United States of America v. Cahlan A. Clay
No. 16-4303
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
March 5, 2018
Bеfore COLLOTON and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges, and READE, District Judge.
Submitted: November 17, 2017; [Published]
A jury convicted Cahlan Clay of one count of unlawful possession of a firearm as a previously convicted felon, in violation of
I.
On September 23, 2012, Detective Anderson and Officer Thomas of the Kansas City, Missouri Police Department were working off-duty at a wedding reception in Kansas City. Around 2:45 a.m., Detectivе Anderson heard a “pop,” which he believed was a gunshot. This was followed by one or two more “pops,” which he knew were gunshots. The sounds originated from a large crowd gathered in a nearby parking lot. The crowd scattered, and Detective Anderson and Officer Thomas moved toward the parking lot.
Detective Anderson testified that, upon entering the parking lot, he saw Clay holding a handgun. Detective Anderson saw the muzzle flash of Clay‘s handgun as Clay fired at him. Clay fled after Detective Anderson returned fire. Dеtective Anderson maintained focus on Clay and pursued him. While in pursuit, Detective Anderson fired multiple times at Clay. One of his shots hit Clay, who fell to the ground. As Detective Anderson approached, Clay surrendered his handgun by dropping it and said, “I‘m done.” The entire incidеnt lasted approximately thirty seconds to a minute.
The State of Missouri charged Clay with four felonies arising out of the incident. On April 21, 2015, Clay‘s state court trial began in Jackson County, Missouri. Detective Anderson and Officer Thomas testified at the state trial. The trial еnded in a mistrial after the jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict.
On July 28, 2015, a federal grand jury charged Clay with one count of unlawful
During closing argument, defense counsel argued that the officers’ testimony was contradicted by the trial evidence in twо ways. First, Detective Anderson testified that he had heard three gunshots prior to approaching the parking lot, where Clay fired a fourth shot. This testimony was contradicted by the fact that only three shell casings matching the handgun were recovered. Seсond, Officer Thomas testified that the shooter was wearing a white t-shirt, but the evidence established that Clay was wearing a black t-shirt over a white t-shirt. Detective Anderson and Officer Thomas observed closing arguments from the gallery. On March 24, 2016, the district court declаred a mistrial after the jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict.
On May 9, 2016, Clay‘s second federal trial began. Both officers testified at the second trial. Detective Anderson‘s testimony was similar to his testimony at the first trial, except he testified that he heard two shots, rather than three, prior to entering the parking lot. Specifically, Detective Anderson testified that he heard a “pop” that sounded like a gunshot, followed by a second “pop” that he was certain was a gunshot. Detective Andersоn also testified, however, that he was not counting shots and that he was unsure of the total number of shots fired. Officer Thomas‘s testimony was also substantially similar to the first trial, except that, on cross-examination, he described the shooter as wearing a black t-shirt over a white t-shirt.
Based on the officers’ testimony, defense counsel sought to elicit testimony, through either cross-examination or defense witnesses, that the officers had been present for closing arguments at the first trial. Defense counsel contеnded that this evidence supported the argument that the officers changed their testimony to conform to the physical evidence after seeing how defense counsel attacked their testimony in the first trial. The district court found that Detective Anderson and Officer Thomas had “committed [their] statements on the record multiple times” before the current trial, including statements given after the incident, during depositions and trial in state court and at the first federal trial. The district court determined that defense counsel had ample opportunity to impeach the officers without referencing the first federal trial and concluded that the proffered evidence was “more confusing than helpful.” Defense counsel was allowed to impeach the officers with their prior testimony by referring to the first federal trial as a “hearing.”
During cross-examination, defense counsel also sought to question Detective Anderson regarding the consequences he could face for an unjustified shooting. The prosecution objected that the testimony was speculative. Defense counsel argued that this evidence established that Detective Anderson had a motive to say that Clay had a gun, even if he did not, to avoid punishment. The district court sustained the objeсtion, finding that the record was sufficient to allow defense counsel to “argue the inference[]” but that such testimony would “distract[] from the purpose of the charge and this trial.”
During closing arguments in the second federal trial, defense counsel argued that
The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the district court sentenced Clay to 120 months’ imprisonment. Clay raises two issues on appeal. First, Clay argues that the district court violated his right to present a defense under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments by excluding testimony that the officers were present for closing arguments during the first federal trial. Second, Clay argues that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him by limiting defense counsel‘s cross-examination of Detective Anderson.
II.
“We review claims of constitutional error de novo.” United States v. Hawkins, 796 F.3d 843, 863 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Sweeney, 611 F.3d 459, 473 (8th Cir. 2010)).
“‘[T]he Constitution guarantеes criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense,’ which includes the right to present testimony of witnesses that is material and favorable to their defense and complies with the rules of evidence.” United States v. Holmes, 413 F.3d 770, 774 (8th Cir. 2005) (alteration in original) (quoting Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986)). The right to present testimony is “grounded in the [F]ifth and [S]ixth [A]mendments.”
Clay argues that the district court violated his right to present a complete defense by excluding testimony that Detective Anderson and Officer Thomas were present for closing arguments during the first federal trial. Clay contends that this evidence would have bolstered his defense that Detective Anderson lied about seeing him with a gun. Clay further argues that this evidence corroborated his defense by giving the jury grounds to infer that both officers tailored their testimony to the physical evidence.
We find that the district court committed no error by excluding the requested testimony. The district court found that the prоffered testimony was of little probative value and was outweighed by the risk of confusion of the issues. As did the district court, we note the considerable amount of committed testimony in this case that could be, and was, used to impeach the officers and call into question the reliability of their testimony. The district court also found that defense counsel could have used cross-examination to show that the officers viewed the physical evidence subsequent to the night of the incident and had a chancе to tailor their testimony, without mentioning the prior trial. Although the defense was forbidden to inquire whether the officers were present for closing arguments at a prior trial, nothing prevented defense counsel from asking other questions to establish that the officers learned after their prior testimony
Additionally, we do not agree with Clay that Portuondo v. Agard, 529 U.S. 61 (2000) is instructive to this case. In Portuondo, the Supreme Court held that a prosecutor did not violate the defendant‘s rights when, during closing argument, she “call[ed] the jury‘s attention to the fact that the defendant had the opportunity to hear all other witnesses testify and to tailor his testimony accordingly.” Id. at 63. This decision did not address the admissibility of testimony nor the standard used to determine if a district court properly excluded proffered testimony. As discussed, the district court properly weighed the concerns of confusion of the issues against the probative value of the testimony, and it did not commit error when it excluded the requested testimony.
III.
We review “evidentiary rulings regarding the scope of a cross[-]examination for abuse of discretion, but where the Confrontation Clause is implicated, we consider the matter de novo.” United States v. White Plume, 847 F.3d 624, 629 (8th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. Williams, 796 F.3d 951, 960 (8th Cir. 2015)).
The
Clay argues that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment rights by not allowing him to cross-examine Detective Anderson about his observation of closing arguments in the first federal trial and the potential consequences if the shooting of Clay was unjustified. On the first issue, Clay presents a substantively similar argument as that addressed above. We find that Clay‘s right to confront Detective Anderson was not violated for the reasons discussed. Simply, еvidence that Detective Anderson observed closing arguments was of little probative value, and the district court properly weighed its value against the potential for confusion of the issues.
Turning to the second issue, Clay contends that Detectivе Anderson‘s motive to lie about Clay being armed and dangerous arises directly from Detective Anderson‘s improper use of deadly force and subsequent attempt to avoid punishment. We find that the district court was well within its discretion when it limited cross-examination on this subject. We recently addressed a similar issue in Williams, 796 F.3d 951. In that case, the defendant was arrested for being a felon in possession of a firearm after a handgun was found in his possession during a traffic stop. The district court prevented the defendant
We find that Clay provided only speculation and conjecture in support of his contention that Detective Anderson perjured himself to avoid punishment. We do not agree with Clay that the differences between Detective Anderson‘s testimony in the first federal trial and the second federal trial provide a foundation for this question. Rather, we agree with the district court that this line of questioning was “distracting from the purpose of the charge and [the] trial.” Accordingly, the district court was well within its wide latitude of discretion when it limited cross-examination on this issue.
IV.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.