Officer Francis asked Goodman where the guns came from and Goodman responded: “They were already in the car when he [Clemons] pickеd me up.” Officer Francis asked Goodman whose guns they were. Defendant Goodman replied: “His [Clemens].” Defendant Goodman then went on to say that Clemons was “hitting on him” and made him drive.

Offiсer McDonald further testified that neither Officer Francis nor any other police officer gave defendant Goodman Miranda warnings before this questioning took place. In addition, MсDonald testified that during the course of the colloquy ‍​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‍between Officer Francis and defendant Goodman, Goodman gave a false name and other false booking informatiоn.

Counsel for defendant Goodman argues that all the statements made by Goodman to Officer Francis must be suppressed under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), and Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980). He argues that he was in custody because he was handcuffed and forced to sit on the ground next to the car and that his statements were made in direct or indirect response to the officer’s questions. The government responds thаt the statements should not be suppressed because (1) the police officer asked generic questions necessary to determine the facts of the situation, which is pеrmissible under Allen v. United States, 390 F.2d 476 (D.C.Cir.1968), and (2) this was a permissible investigatory stop under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), not an arrest. With respect to this second argument, the government relies on United States v. Laing, 889 F.2d 281, 285-86 (D.C.Cir.1989), for the proposition that even though the officer placed Mr. Goodman on' the ground and handcuffed him, the officer’s conduct was reasonable under Terry, and Miranda therefore is not implicated.

II. ANALYSIS

Even if the stop and detention were permissible under Terry, the Court cannot agree with the government that Miranda is not implicated merely because there was no formal аrrest. It simply is not accurate to say that because ‍​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‍a person has been “reasonably detained” on less than probable cause for good and sufficient reasоn under Terry, it necessarily follows that there is no “custodial interrogation” triggering the procedural safeguards and the warnings mandated by Miranda. A suspect can be in police custody for purposes of Miranda before he has been arrested in the Fourth Amendment sense. See Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 441-42, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984); United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d 1455, 1463-66 (10th Cir.1993); United States v. Smith, 3 F.3d 1088, 1097 (7th Cir.1993).

The traditional post-Terry view was that Miranda warnings are not implicated in a valid Terry stop because

the typical police-citizen encountеr envisioned by the Court in Terry usually involves no more than a very brief detention without the aid of weapons or handcuffs, a few questions relating to identity and the suspicious circumstances, and an atmosphere that is “substantially less police-dominated than that surrounding the kinds of interrogation at issue in Miranda. ”

United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d at 1464 (quoting Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. at 439, 104 S.Ct. 3138). But today police officers confront situations more fraught with danger than in the past, including circumstаnces that sometimes justify— even under the rationale of Terry—the use of handcuffs, the placing of suspects in police cruisers, the drawing of weapons and other measurеs of force more traditionally associated with the concept of “custody” than with “brief investigatory detention.” United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d at 1464. In such contexts, detention without probable cause may still be permissible for Fourth Amendment purposes, while at the same time creating a “custodial situation” under Miranda because a reasonable person so detained would feel thаt he has been deprived of his “freedom ‍​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‍of action in [a] significant way,” or that he was “completely at the mercy of the police.” Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. at 435, 438, 104 S.Ct. 3138. This Court holds that in such cases, suspeсts must be advised of their constitutional rights before they are interrogated. See, e.g., United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d at 1464-65 (Miranda warnings required during Terry stop when police questioned suspect after drawing their weapons, forcing suspect out of сar, directing him to lie face down on the ground, and placing handcuffs on him); United States v. Smith, 3 F.3d at 1097-98 (Miranda warnings required during Terry stop that became “custodial” because defendant was surrounded by police officers and wаs handcuffed and then questioned); United States v. Elias, 832 F.2d 24, 26 (3d Cir.1987) (Miranda warnings required during Terry stop if suspect is in custody for practical purposes or the questioning takes place in a police dominated or coercive atmosphere).

On the basis of the testimony of Officer McDonald, the Court finds that defendant Goodman was in custody for purposes of the Fifth Amendment after he was removed from the vehicle by Officer Francis, put on the ground and handcuffеd. Clearly he had been deprived of his freedom of action in a significant way, and any reasonable person would have understood that he was in custody and not free to lеave. The officer’s testimony also makes clear that defendant Goodman was interrogated while he was in custody and that all, or nearly all, of the statements he made were in response to direct questions put to him by Officer Francis. Finally, Officer McDonald acknowledged that the defendant was not advised of his rights under Miranda. Since the interrogation took place in ‍​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‍a custodial setting in the absence of Miranda warnings, all statements made by defendant Goodman must be suppressed. 1

The two cases relied upon by the government, Allen v. United States, 390 F.2d at 479, and United States v. Laing, 889 F.2d at 285-86, are not relevant. Under Allen v. United States, 390 F.2d at 479, the police may ask generic preliminary questions tо ascertain the facts of a situation without violating Miranda. In this case, the officers questioned Goodman after removing him from the car, placing him in handcuffs, and forcing him to the ground, and аfter the officers discovered the two firearms under the front passenger seat of the car. The questions posed to Goodman went beyond the kind permitted by Allen and were intendеd to elicit incriminatory responses about the weapons just seized from the vicinity of a suspect in custody. The issue in Laing was whether the stop and subsequent search were proрer under Terry. In Laing, there was no issue regarding suppression of a statement — in fact there was no statement — and no interrogation; hence there was no question about whether ‍​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‍the defendant was in “custody” when he was interrogated. As the Court already has concluded, even if the stop and search in this case were proper under Terry, there was custodial interrogation without the proper Miranda warnings.

For the foregoing reаsons, defendant Goodman’s motion to suppress statements is GRANTED.

SO ORDERED.

Notes

1

. The Court will reserve for trial the question of whether the statements were nevertheless made voluntarily and therefore may be introduced for impeachment purposes under Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222, 224-26, 91 S.Ct. 643, 28 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971), in the event the defendant chooses to testify in his own behalf.