United States v. Christopher Thomas CondonUnited States v. Christopher Thomas Condon
Case Information
*1 Before WOLLMAN, MURPHY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
____________
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Christopher Thomas Condon was charged in a one-count indictment with
sexual abuse of a minor, in violation of
exclude[d] the audio recording at trial, or any reference to it." Specifically, the court
found under
I.
Background
Condon, an Indian, was charged in a one-count indictment with sexual abuse
of a minor, A.B.D., in violation of
Following his indictment, Condon filed a motion in limine to "prohibit[ ] the government from introducing into evidence or questioning any witness, including defendant, were he to testify, concerning . . . [a]n audio recording, taken June 25, 2012, of a conversation between the Defendant and his mother discussing whether he should plead guilty." During the telephone conversation, which is approximately 12 minutes in length, Condon discussed various topics, including his children, his girlfriend, a possible name change, and his intent to plead guilty. As to his intent to plead guilty, Condon stated, in relevant part:
She [(Condon's attorney)] wants me to get off on a technicality. She's . . . okay . . . well what I'm saying is she thinks she's going to get me an acquittal on a technicality you know. Basically I'm guilty, but in the law *3 there's all kinds of loopholes and you get off on technicalities, but even though I'm guilty, you know, I still run the chance. It's a 50/50 chance for me, you know. And she thinks I have a strong case to argue on a technicality, but I mean Christ I'm guilty, I might as well just plead guilty. Wouldn't you think that's the right thing to do?
Condon initiated the telephone call from the Stutsman County Correctional Center in Jamestown, North Dakota, to his mother who resides in Fort Yates, North Dakota. The Stutsman County Correctional Center permits inmates to make phone calls, but it records such phone calls. Inmates are informed that all calls made from the facility are recorded with the exception of phone calls made to and from defense counsel. The facility maintains a sign near the telephones warning the inmates that all calls are recorded.
In his memorandum in support of his motion, Condon argued, among other
things, that the district court should exclude the audio recording of the telephone
conversation under
The government opposed the motion in limine, arguing that Condon admitted his guilt to the offense in the telephone conversation and failed to "qualify this exclamation by indicating that his guilt is subject to a defense, technicality or loophole." The government noted that it had the burden of proving its "case beyond a reasonable doubt and that the only issue at question for the jury is one pertaining to the available affirmative defense in the matter." It contended that "[t]he probative value of the admission [was] not unfairly prejudicial to [Condon] because it [was] direct evidence of [Condon's] guilt." According to the government, Condon *4 "admit[ted] guilt even after explaining to his mother a defense that may be presented at trial. In his admission Condon d[id] not go on to qualify his guilt by exclaiming his belief that the minor was the age of consent." Although the government admitted that admission of the audio recording would prejudice Condon, it maintained that its probative value was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
During the hearing on the motion in limine, Condon's counsel explained that Condon was not arguing that he did not have sex with A.B.D.; instead, his defense was "[t]hat he reasonably believed that she was 16 years or older." Specifically, Condon's "contention [was] that [A.B.D.] lied to him about her age, as well as probably [to] more than a dozen witnesses." But Condon's counsel acknowledged Condon's concession that "he had sex with [A.B.D]."
Thereafter, the court expressed its "preliminary thoughts on" the telephone conversation, stating:
[Condon] certainly admits four or five times that he's guilty, but then he goes on to say, "But my lawyer thinks that there's a technicality that I can get off on," or words to that effect, but he's—he's always talking about guilty, but may get off on a technicality. Now, the technicality I'm—that he's referring to is never identified, but I assume it's that he reasonably believed that [A.B.D.] was 16 years old or more.
Both Condon's counsel and the government agreed that Condon was most likely
referring to the affirmative defense in
knows he's guilty of having sex with an underage girl, but . . . there's nothing in that phone conversation that one can even surmise as to *5 whether he reasonably felt that she may have been 16 or older. And he probably didn't even know of the defense at the time he had sex with her . . . .
The government disagreed with the court's suggestion that Condon did not know of
the affirmative defense in
This is June 25, 2012, Your Honor. He's already prepped for trial at least on one occasion by this time. He knows the defenses. He's talking about it, but he's using terms such as "technicality" and "loophole." I'm assuming that probably when he was discussing this matter with his attorney, she probably used terms that were a little bit more understandable to him, so he's using the terms that he thinks explains what his defense is, but he doesn't go on and say, "Even though I'm"—you know, "Even though I thought she was." No, he doesn't. He says, "I'm guilty." He knows what his out—his defense is, Your Honor. He absolutely knows what his defense is.
I think it should be for the jury to decide how they're going to accept this information. And, you know what, defense has an opportunity to get up, he can talk about his call. Ms. Mitchell[, Condon's counsel,] could talk about it on closing argument, you know, but the information absolutely should go before the jury.
In response, Condon's counsel argued that it was "obvious from the tape that when [Condon] says, 'Well, I'm guilty,' he means he knows that he had sex with her, which he will admit. He knows that he had sex with her." According to counsel, one of the purposes of having a lawyer is to advise the defendant of affirmative defenses, even where the defendant admits to the underlying conduct. The government responded by noting that Condon never said in the telephone conversation that he knew he was guilty of the underlying conduct but "thought she was old enough." The court replied:
Well, that's . . . the way you're hearing it, and Ms. Mitchell hears it a different way, and who knows how a jury would interpret those words? I mean, that's the whole issue that I've got to struggle with. Is it fair to allow a taped conversation into evidence that's as ambiguous as this is? We—you know, I mean, everybody hears what they want to hear from the phone conversation.
The government argued that the jury should get to determine how to interpret Condon's remarks, since "there's two ways to look at this." By contrast, Condon's counsel argued that "the fact that it's not clear is exactly why it shouldn't go in front of the jury."
In preparation for trial, but prior to the discovery of the audio recording, the parties had agreed to stipulate that the DNA recovered in A.B.D.'s underwear belonged to Condon, that Condon was an enrolled member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, and that the purported incident occurred on or within the exterior boundaries of the Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservation. During the hearing, the government addressed this proposed stipulation, and the following exchange occurred:
MR. DELORME [for the government]: Well, and again, Your Honor, you know, one thing I wanted to touch on, at the end of Ms. Mitchell's motion in limine, she indicates that Mr. Condon did indicate or admit to having sex with this young lady, and, in fact, he did not. He denied that allegation when the officer talked to him. That issue isn't just cut and dry and closed. It's still something the United States has to present evidence on. Just because the DNA will now show it or just because the defendant might say, "Well, I'll stipulate we had sex so this shouldn't come in," that doesn't mean that the defense is able to then say, "Well, call in."
MS. MITCHELL [for Condon]: But why not? It's— *7 MR. DELORME: You can't pick and choose, you know, when we still have elements to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
MS. MITCHELL: Your Honor, we stipulated to the DNA. It's obvious that—
MR. DELORME: We stipulated to the DNA, but he did not admit to having sex with the young lady.
MS. MITCHELL: If Mr. Delorme would let me finish my sentence, I'd be happy to stipulate that he had sex with her, and then the probative—any probative value at all of that phone call goes completely out the window. The only reason Mr. Delorme wants it is because he wants the jury to hear him say, "I'm guilty."
MR. DELORME: I could care less if you stipulated to it, Your Honor, or stand up on top of the building and scream to the highest corners of Bismarck that he had sex with that young lady. I could care less. There's plenty of case law out there. Have one of your law clerks take a look at it. I've referenced a couple of pieces of law in my motion, response, that nothing— there is no such thing as allowing the defense to say, "Well, we want to stipulate to this so the Government can't get in that extra—that prejudicial information over there." That does not work that way. The Government is entitled to put on their case as they see fit. That's still an issue, and it's still an issue I have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
Following the hearing, the district court granted Condon's motion in limine, stating:
The Court has on multiple occasions carefully listened to the taped telephone conversation. During the telephone conversation Condon admits to his mother that he is guilty. However, the admissions of guilt are made with the qualification that his defense attorney believes there is a possibility of an acquittal based on a "technicality" or a "loophole," i.e., the affirmative defense that the defendant reasonably *8 believed the victim was at least 16-years of age. The taped telephone conversation is replete with references to discussions with his attorney, the plea agreement, the Sentencing Guidelines, and the advisory Sentencing Guideline range that would apply to Condon if he pled guilty versus taking the risk of going to trial.
The problem with the statements of guilt made by Condon is that there are several different ways to interpret the admission. One can reasonably argue that Condon was admitting guilt to all of the essential elements of the crime of sexual abuse of a minor, and that he was fully aware of all of the essential elements after discussions with his court-appointed counsel. One could argue that Condon simply admitted guilt to the essential elements of the crime but he did not acknowledge or admit the absence of an affirmative defense, i.e., a "technicality" or a "loophole." Another possible interpretation was that Condon was admitting that he was guilty in the sense that he had sexual contact with a 14-year old girl, but he conditioned those admissions on the possibility that he may be acquitted at trial because he "reasonably believed" the victim was at least 16-years old. Simply stated, it is unclear whether Condon's admission of guilt relates to all of the essential elements of the crime of sexual abuse of a minor and the abandonment of an affirmative defense to the charge, or whether he is only admitting that he had sex with a 14-year old girl but is insistent on attempting to establish the existence of an affirmative defense at trial.
The differing interpretations that any person may give to the admission of guilt, particularly in light of the affirmative defense that may be available, rests in the eyes of the beholder. The Government essentially takes the position that Condon admitted to the essential elements of the crime and has acknowledged there is no basis for the affirmative defense. Counsel for the defendant has taken the contrary position that Condon acknowledged that he is guilty in the sense that he had sexual intercourse with a 14-year old girl, but Condon and other fact witnesses will attest to the fact the victim represented that she was more than 16-years old at the time. The great unknown is how a jury of 12 persons will interpret the telephone conversation.
* * *
There is no question the admissions made by Condon are relevant.
However, the context in which the admissions were made, combined
with Condon's discussions pertaining to privileged attorney-client
conversations, the terms and conditions of the plea agreement, and the
Sentencing Guidelines, all result in the very real possibility that
allowing the taped telephone conversation into evidence will result in
unfair prejudice to the defendant, a confusion of the issues as it relates
to the affirmative defense available under
As previously noted, the Court has listened to the telephone
conversation multiple times. After repeated reviews of the telephone
conversation and careful consideration of the arguments presented by
counsel, the Court in its discretion is convinced that Condon's admission
of guilt is relevant but its probative value is substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, and misleading
the jury. This case hinges entirely on the affirmative defense under
II.
Discussion
On appeal, the government argues that the district court abused its discretion
by suppressing or excluding the recorded jail phone call because, regardless of how
it is interpreted, the call is highly relevant and probative to the central issue of the
case. First, the government maintains that it has the burden of proving the underlying
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt and that Condon's admission of
*10
guilt in the recorded jail phone call is direct evidence of at least one element of the
crime. Second, the government cites Condon's intent to raise the affirmative defense
of mistaken age under
We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings under an abuse of
discretion standard, giving
substantial deference
to a trial court's
exclusion of evidence under
Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp. v. Beelman River Terminals, Inc.
,
The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is [2] substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice , confusing the issues , misleading the jury , undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.
(Emphasis added.) "[C]ertain circumstances call for the exclusion of evidence which
is of unquestioned relevance."
"Unfair prejudice under
review tips the scales in favor of upholding the" district court's grant of Condon's
motion in limine to exclude the audio recording of the telephone conversation.
See
Wynn Oil Co. v. Am. Way Serv. Corp.
,
First, there is no indication that the district court's ruling unfairly prevents the
government from proving its case.
See Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp.
,
[t]hat testing [of A.B.D.'s underwear] resulted in the discovery of DNA, in the form of semen, found in the crotch of the underwear. The DNA was confirmed by the State Lab as belonging to CHRISTOPHER THOMAS CONDON.
This part of the stipulation relates to whether Condon "knowingly engage[d] in a
sexual act with [A.B.D.]."
See
Morever, contrary to the government's claim that the district court factually
erred in concluding that "[t]his case hinges entirely on the affirmative defense under
Second, the district court adequately explained why the probative value of the
audio recording was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues,
and
misleading of the jury. Specifically, the court was
*14
concerned about the "context in which the admissions were made" and, in addition
to unfair prejudice, the possible confusion and misleading of the jury regarding the
affirmative defense under
Finally, the district court's reference to "privileged attorney-client conversations" in explaining why the probative value of the audio recording was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice must be considered in context. We do not interpret the order as holding that unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading of the jury existed because Condon revealed privileged communications. In context, the district court was expounding on why the jury could be confused or misled about Condon's reference to a "technicality" or "loophole," when he was actually referring to his attorney advising him about the availability of an affirmative defense. Condon never argued that the attorney-client privilege extended to the taped conversation with his mother, nor do we interpret the district court's order as holding such.
III. Conclusion Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
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Notes
[1] The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, United States District Judge for the District of North Dakota.
[2] Here, the district court found that the audio recording of the telephone conversation was relevant evidence. Neither party disputes this finding on appeal.
[3] In other contexts, we have held that it was not an abuse of discretion for a
district court to
admit
a defendant's taped confession under