UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Charles HAMPTON, also known as Michael Byers, Appellant.
No. 74-1416.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Decided Dec. 11, 1974.
Submitted Oct. 15, 1974. Certiorari Granted March 31, 1975. See 95 S.Ct. 1445.
Thus, this case actually presents one of the questions raised but not answered in our recent opinion in United States v. Haygood, 502 F.2d 166 (7th Cir. 1974): Is it error for a sentencing judge to consider the facts underlying a separate charge pending against a defendant?1 I believe it is error. I would favor a policy that totally prohibits the consideration of mere arrests or pending charges in reaching a sentencing conclusion.2 Surely, we should not countenance the practice employed in this case. Here the trial judge specified his interest in the pending robbery charge. Indeed, he held a hearing in order to reach a tentative conclusion concerning the factual basis for the robbery charge. While the sentencing judge‘s desire to avoid predicating the sentence on the basis of an unproven charge is perhaps understandable, I do not agree that the solution is to hold a hearing on the matter. Instead, the charge should be totally ignored in view of the law‘s presumption of innocence. To do otherwise is to infringe upon the basic rights and safeguards we provide a defendant in a criminal case. A defendant is entitled to a jury determination if he so desires. We should not permit a procedure that could result in allowing a judge‘s broad sentencing discretion to be used by prosecutors as a means for increasing a defendant‘s sentence on the basis of a factual determination as to other alleged criminal activity for which a jury conviction might not be possible. Such a procedure cannot be condoned.
I would remand for resentencing.
Frederick J. Dana, Sp. Atty. in Charge, U. S. Dept. of Justice, St. Louis, Mo., for appellee.
Before HEANEY, BRIGHT and ROSS, Circuit Judges.
BRIGHT, Circuit Judge.
Charles Hampton stands convicted after a jury trial on two counts of distribution of heroin in violation of
Hampton raises two errors on appeal: (1) The trial court erred in refusing to give defendant‘s special instruction on entrapment, i. e., if the Government in fact provided Hampton with the heroin in question by its informer, the policy of the law forbids conviction,1 and (2) the trial court erred in permitting a special agent of the drug enforcement administration to state that the substance which had been obtained from defendant “contained heroin.”
We turn first to the entrapment defense as it is presented to us on this appeal. Hampton and the Government‘s informer, one Jules Hutton, became pool-playing friends in St. Louis. According to Hampton, he (Hampton) proposed a plan for selling a “pollutant“-a non-narcotic compound closely resembling heroin in appearance-to gullible acquaintances of Hutton. Hampton testified that the plan was carried out. Informer-Hutton supplied Hampton with packets containing alleged pollutants rather than narcotics and Hampton effected two sales to friends of Hutton. These friends turned out to be federal narcotics agents. The alleged pollutant turned out to be genuine heroin.
Hutton, as a Government witness, testified that Hampton had initiated the idea of selling heroin. He specifically denied giving Hampton the substances that Hampton sold to Government agents.
On this appeal, appellant makes the following statement of his entitlement to the special entrapment instruction:
[That request] is based on what has been termed the “Government Conduct Theory” of entrapment which has its origins in the separate opinion of Mr. Justice Roberts for himself and two other Justices in Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435 [53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413] (1932) and the concurring opinion of Mr. Justice Frankfurter, for himself and three other Justices, in Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369 [78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848] (1958).
Appellant recognizes that the Supreme Court has recently rejected a “Government conduct” theory of entrapment in United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973), but he nevertheless argues that such a theory may represent a proper basis for an entrapment defense where, as here, the defendant‘s version of the evidence discloses that the Government supplied the contraband without which there would be no crime.
In United States v. Russell, supra, an undercover narcotics agent supplied essential ingredients needed in the manufacture of an illegal drug, methamphetamine (“speed“). Russell and his co-defendants were charged with unlawful manufacture, processing, and sale of that drug. Russell offered a defense of entrapment as a matter of law. He was convicted upon a jury trial. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed the conviction for “an intolerable degree of governmental participation in the criminal enterprise.” United States v. Russell, 459 F.2d 671, 673 (9th Cir. 1972). The Supreme Court on writ of certiorari reversed and, in doing so, reaffirmed that the entrapment defense focuses essentially “on the intent or predisposition of the defendant to commit the crime.” United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. at 429, 93 S.Ct. at 1641.
The respondent-Russell contended that the Ninth Circuit had properly expanded the traditional notion of entrapment to require dismissal because of the extensive Government participation in perpetrating the alleged crime. Russell rested his claim on two theories: (a) that entrapment exists whenever the Government supplies contraband to the defendants2 or (b) that entrapment exists when a Government investigator becomes enmeshed in criminal activity to such a degree that prosecution of the defendants is repugnant to the American criminal justice system.3 The Court rejected these theories in Russell and refused to set aside the theory of the entrapment defense as based solely on predisposition and as explicated in the majority opinions in Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413 (1932), and Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848 (1958).
This Court‘s opinions in Sorrells v. United States, supra, and Sherman v. United States, supra, held that the principal element in the defense of entrapment was the defendant‘s predisposition to commit the crime. Respondent conceded in the Court of Appeals, as well he might, “that he may have harbored a predisposition to commit the charged offenses.” 459 F.2d, at 672. Yet he argues that the jury‘s refusal to find entrapment under the charge submitted to it by the trial court should be overturned and the views of Justices Roberts and Frankfurter, in Sorrells and Sherman, respectively, which make the essential element of the defense turn on the type and degree of governmental conduct, be adopted as the law.
We decline to overrule these cases. Sorrells is a precedent of long standing that has already been once reexamined in Sherman and implicitly there reaffirmed. [411 U.S. at 433, 93 S.Ct. at 1643.]
We believe that the Supreme Court‘s opinion in Russell forecloses us from considering any theory other than predisposition with respect to Hampton‘s entrapment defense.
We recognize that the Fifth Circuit in United States v. Bueno, 447 F.2d 903 (1971), held that entrapment is established as a matter of law to a charge of possessing or distributing contraband where such contraband was supplied to the defendant by a Government agent or a paid informer. In that circuit the following rules are applied: (1) Where the Government does not rebut defendant‘s testimony that an informer in the employ of the Government furnished the defendant the contraband, entrapment as a matter of law is established. United States v. Bueno, supra, 447 F.2d at 906. (2) Where the Government disputes that a Government agent or informer has furnished the contraband to the defendant, the issue is left to the jury under a special instruction to the effect that in order to convict “the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not obtain the contraband in question from the undercover agent.” United States v. Mosley, 496 F.2d 1012, at 1015 (5th Cir. 1974). See United States v. Oquendo, 490 F.2d 161 (5th Cir. 1974). The Fifth Circuit believes that its rulings pertaining to entrapment have not been eroded by the Supreme Court decision in Russell. United States v. Oquendo, supra, 490 F.2d at 163.
Prior to the decision in Russell, the Seventh Circuit, in common with the Fifth Circuit, had applied the entrapment defense in a case of extensive Government participation in the crime. It held entrapment applicable to a defendant charged with counterfeiting when the evidence disclosed that federal agents participated in the scheme to the extent of arranging for and supervising the actual printing of counterfeit bills, and also determining how and when those bills would be delivered to the defendant. United States v. McGrath, 468 F.2d 1027 (7th Cir. 1972). The Supreme Court granted certiorari, vacated the judgment, and remanded for reconsideration in light of United States v. Russell. United States v. McGrath, 412 U.S. 936, 93 S.Ct. 2769, 37 L.Ed.2d 395 (1973). On remand, the Seventh Circuit applied Russell as controlling law on appeal and held that the defense of entrapment was not available to the defendant. The court added: “We also conclude that the government agents’ involvement here does not amount to the type of outrageous conduct, ‘shocking to the universal sense of justice,’ which Russell suggests might preclude prosecution on due process principles.” United States v. McGrath, 494 F.2d 562, 563 (7th Cir. 1974).
We believe this is a case where classic entrapment principles as explicated in Russell, Sherman, and Sorrells should apply, for even under Hampton‘s testimony, Hampton carried out the crucial acts of selling the heroin substantially on his own.4 The district court, however, gave no instruction whatsoever on entrapment. Appellant has not urged the failure to give the standard entrapment instruction as error, conceding on oral argument the existence of predisposition in this case. Thus, in this appeal we are not called upon to determine whether the trial court erred in failing to give an entrapment instruction different from that which Hampton requested.5
II.
We have reviewed the record relating to testimony by Government agent James D. McDowell in which the agent described the substance delivered to him by Hampton as containing heroin. The trial court properly overruled the objection to the testimony for lack of foundation and hearsay. Agent McDowell related an extensive background of experience in training and performing field tests to determine the presence of heroin in a substance suspected of containing contraband. McDowell described the chemical test performed and the chemical reaction obtained from the test. From this reaction, he concluded that the tested substance contained heroin. Clearly, the trial court required the Government to lay an adequate foundation for McDowell‘s expert testimony, which was defined and limited in scope. His opinion thereafter was properly received into evidence. We find no error. United States v. Atkins, 473 F.2d 308, 313-314 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 412 U.S. 931, 93 S.Ct. 2751, 37 L.Ed.2d 160 (1973).
Affirmed.
HEANEY, Circuit Judge (dissenting).
I would have this Circuit adopt the Fifth Circuit rule that entrapment is established as a matter of law to a charge of possessing contraband or distributing contraband to a government agent, where such contraband was supplied to the defendant by a government agent, including a paid informer. See United States v. Oquendo, 490 F.2d 161, 162-164 (5th Cir. 1974); United States v. Bueno, 447 F.2d 903 (5th Cir. 1971). Since the government here came forward with sufficient evidence contradicting the defendant‘s allegations, the jury ought to have been instructed that it must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not obtain the contraband from the government agent. Accordingly, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.
On the contrary, I agree with the Fifth Circuit that the Bueno rule survives Russell because that rule is aimed precisely at the outrageous situation where
* * * the government buy [s] heroin from itself, through an intermediary, the defendant, and then charg [es] him with the crime. * * *
United States v. Bueno, supra, 447 F.2d at 905.
To hold, as the majority seems to say, that Russell emasculated Bueno, is to overlook the fact that the Russell Court specifically noted that the facts in Russell did not fall within the Bueno rationale because the chemical supplied to defendant Russell was not itself contraband. United States v. Russell, supra, 411 U.S. at 432, 93 S.Ct. 1637.
Not even the Supreme Court has focused so rigidly and exclusively on predisposition as this Court does today. In the future, it is difficult to see how any defendant in this Circuit can possibly raise the due process defense which the Russell Court sought to leave open. I respectfully dissent.
Notes
The defendant asserts that he was a victim of entrapment as to the crimes charged in the indictment.
If you find that the defendant‘s sales of narcotics were sales of narcotics supplied to him by an informer in the employ of or acting on behalf of the government, then you must acquit the defendant because the law as a matter of policy forbids his conviction in such a case.
Furthermore, under this particular defense, you need not consider the predisposition of the defendant to commit the offenses charged, because if the governmental involvement through its informer reached the point that I have just defined in your own minds, then the predisposition of the defendant would not matter.