United States v. Catalan
499 F.3d 604
6th Cir.
2007
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OPINION

COOK, Circuit Judge.

Sаlviano Catalan was convicted for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than 500 grams of cocaine and for the underlying possession. Catalan appeals his convictions, arguing that it was based on insufficient evidence, and his sentence, arguing that the district court should have neither applied a two-level enhancement for possessing a firearm nor imposed a tolling condition of supervised release. We аffirm Catalan’s conviction, but vacate his sentence and remand for *606 removal of the tolling condition in light of United States v. Ossa-Gallegos, 491 F.3d 537 (6th Cir.2007) (en banc).

Before the raid that led to this case, Lamont Johnson, a confidential infоrmant, was helping the police investigate Roberto Cruz’s drug deals. As Johnson arrived at Cruz’s house to see if Cruz had cocaine for sale, Johnson saw Cаtalan leave in a light brown truck. Johnson arranged to buy a kilogram, and Cruz told him that Catalan would supply the cocaine for $21,000. Cruz would serve as an interpreter because Catalan cannot speak English. Cruz called Catalan to come back to the house, and when he did, Johnson saw him carrying а bag that looked like it contained a one-kilogram brick of cocaine. Johnson called Detective Melzoni, one of his contaсts at the police department, and told him that Catalan was at Cruz’s house with the drugs. After corroborating Johnson’s information with the undercover officеrs surveilling Cruz’s house, Melzoni quickly obtained a search warrant. He led a group of officers into the house, announcing that they were police officers, whereupon Cruz and Catalan ran into two separate bathrooms. Catalan, who had forced his way past Mrs. Cruz into the master bathroom, briеfly prevented an officer from entering, but soon yielded. Also in the master bathroom were other drugs and a loaded handgun belonging to Cruz.

Catalan arguеs, almost as an afterthought, that the evidence was insufficient to support each of his convictions. Catalan merely states the charge, the standard, and the conclusion without an iota of explanation of why the evidence offered at trial would not support a conviction. We require parties to develop their arguments in a non-perfunctory manner at the risk of having them deemed waived. See, e.g., United States v. Robinson, 390 F.3d 853, 886 (6th Cir.2004); United States v. San-dridge, 385 F.3d 1032, 1035-36 (6th Cir.2004); United States v. Cole, 359 F.3d 420, 428 n. 13 (6th Cir.2004). Given Catalan’s failure to develop this argument, we deem it waived and affirm his conviction. We note, though, that were we to consider this argument, we would have no difficulty holding the evidenсe at trial, as summarized above, sufficient to support his conviction.

As for Catalan’s sentence, we first address whether the. district court erred ‍‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‍by applying the two-level firearm-possession enhancement to his drug offense. See U.S.S.G. § 2Dl.l(b)(l). Post- Booker, we consider sentences predicated on a guideline miscalculation to be “proee-durally unreasonable.” See United States v. Davis, 458 F.3d 491, 495 (6th Cir.2006) (citing United States v. Hazelwood, 398 F.3d 792, 801 (6th Cir.2005)). We review “de novo the district court’s legal interpretation of the Guidelines, including mixed questions of law and fact.” United States v. Howse, 478 F.3d 729, 731 (6th Cir.2007) (quoting United States v. Settle, 414 F.3d 629, 630 (6th Cir.2005)). The district court’s factual findings at sentencing are reviewed only for clear error. See United States v. Hunt, 487 F.3d 347, 350 (6th Cir.2007).

Section 2Dl.l(b)(l) provides that, when calculating thе base offense level for drug offenses, “[i]f a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed, increase by 2 levels.” Once the governmеnt establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that “(1) the defendant actually or constructively ‘possessed’ the weapon, and (2) such possession was during the commission of the offense,” the burden shifts to the defendant to show that it was “clearly improbable” that the weapоn was connected to the offense. United States v. Hill, 79 F.3d 1477, 1485 (6th Cir.1996). If he fails to ‍‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‍meet this burden, the district *607 court should apply the enhancement. United States v. Shults, 68 Fed.Appx. 648, 653 (6th Cir.2003).

Catalan argues that the government produced no evidence “indicаting that [he] possessed or had any knowledge of the possession or existence of the weapon or that it was related to the drug transaction.” The government concedes that Catalan did not actually possess the weapon but argues that he constructively possessed it beсause Cruz was his cocon-spirator. In this circuit, “possession of a gun by one coconspirator is attributable to another coconspirator if such possession constitutes reasonably foreseeable conduct.” United States v. Cochran, 14 F.3d 1128, 1132 (6th Cir.1994) (quoting United States v. Chalkias, 971 F.2d 1206, 1217 (6th Cir.1992)). Catalan need not have actually known about the weapon, as reasonable foreseeability is an objective test. Id. The question before us, then, is whether a reasonable person would have foreseen that a gun would be present during the commission of the offense.

We have explicitly rejected “the fiction that a firearm’s presence always will be foreseeable to persons participating in illegal drug transactions.” Cochran, 14 F.3d at 1133 (citing United States v. White, 875 F.2d 427 (4th Cir.1989)). In Cochran, the defendant was in the car with his cousin (the armed cоconspirator), ‍‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‍who he considered “small time,” and who he was with solely for company. Id. We distinguished Cochran in Gross, finding that application of the enhancement was appropriate where the defendant was heavily involved in the drug trade, knew that his coconspirator was as well, and possessed a bulletрroof vest. United States v. Gross, 77 Fed. Appx. 338, 344 (6th Cir.2003). And in United States v. Williams, we upheld a § 2Dl.l(b)(l) enhancement where the defendant “was arrested during the execution of a search warrant at a residence that was clearly the location of much of the [relevant] drug activity” and the loaded handgun was “[n]ear him on a shelf in the room where he was arrеsted ..., easily accessible by anyone in the residence.” 176 F.3d 301, 307-08 (6th Cir.1999). We held that “it was not clear error for the district court to find that the government had met its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Williams constructively possessed a weapon during the course of this conspiracy.” Id. at 308.

We see this case as closer to Williams and Gross than to Cochran. Catalan traveled from Texas to Tennessee to supply Cruz with 1007 grams of cocaine, worth more than $20,000. In Cochran, the defendant purchased оnly one gram of ‍‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‍methamphetamine from his coconspirator, 14 F.3d at 1129, but in Gross, the defendant “had sold quantities of powder cocaine up to a quartеr kilogram to” one coconspirator and “had distributed several kilograms of cocaine to” another coconspirator, 77 Fed.Appx. at 344. And, as in Williams, Catalan was arrested in the room where the gun was located after having struggled with officers attempting to enter that room to arrest him. A reasonable person would have foreseen that Cruz was armed with a dangerous weapon.

The gun was also clearly possessed during the commission of the offense, having been recovered during the raid of the specific sale at issue. The burden then shifts to Catalan to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the weapon was not connected to the offense. Hill, 79 F.3d at 1485. Nowhere does Catalan attempt to carry this burden, nor is there any еvidence indicating another purpose for the firearm. The district court was not “procedurally unreasonable” in applying the § 2Dl.l(b)(l) enhancеment.

*608 Finally, Catalan argues that the district court should not have imposed a condition of supervised release tolling the term of release ‍‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‍whilе Catalan is outside the United States. The en banc court recently held that this exact condition is not authorized by statute. Ossar-Gallegos, 491 F.3d at 544. We thus affirm Catalan’s convictions, vacate Catalan’s sentence, and remand for resentencing with instructions that the remand be limited to setting forth lawful conditions of supervised release consistent with the en banc court’s decision in Ossar-Gallegos.