United States v. Charles Adkins

Jun 2, 2014
13-2793
Versions:557 F. App'x 637

Before BYE, GRUENDER, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.

After inmate Larry Wayne Jones was denied permission to receive two publications that had been sent to him through the mail, he brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA). The district court1 granted summary judgment for defendants, and this appeal followed. Having conducted careful de novo review, see Patel v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 515 F.3d 807, 812 (8th Cir. 2008), we conclude that both the First Amendment free exercise and the RLUIPA claims fail, because Jones did not meet his burden of demonstrating that a genuine issue existed on a material threshold fact: whether denial of the publications substantially burdened his ability to practice his religion, see id. at 813; Gladson v. Iowa Dep‘t of Corr., 551 F.3d 825, 831-33 (8th Cir. 2009) (where inmate failed to put forth specific evidence that ability to practice religion was substantially burdened, strict-scrutiny test under RLUIPA need not be applied). Jones also argues that the district court erred by not construing his objections to the magistrate judge‘s report, in part, as a motion for leave to amend his complaint to clarify that he was bringing a class-of-one equal protection claim. This argument has no merit, however, because the evidence failed to support any such claim. See Nolan v. Thompson, 521 F.3d 983, 989-90 (8th Cir. 2008) (class-of-one plaintiff must provide specific and detailed account of nature of preferred treatment of favored class). The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

Before SMITH, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.

Charles Adkins pleaded guilty to distribution of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(a)(2) and 2252(b)(1) and possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) and 2252A(b)(2). Adkins possessed at least 120 images and 28 videos of child pornography, and, using the internet, Adkins distributed child pornography to undercover agents in Iowa and Florida.

At sentencing, the district court1 adopted the Pre-Sentence Investigation Report‘s computation of the Sentencing Guidelines range, with no objection by Adkins, and included a reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The final Guidelines range was 262-327 months’ imprisonment. Adkins motioned for a downward variance under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), which the court denied. Ultimately, the district court sentenced Adkins to 262 months’ imprisonment. Adkins appeals, arguing that the district court made erroneous factual conclusions in denying his request for a variance and that his sentence is substantively unreasonable.

“We review a sentence first for procedural error and then consider its substantive reasonableness under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Dengler, 695 F.3d 736, 739 (8th Cir. 2012) (internal quotations omitted). “Procedural error includes ‘failing to calculate ... the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.‘” United States v. Jones, 612 F.3d 1040, 1044 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)). “In the procedural error analysis, a district court‘s interpretation and application of the guidelines is reviewed de novo and its factual findings are reviewed for clear error.” Dengler, 695 F.3d at 739.

Here, Adkins challenges the district court‘s factual conclusions that resulted in its rejection of the requested downward variance.2 At sentencing, the court made some “general [factual] findings” before specifically evaluating the § 3553(a) factors. Adkins challenges these findings; namely, (1) that there was no objective evidence that Adkins was sexually abused as a child; (2) that even if he was abused, there was no evidence demonstrating the cause and effect between child abuse and collecting and distributing child pornography; and (3) that Adkins‘s expert‘s testimony was unhelpful. The district court reached these conclusions after fully examining and weighing the evidence. After a thorough review of the record, and given that factual findings and credibility determinations are best left to the sentencing court, we see no error here. United States v. Rodriguez, 711 F.3d 928, 938 (8th Cir. 2013) (“[I]t is well established that in sentencing matters a district court‘s assessment of witness credibility is quintessentially a judgment call and virtually unassailable on appeal.” (quotation omitted)), cert. denied, --- U.S. ---, 134 S.Ct. 715, 187 L.Ed.2d 574 (2013); United States v. Austad, 519 F.3d 431, 436 (8th Cir. 2008) (“‘[T]he sentencing judge is in a superior position to find facts and judge their import under § 3553(a) in the individual case. The judge sees and hears the evidence, makes credibility determinations, has full knowledge of the facts and gains insights not conveyed by the record.‘” (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51)).

Adkins also challenges the substantive reasonableness of his sentence. Adkins, first, challenges the child pornography guidelines asserting that they overstate the seriousness of his offense. Even assuming the district court could opt not to apply the Guidelines on policy grounds, the court is not required to do so. United States v. Pappas, 715 F.3d 225, 229 (8th Cir. 2013). Our review here is “limited to determining the substantive reasonableness of a specific sentence where the advisory guidelines range was determined in accordance with the guidelines.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). Thus, Adkins‘s argument has no merit. See United States v. Muhlenbruch, 682 F.3d 1096, 1102 (8th Cir. 2012) (concluding a similar argument was meritless because it was not properly before this court).

Adkins finally asserts that his sentence is substantively unreasonable based on the sentencing court‘s analysis of the § 3553(a) factors. Adkins was sentenced to a 262-month sentence and because it is a within-Guidelines-range sentence, we may afford the sentence a “presumption of reasonableness.” United States v. Wanna, 744 F.3d 584, 589 (8th Cir. 2014) (quotation omitted). “But even without that presumption, the record shows that the court carefully explained the reasons for its sentence and its refusal to vary downward, and we see no indication that the court improperly weighed the sentencing factors.” Id. The sentencing court did not abuse its discretion here.

For these reasons, we affirm the district court.

Notes

1
The Honorable Brian S. Miller, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, adopting the report and recommendations of the Honorable Joe J. Volpe, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern District of Arkansas. The Honorable Linda R. Reade, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa.
2
The government asserts that we should review this claim for plain error, see Dengler, 695 F.3d at 739. However, because Adkins‘s arguments fail even under a more lenient standard, we need not address the government‘s contention.
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