25 F. Cas. 1 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Kentucky | 1806
this day delivered the following opinion, which is ordered to be entered of record, to wit:
The motion made by Mr. Attorney on the 3d day of this term is predicated upon the fifth section of the act of congress [1 Stat. 384] entitled an act in addition to the act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States: “That if any person shall within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States, begin or set on foot, or provide or prepare the means for any military expedition or enterprise to be carried on from thence against the territory or dominions of any foreign prince or state, with whom the United States are at peace, every such person so offending shall, upon conviction, be adjudged guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall suffer fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court in which the conviction shall be had, so as that such fine shall not exceed three thousand dollars, nor the term of imprisonment be more than three years.” The evidence in support of the motion is in the following words, viz.:
“J. H. Daviess, attorney for said United States, in and for said district, upon his corporal oath, doth depose and say, that the deponent is informed, and doth verily believe, that a certain Aaron Burr, Esq., late vice-president of the said United States, for several months past, hath been, and is now, engaged in preparing and setting on foot, and in providing and preparing the means for a military expedition and enterprise, within this district, for the purpose of descending the Ohio and Mississippi therewith, and making war upon the subjects of the king of Spain, who are now in a state of peace with the people of the United States, to wit, on the province of Mexico, on the westwardly side of Louisiana, which appertain and belong to the king of Spain, a European prince, with whom the United States are at peace. And said deponent further saith, that he is informed and fully believes, that the above charge can and will be fully substantiated by evidence, provided this honorable court will grant compulsory process to bring in witnesses to testify thereto. And this deponent further saith, that he is informed, and verily believes, that the agents and emissaries of the said Bun-have purchased up, and are continuing to purchase, large stores of provisions, as if for an army, while the said Burr seems to conceal in great mystery from the people at large his purposes and projects; and while the minds of the good people of this district seem agitated with the current rumor, that a military expedition against some neighboring power is preparing by the said Aaron
“Aifirmed to in open court. (Attest.) T. Tunstall, C. K. D. C.
“November 5, 1806.”
The question to be considered: Has this court power to award process against the accused, and to compel the attendance of witnesses upon this motion; and if the court has such power, is the evidence adduced sufficient to warrant the measure? Pour kinds of proceeding have been known and pursued in order to convict persons of crimes and misdemeanors: 1st. By an application to a justice or judge out of court. 2d. By preferring an indictment to a grand jury. 3d. By a presentment of the grand jury. And the 4th. By information. The present application is not embraced by either of those modes of proceeding. It is a new case resting on the discretion of the court; and, as this decision may be considered a precedent in future, I have thought it my duty to take time and mature the subject; because, the proposed measure being prevention, no injury could arise by a little delay. No instance has occurred (within my recollection, since I have become acquainted with judicial proceedings, when a crime or misdemeanor has been committed) of a motion being made to a court to award process to arrest the offender in the first instance; neither have I knowledge of the existence of a law to authorize it. In any case where a court awards process, it is predicated upon some previous act already done, which gives the court cognizance of the subject,, and brings the case in a legal shape before that tribunal; this being performed, the power to adopt every necessary measure to attain the object and end of the law, and to perfect justice, is vested in a court. The magnitude of this cause, not only as it relates to the community, but to the accused, requires that the proceeding be pursued with regularity, caution, and circumspection. If the facts stated in the affidavit be true, the project ought to be prevented, and the offender punished. Yet, in doing this, the regular legal steps pointed out by usage, or by law, ought to be pursued. If. on the other hand, the accused be innocent, the strong arm of power ought to be confined within its proper limits, the known rules of proceeding; and on no occasion but extreme necessity, ought a judge to be induced to exercise a power which rests on discretion.. The law then becomes unknown, and the best judge may be considered a tyrant, because it then depends upon his whim and his caprice. It will not be uniform, but it is liable to change with the opinion of every judge.
These reflections extend to the general principle arising out of. the case. Admit, however, that they are erroneous; to award process would be improper; it would be an act of oppression, because there is not legal evidence before the court to authorize an arrest of the person accused. The evidence is the oath of a person who has been informed by one not upon oath; and the deponent believes the fact to be true. I make no doubt of the truth of the affidavit; that is, that the deponent has been informed that the fact stated is true; yet it is not legal evidence, and, not being legal evidence, the court cannot act upon it. Upon this view of the subject. I am compelled to declare, that as the cause is a new one, as no precedent has been shown to justify such a proceeding, as the law is silent upon the subject, and as there are two other modes of proceeding which are regular and well understood, viz., by applying to the judge out of court, and obtaining a warrant upon legal evidence, or by the court ordering a grand jury to be summoned instanter, and preferring an indictment, this motion is overruled.
The attorney for the United States then prayed the judge to issue his warrant to the marshal, to summon a grand jury, which was done accordingly.
