United States v. Bryant

571 F.3d 147

1st Cir.

2009

Check Treatment

Docket

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Chris BRYANT, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 08-1160

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Decided July 8, 2009.

571 F.3d 147

Heard Feb. 5, 2009.

him the benefit of the doubt, we see no error.

The instruction was not required. Meadows is in federal court, not state court, and as we have held, there is no federal constitutional right to have one‘s custodial interrogation recorded.

United States v. Torres-Galindo, 206 F.3d 136, 144 (1st Cir.2000); see also Roberto Iraola, The Electronic Recording of Criminal Interrogations, 40 U. Rich. L.Rev. 463, 471 (2006) (“The federal courts uniformly have rejected the argument that the Constitution mandates, as a matter of due process, that a defendant‘s confession be electronically recorded.“).

Of course, the Supreme Judicial Court‘s instruction requirement was made using that court‘s supervisory power, and not through a constitutional requirement. DiGiambattista, 813 N.E.2d at 529-32. But our inherent power as an intermediate appellate court is not so broad as a state supreme court, and must be used “sparingly.”

United States v. Lopez-Matias, 522 F.3d 150, 154 n. 8 (1st Cir.2008). We decline to use any supervisory authority we might have to uniformly require this instruction as a prophylactic measure. Cf. (rejecting a request for suppression of unrecorded statements because “[t]he need for the rule suggested by appellant and the particular form such a rule should take are appropriate matters for consideration by Congress, not for a court exercising an appellate function“).⁸

Finally, we note that Meadows develops no argument that he was somehow prejudiced through detrimental reliance on the district court‘s unfulfilled suggestion it would give the instruction. We also see no argument for prejudice since the court nonetheless instructed the jury that it would have to decide the credibility and voluntariness of the statements, and Meadows was able to make his arguments on those grounds through cross-examination and summation. Accordingly, we reject all of Meadows‘s challenges to the jury instructions.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Meadows‘s conviction is affirmed.

Affirmed.

William W. Fick, Federal Defender Office, for appellant.

Randall E. Kromm, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Michael J. Sullivan, United States Attorney, was on brief for appellee.

Before TORRUELLA, STAHL, and HOWARD, Circuit Judges.

TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.

On September 14, 2007, defendant Chris Bryant pleaded guilty to a one-count indictment charging him with distribution of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). At a sentencing hearing on December 19, 2007, the district court sentenced Bryant to ninety-months imprisonment, based in part on its determination that he qualified as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. The court also imposed a five-year term of supervised release. In this appeal, Bryant challenges the district court‘s career offender designation and the district court‘s determination that an earlier uncharged transaction involving Bryant constituted relevant conduct under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. After careful consideration, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

I. Background

As this appeal follows Bryant‘s guilty plea, we draw the facts from the presentencing report (“PSR“) and the transcript of the sentencing hearing. See

United States v. Jaca-Nazario, 521 F.3d 50, 52 (1st Cir.2008).

In the summer and fall of 2006, Bryant participated in two sales of crack cocaine to an undercover officer in Mattapan, Massachusetts. The first occurred on August 2, 2006, and the second occurred on November 15, 2006. Bryant was not charged with the August 2, 2006 transaction.

On August 2, 2006, at about 1:15 p.m., an undercover officer drove into an area near 17 Gleason Street, looking for an individual from whom he had previously purchased crack cocaine. He passed four black males sitting on the curb. One of the four men called out to the officer and asked him what he was looking for. The officer responded that he was inquiring about his prior contact, providing a description of the individual. One of the males then said that the person whom the officer had described was not around and again asked the officer what he was looking for. The officer replied that he wanted $150 worth of “law,” a reference to cocaine. One of the males offered instead to sell marijuana to the officer, but the officer declined the offer. Upon hearing his response, that same male began making calls to locate crack cocaine that the officer could then purchase. At this time, another male, later identified as Bryant, asked the officer if he was a cop. The officer said no and showed Bryant his cellular telephone, which contained the target individual‘s phone number. Bryant and another male at the scene, Kyle Alston, then told the officer to meet them at another location, the corner of Gleason and Bradshaw streets.

The officer met Bryant and Alston at the designated corner, and then walked with them to another nearby corner. Alston asked the officer for money, indicating that he would be using it to buy the drugs. Bryant told the officer that it was “ok” and that he should try the “product” because it was “high-quality.” Bryant also stated that the “product” was his and that he smoked marijuana, but was selling cocaine to make some money. Alston returned and handed the officer a plastic bag containing four rocks of what was later determined to be 0.7 grams of crack cocaine. Bryant told the officer that he should hide the drugs in his anal cavity because the police were in the area. The officer exchanged phone numbers with Bryant.

After the sale to the officer was completed, Bryant and Alston were stopped by other police officers. Soon thereafter, Bryant and Alston saw the undercover officer again and told him to be careful because police were in the area.

The second transaction occurred over three months later, on November 15, 2006. The same undercover officer was driving on Bradshaw Street when he saw Bryant. The officer asked Bryant if he recognized him. Bryant indicated that he did and asked the officer what he wanted. The officer told Bryant that he wanted the same thing as last time. Bryant said he would take care of him and then entered the officer‘s car and asked him to drive around the block. Bryant called multiple people in an attempt to locate drugs for the officer. Bryant then directed the officer to Baker Avenue, and asked him to park the car. Bryant requested money from the officer. After some hesitation, the officer gave Bryant money. Bryant exited the car and entered 18 Baker Ave-nue. He returned to the car shortly thereafter. The officer subsequently drove Bryant back to Gleason Street, where, upon the officer‘s request, Bryant dropped a plastic bag containing six rocks of what was later determined to be 0.74 grams of crack cocaine into the cupholder of the officer‘s car.

On January 10, 2007, federal authorities arrested Bryant pursuant to a complaint alleging distribution of cocaine base. Bryant‘s one-count indictment, handed down on February 28, 2007, charged him with knowingly and intentionally distributing a quantity of cocaine base on November 15, 2006, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) as well as with a related forfeiture allegation under 21 U.S.C. § 853. The indictment did not reference the August 2, 2006 transaction. Bryant entered a plea of guilty on September 14, 2007. On November 9, 2007, the Probation Office issued an initial PSR.

As originally issued, the PSR stated that Bryant was responsible for both the 0.74 grams of crack cocaine the undercover officer purchased in the November 15, 2006 transaction and for the 0.70 grams of crack cocaine the undercover officer purchased in the August 2, 2006 uncharged transaction. Based on this total of 1.44 grams of crack cocaine, the PSR calculated Bryant‘s base offense level (“BOL“) to be 16. The PSR reduced the BOL by three levels for acceptance of responsibility, bringing the total offense level to 13. The PSR applied a criminal history category of III due to one countable prior New York conviction for attempted sale of a controlled substance in 1996 (hereinafter the “New York conviction“). The PSR calculated a Guideline Sentencing Range (“GSR“) of 15-21 months imprisonment. See U.S.S.G. § 5A.

On November 20, 2007, the government objected to the PSR‘s calculation of Bryant‘s criminal history. The government contended that the PSR omitted a November 1997 conviction from the Suffolk Superior Court for conspiracy to violate the Massachusetts controlled substance laws in November 1997 (hereinafter the “Suffolk Superior Court conviction“). The government argued that this additional conviction would result in Bryant‘s designation as a career offender and a GSR of 151-188 months of imprisonment.

Bryant also objected to the PSR. He objected to the offense level calculations in the PSR arguing that the uncharged sale of 0.7 grams of crack cocaine on August 2, 2006 should not be included as relevant conduct. Bryant contended that the August 2, 2006 and the November 15, 2006 sale were not part of a “common scheme or plan” nor were they part of the “same course of conduct” within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). Bryant also objected to his potential designation as a career offender, alleging that the Suffolk Superior Court conviction was no longer valid and in any event could not qualify as a career offender predicate because the object of a conspiracy to violate the drug laws in Massachusetts is not necessarily a “controlled substance offense” within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b). Similarly, Bryant claimed that in the absence of court records of the type required by the Supreme Court in

Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005) and , there was insufficient evidence to prove the existence of the New York conviction.

In response to these objections, the Probation Office issued a revised PSR, dated December 6, 2007, which concluded that Bryant was a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 and agreed with the government that the GSR was 151 to 188 months.

The district court held a sentencing hearing on December 19, 2007. It began by noting the “enormous” disparity between the offense level attributed to the drug distribution offense for which Bryant was being sentenced, and the offense level computation resulting from the application of the career offender provisions. The district court noted that it was disinclined to impose a sentence either within the career offender guideline range or within the lower range calculated in the initial PSR, citing problems with the evidence used to establish the appropriate predicate offenses and convictions. However, the district court also noted that Bryant was a “serious offender” and extenuating circumstances were present in this case that would lead it to impose a much higher sentence than that called for by a simple application of 1.44 grams of crack cocaine and criminal history category III.¹

After giving Bryant‘s counsel the opportunity to address the objections he had made to the PSR, the district court concluded that it would hold Bryant responsible for the August 2, 2006 transaction. With respect to Bryant‘s objection to the use of the Suffolk Superior Court conviction, the district court found that Bryant pleaded guilty to a conspiracy to traffic in cocaine and that the conviction constituted a predicate for establishing that he was a career offender. Finally, with respect to the New York conviction, the district court found that, based upon the preponderance of the evidence, there was sufficient evidence to show that Bryant was convicted for that offense. The district court, therefore, found that the government offered sufficient proof to a preponderance of the evidence that established Bryant as a career offender.

The district court, however, explained that it would not impose the recommended minimum guideline sentence of 151 months triggered by the career offender designation because of Bryant‘s attempts to rehabilitate himself and the fact that Bryant provided care for his children. Thus, it imposed a sentence of imprisonment for a term of ninety months, recommended participation in the Bureau of Prisons’ 500-hour residential drug abuse program, and recommended participation in a mental health treatment program. Finally, the district court ordered that upon Bryant‘s release, he be placed in supervised release for a term of five years, the first six months of which would have to be served at a residential re-entry center.

Bryant timely appeals the district court‘s ruling.

II. Discussion

On appeal, Bryant asserts that the district court erred by designating him as a career offender. Specifically, Bryant argues that the government failed to satisfy its burden of proving the fact of the New York and Suffolk Superior Court convictions, the two prior convictions upon which the district court relied for its determination of Bryant‘s career offender status. In the alternative, Bryant argues that even if the government had met its burden, the two prior convictions cannot be classified as predicate offenses for purposes of career offender status. Further, Bryant appeals the district court‘s determination that the uncharged August 2, 2006 transaction could be deemed relevant conduct for sentencing purposes.

For the reasons stated below we conclude that the district court appropriately found the Suffolk Superior Court conviction to be a predicate offense for career offender purposes and did not clearly err in finding the August 2, 2006 conviction to be relevant conduct. However, we conclude that the district court committed clear error in finding that the government met its burden of proving the fact of the New York conviction.

A. Standard of Review

As a general matter, we review a sentencing court‘s legal determinations of the Sentencing Guidelines’ meaning and scope de novo and its factual determinations for clear error.

United States v. Hoey, 508 F.3d 687, 690 (1st Cir.2007). Specifically, “whether a prior conviction qualifies as a predicate offense under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 is a question of law that we review de novo.” ; . A sentencing court‘s factual finding as to whether a prior conviction exists for career offender purposes is reviewed for clear error, , as is its determination of whether a particular drug quantity that was part of prior drug sale should be included as relevant conduct at sentencing, see .

B. Eligibility for Career Offender Status

The Sentencing Guidelines provide that a defendant be classified as a career offender if he meets the following criteria: (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time he or she committed the offense of conviction; (2) the offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has been previously convicted of two prior felonies of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a); see also

Almenas, 553 F.3d at 31.

1. Proving the Fact of the Conviction for Purposes of Career Offender Status

The government bears the burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, the existence of a prior conviction for sentencing enhancement purposes.

United States v. McKenzie, 539 F.3d 15, 18-19 (1st Cir.2008). “The Government may satisfy its burden by producing a certified copy of the conviction or an equivalent proffer.” (citing , for the proposition that an equivalent proffer includes official court documents). “Once the government‘s threshold burden has been met, the conviction is presumed valid for purposes of applying the sentencing guidelines.” .

i. The New York Conviction

The government was unable to provide a judicial record of the fact of Bryant‘s New York conviction. The PSR noted that the New York Supreme Court Clerk‘s office was unable to locate the file for the case. To prove the fact of this conviction, the PSR and the government relied upon the criminal history record maintained by the National Crime Information Center (“NCIC“) and the New York State Police Information Network (“NYSPIN“) as well as the incarceration record from the New York Department of Correctional Services.

Bryant argues that the government is constrained as to what it can rely on to prove the fact of a conviction, contending that the Supreme Court in Shepard re-quired that the existence of a prior conviction be proved by judicial records.²

We decline the invitation to read Shepard as broadly as Bryant does. As we have stated previously, ”Shepard and its progenitor, Taylor ... address the appropriate sources for ascertaining the elements of a putative predicate offense when the statute of conviction encompasses both conduct that would constitute a predicate offense and conduct that would not.”³

United States v. Pelletier, 469 F.3d 194, 202 (1st Cir.2006). Specifically, Shepard concerned itself with the sources upon which a sentencing court can rely to determine the “character” of an offense. See . This is a different question than what we are presented with in the instant case. More precisely, we agree with our sister courts that Shepard does not control here because the Shepard Court “did not address what documents can be used to prove the fact of a prior conviction.” (emphasis in original); see also (ruling that ”Shepard does not apply when determining whether the government has satisfied its burden of proof as to the existence of a prior conviction“); (noting that Shepard does not control the inquiry as to whether the government has provided sufficient evidence to establish a fact of the conviction).

While Bryant argues that “it would make little sense to permit courts to consider a broader array of less reliable, less certain, non-judicial records to determine whether such a conviction even existed, in the first place,” it does not logically follow that we should extend Shepard‘s rule governing judicial records to the instant facts when the concerns that animated the Supreme Court in Shepard and Taylor are not readily applicable. There is little danger that a sentencing court‘s inquiry into the existence of a prior conviction would engender the same kind of “practical difficulties and potential unfairness” that could be present in a determination of whether a defendant‘s convictions were violent felonies, which was at issue in Shepard and Taylor.

Shepard, 544 U.S. at 20 (quoting ). Establishing the fact of a prior crime is a more discrete inquiry that is not as susceptible to the lengthy and cumbersome collateral trials of the kind the Shepard and Taylor Courts hoped to avoid.

Although Shepard does not control here, the district court must nevertheless determine whether the evidence is sufficiently reliable. When a defendant objects to the fact of a conviction as Bryant does here,⁴ we have held that:

[T]he Government may not simply rely on assertions in a presentence report if those assertions are contested by the defendant. Thus, when the defendant calls into dispute a presentence report‘s description of an alleged prior conviction, the Government must demonstrate that the description in the report is based on a sufficiently reliable source to establish the accuracy of that description.

United States v. Brown, 510 F.3d 57, 75 (1st Cir.2007) (quoting ).⁵ We conclude that the district court, by failing to heed this language from Brown, committed clear error.

Here, to prove the fact of this conviction, the PSR and the government relied upon the criminal history record maintained by the NCIC, the NYSPIN, and the incarceration record from the New York Department of Correctional Services. Responding to Bryant‘s objections to this evidence, the district court stated that “based upon the preponderance of the evidence standard ... there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that this defendant was, in fact, convicted in the so-called New York conviction of a crime that forms a predicate to his being considered to be a career offender.” The district court added: “I do acknowledge that there are some close questions that had to be determined in making this finding, but the Court does find that the government has sufficiently offered proof to a preponderance of the evidence that both of these crimes were committed and the defendant was convicted of them and, together, they establish that he is, by virtue of this third conviction that he‘s about to be sentenced for, a career offender.”

We hold that it was simply not enough for the district court to have relied on the government‘s recitation of the sources cited in the PSR without any additional inquiry into the reliability of these sources. Unlike certified convictions or other comparable judicial records that detail the fact of a conviction and carry a presumption of reliability sufficient to allow the government to meet its burden, see

McKenzie, 539 F.3d at 19 (noting that government may satisfy its burden by producing a certified copy of a conviction or another official court document); (same), we believe that non-judicial records, such as those provided by the government here, should not be afforded the same presumption.

The district court clearly erred by not requiring the government to show that the PSR‘s description of the offense was “based on a sufficiently reliable source to establish the accuracy of that description.” See

Brown, 510 F.3d at 75 (quoting ). In the absence of such an inquiry, the district court could not have properly concluded that the government met its burden.⁶

ii. The Suffolk Superior Court Conviction

Bryant additionally challenges whether the government met its burden to prove the fact of the Suffolk Superior Court conviction.

Here, it is notable that Bryant does not challenge the authenticity of the certified copy of the judicial record detailing the Suffolk Superior Court conviction. Rather, Bryant, challenges the fact of the conviction on grounds that a hand-written docket sheet from the Boston Municipal Court, the court where the case originated, puts into question the validity of the Suffolk Superior Court conviction. The notation states, “SUCR9310760: Previous record vacated. Superior Court Case is dismissed.” Bryant contends that this notation, though not from the court of conviction, is nevertheless a judicial record of the originating case that undermines the reliability of the Suffolk Superior Court conviction for purposes of a sentencing enhancement.

The government defended the reliability of the judicial record from the Suffolk Superior Court during the sentencing hearing. The government noted that the official court record from the court of conviction is a more dependable source than a hand-written notation from another court. In any event, the government contends that the district court did not clearly err in crediting the government‘s argument. We agree.

Unlike its evidence supporting the fact of the New York conviction, the government submitted a certified copy of a judicial record to prove the fact of the Suffolk Superior Court conviction from the court in which Bryant was convicted. As stated above, the government can satisfy its burden through this type of judicial record because it is presumptively reliable. See

McKenzie, 539 F.3d at 19. Moreover, the record shows that the district court carefully considered Bryant‘s argument, but nevertheless decided in favor of the government. Thus, despite the existence of the handwritten notation which admittedly added some confusion, we cannot conclude that the district court clearly erred in finding that the certified copy of the record from the Suffolk Superior Court was sufficiently reliable to support the fact of Bryant‘s Suffolk Superior Court conviction. “[A] district court‘s choice between two plausible, but conflicting, interpretations of a factual scenario cannot amount to clear error.” (alterations in original) (quoting ).

2. Prior Controlled Substances Convictions as Career Offender Predicates

i. New York Conviction

Under the Sentencing Guidelines, a “controlled substance offense” is “an of-fense ... punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance ... or the possession of a controlled substance ... with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute or dispense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b) (emphasis added). Thus, the definition of “controlled substance offense” requires that the statute under which the defendant was charged involves an intent to distribute or other indicia of trafficking.⁷

Bryant argues in the alternative that if the government has met its burden to prove the fact of the New York conviction, it nevertheless failed to prove that the New York conviction for attempted criminal sale of a controlled substance necessarily qualifies as a career offender predicate.⁸ Bryant bases his argument on the Second Circuit‘s decision in Savage. See

542 F.3d at 965-66.

In Savage, the Second Circuit reviewed a district court‘s decision to apply a sentencing enhancement, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2).⁹

Id. at 960. The district court in that case based its decision, in relevant part, on its determination that one of the defendant‘s prior felony convictions under Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21a-277(b) was for a “controlled substance offense,” as the term is defined in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b).¹⁰ In reversing the district court decision, the Savage court expressed its concern that an offer to sell under Connecticut law could include a fraudulent offer which would mean that the person making the fraudulent offer would not have the intent to distribute or sell an item. . Thus, it reasoned that the “Connecticut statute, by criminalizing a mere offer to sell, criminalizes more conduct than falls within the federal definition of a controlled substance offense.” . The Savage court further concluded that the defendant‘s sentence should be vacated “[b]ecause nothing in the statute of conviction, the charging document, the plea colloquy or other comparable judicial record established with certainty that [the defendant] necessarily pleaded guilty to the elements of a controlled substance offense....” .

Bryant argues that the statute upon which the New York conviction is based, like the Connecticut statute, criminalizes conduct that falls outside the federal definition of a controlled substance offense. Bryant argues that because the New York statute defines “sale” of a controlled substance to include “offer,” it criminalizes both predicate and non-predicate conduct. See N.Y. Penal Law § 220.00(1) (” ‘Sell’ means to sell, exchange, give or dispose of to another, or to offer or agree to do the same.“). Bryant claims that because the government failed to show the New York conviction was for conduct that would constitute a predicate offense, it cannot be used for career offender purposes.

Bryant‘s argument fails because it is well-established under New York law that “in order to support a conviction under an offering for sale theory, there must be evidence of a bona fide offer to sell—i.e., that defendant had both the intent and ability to proceed with the sale.” People v. Samuels, 99 N.Y.2d 20, 750 N.Y.S.2d 828, 780 N.E.2d 513, 515 (2002) (quoting People v. Mike, 92 N.Y.2d 996, 684 N.Y.S.2d 165, 706 N.E.2d 1189, 1191 (1998)); see also People v. Gandolfo, 94 Misc.2d 636, 405 N.Y.S.2d 890, 894-95 (1978). Thus, the instant case is distinguishable from Savage because concerns that Bryant could have been convicted for making a fraudulent offer, a non-predicate offense, do not exist here. At the time Bryant was allegedly convicted of the offense, he would have been found to have intent to proceed with a sale. It follows then that the New York conviction qualifies as a predicate offense under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, which requires an “intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b).

ii. Suffolk Superior Court Conviction

Bryant also challenges the Suffolk Superior Court conviction on the grounds that the government has failed to prove that he pleaded guilty to acts that would constitute a career offender predicate. In 1992, Bryant was initially charged with one count of trafficking in cocaine in violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94C, § 32E(b)(1), and one count of conspiracy to violate the drug laws of the Commonwealth (specifically, to traffic in cocaine) in violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94C, § 40. The trafficking charge was dismissed and Bryant pleaded guilty only to the conspiracy charge.

Where the predicate offense involves a conspiracy, the sentencing court must determine whether the object of the conspiracy falls within the scope of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b). See

Piper, 35 F.3d at 619 (“To determine the status of a conspiracy conviction vis-a-vis the career offender rubric, the key question is ‘conspiracy to do what?’ “). Bryant correctly argues that the statute of conviction encompasses both conduct that would constitute a predicate offense and conduct that would not.¹¹ Therefore, the sentencing court is required to determine whether the guilty plea, defined by a more expansive statute, necessarily admitted the elements of a controlled substances offense for career offender purposes. See . As noted above, to make this determination in a case involving a guilty plea, the sentencing court may review the “statutory definition, charging document, written plea agree-ment, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented.” .

In this case the indictment underlying the Suffolk Superior Court conviction demonstrated that the object of the conspiracy fell within the scope of a controlled substance offense under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b). It stated that Bryant “did conspire ... to unlawfully, knowingly and intentionally possess with intent to distribute a net weight of fourteen grams or more of a mixture containing cocaine ...” (emphasis added).

Reliance upon the indictment is also consistent with our precedent. See

Santos, 363 F.3d at 24 (“Where the charging instruments are instructive on the issue of whether a predicate offense [falls within the scope of § 4B1.2], we need not look further.“) (citation omitted); (citing to the Sentencing Guidelines commentary to justify looking to the indictment to decide whether conduct can be a predicate offense for career offender purposes if it falls under a statute broad enough to encompass other conduct that would not be a predicate offense for career offender purposes).

We conclude that since the indictment clearly narrowed the charge to a crime that qualifies as a controlled substances offense for career offender purposes and Bryant pleaded guilty to the same, the Suffolk Superior Court conviction qualifies as a career offender predicate offense.

C. Relevant Conduct Determination

Bryant finally argues that the district court erred in determining that the uncharged sale of 0.7 grams of crack cocaine on August 2, 2006 constituted “relevant conduct” under the Sentencing Guidelines. The Sentencing Guidelines allow a sentencing judge, when determining drug quantity, to include all amounts “that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction,” whether or not the defendant has been charged with those transactions. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); see also

United States v. Santos Batista, 239 F.3d 16, 20-21 (1st Cir.2001). “For two or more offenses to constitute part of a common scheme or plan, they must be substantially connected to each other by at least one common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar modus operandi.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. n. 9(A). If two offenses are not part of a common scheme or plan, they may still qualify as the same course of conduct. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. n. 9(B). For two offenses to constitute part of the same course of conduct, they must be “sufficiently connected or related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing series of offenses.” Id. The factors to be considered “include the degree of similarity of the offenses, the regularity (repetitions) of the offenses, and the time interval between the offenses.” Id. “When one of the above factors is absent, a stronger presence of at least one of the other factors is required.” Id.

1. The August and November Drug Transactions

Here, we must determine whether the district court erred in concluding that the uncharged drug transaction on August 2, 2006 was part of the same course of conduct as the transaction Bryant was charged with on November 15, 2006. As mentioned directly above, the government can meet its burden by showing that the offenses are similar to one another, that they occur with some regularity, and that the offenses are not remote in time from one another. In the present case, because there was no finding that Bryant‘s drug dealing occurred with regularity—only two transactions are at issue here—and because the two transactions were arguably “relatively remote” in time from another,¹² we must focus our inquiry on the degree of similarity between the two transactions, mindful of the fact that “a stronger presence” of similarity is required due to the absence or weakness of the other factors.

Turning then to the similarity between the transactions, we note an important limiting principle that “not every drug transaction undertaken by every drug trafficker is necessarily linked in a meaningful sense.”

Santos Batista, 239 F.3d at 21 (quoting ). The sentencing judge must “find a sufficient link between the acts charged and those included for sentencing purposes.” Id. If the district court cannot find a sufficient link, “offenses of the same kind, but not encompassed in the same course of conduct or plan, are excluded.” Id. (quoting ). We have remarked that “[i]solated acts cannot be conjoined and drug quantities aggregated for sentencing purposes without a rational basis.” .

While admittedly close, we hold that the district court did not clearly err here. The record shows that the two transactions possessed “distinctive similarities” with one another, such as occurring in roughly the same location, involving roughly the same quantity of crack cocaine, and involving a similar pattern of conduct between Bryant and the undercover officer. See

United States v. Buchanan, 299 Fed.Appx. 903, 904-05 (11th Cir.2008) (unpublished) (holding that “distinctive similarities” between two offenses require more than a “generic level of likeness“) (citing ). Moreover, contrary to Bryant‘s claims that these were two one-off transactions, there is evidence linking the two transactions. Most pointedly, during the November 15, 2006 transaction, Bryant indicated that he recognized the officer from before and told the officer that he would “take care of him” in response to the officer‘s request that “he wanted the same thing as last time.” Bryant‘s references to his prior dealings with the officer belie Bryant‘s contention that the two transactions were isolated incidents bearing no relation to one another.¹³

Lastly, Bryant wrongly characterizes himself as merely a “cheerleader” during the August 2, 2006 transaction and unconvincingly argues that his conduct was not in furtherance of a “jointly undertaken criminal activity” as set forth by the U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). Notably, Bryant facilitated the transaction between Alston and the officer by walking with Alston and the officer to a corner where the transaction would take place. In addition, he encouraged the officer to try the product because it was of high quality; he told the officer that the drugs the officer was purchasing were his; and he advised the officer how to hide the drugs from police, whom Bryant suspected were in the area.¹⁴

We reiterate that the mere fact that Bryant engaged in a prior uncharged drug sale is not by itself sufficient to support the district court‘s relevant conduct finding. In addition, we are cognizant of our warning that “courts must be careful to hold the adjudicative balance steady and true, giving U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2) the scope which its letter commands while at the same time resisting prosecutorial efforts aimed at enlarging it.”

Sklar, 920 F.2d at 111.

With this cautionary note in mind, we stress that the keys to our ruling are the high degree of similarity between the two transactions and Bryant‘s familiarity with both the officer and the officer‘s drug request during the November 15, 2006 drug sale. From these facts we cannot conclude that the district court committed clear error in finding, by a preponderance of evidence, a sufficient link between the two transactions. Accordingly, the district court did not clearly err in considering the August 2, 2006 transaction as part of the same course of conduct as the November 15, 2006 transaction for purposes of sentencing.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court did not commit clear error in finding that the August 2, 2006 transaction constituted relevant conduct. Also, we conclude that the Suffolk Superior Court conviction and the New York conviction, if proven, qualify as predicate offenses for career offender purposes. However, we hold that the district court committed clear error in finding that the government met its burden to establish the existence of the prior New York conviction. We therefore vacate Bryant‘s sentence and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Vacated and Remanded.

HOWARD, Circuit Judge (concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).

I join the majority‘s analysis in all respects except as to the reliability of the records of conviction. As to that issue, I join in the judgment. I think the best view of the record of the sentencing hearing is that, when the district court concluded that the government had provided sufficient evidence to demonstrate that Bryant was convicted of the New York offense, the court necessarily concluded that the NCIC, NYSPIN, and correctional records were reliable. Bryant had clearly challenged these documents in particular, arguing that they could not be relied upon to prove the fact of conviction, and, moreover, the district court had actual copies of the correctional department records and an NCIC report, so it was not limited to relying solely on the government‘s recitation of the sources cited in the PSR.

That said, I won‘t quarrel with the majority‘s decision to require an express reliability inquiry on remand in this case. When it comes to that inquiry, I am inclined to think that criminal history reports such as an NCIC report will suffice to prove the fact of conviction, especially at a sentencing hearing in which the defendant, like Bryant here, makes no claim that he is not the subject of the NCIC report. See

United States v. Servin-Acosta, 534 F.3d 1362, 1365 (10th Cir.2008).

Notes

The district court noted that 1.44 grams of crack cocaine and criminal history category III yields a GSR of 18 to 24 months.

We note that although Shepard and Taylor concerned the Armed Career Criminal Act, in (en banc), we held that the categorical approach is also appropriate in interpreting the career offender guideline. See (describing categorical approach and its application to career offender guideline).

The sources to which Shepard refers include “the statutory definition, charging document, written plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented.” .

An uncontested PSR may be sufficient to provide evidence of a prior conviction where the defendant fails to object to its recital of prior convictions. . We are not faced with this situation in Bryant‘s case because Bryant‘s counsel properly objected to the lack of adequate evidence to prove the New York conviction.

The requirement that the government demonstrate that contested information in the PSR, including information regarding prior convictions, be established using a sufficiently reliable source is consistent with the requirements of the Sentencing Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3 states that when a court resolves “any dispute concerning a factor important to the sentencing determination, the court may consider relevant information without regard to its admissibility under the rules of evidence ..., provided that the information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.” U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a) (emphasis added); see (discussing U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a) in its analysis of whether sources used to prove fact of prior conviction were sufficiently reliable); see also (noting the rule in U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a) and stating that the district court has broad discretion to determine the reliability of particular evidence).

We leave it to the district court to decide how best to determine the reliability of the sources the government used to prove the fact of the New York conviction. In addition, we note that while some courts have approved the use of NCIC reports to establish a prior conviction for sentencing purposes, other courts have noted mistakes in these reports. Compare (noting that the NCIC inaccurately stated that defendant had a prior conviction), with (noting that other circuits have approved the use of an NCIC report to establish a prior conviction for sentencing purposes and accepting the use of the NCIC report to establish the defendant‘s conviction where the government also provided a letter from the clerk of the court of conviction).

Although we have not had occasion post-Shepard to apply the categorical approach to controlled substance offenses, we have stated pre-Shepard that “[t]he rationale on which the Taylor Court relied in choosing a formal categorical approach is equally applicable to controlled substance offenses.” (applying categorical approach to controlled substance offenses in career offender guideline context). We see no reason post-Shepard why we should not continue to apply the categorical approach to controlled substance offenses under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. We note other circuits have applied the categorical approach to controlled substance offenses post-Shepard. See, e.g., .

See also (Torruella, J.) (expressing one judge‘s belief that such recording would be preferable). Although the government argues that this argument is waived because it was not raised below, we nevertheless review Bryant‘s claim in the event the district court on remand determines the fact of the New York conviction to be sufficiently reliable. We do so in the interest of judicial efficiency.

U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 of the guidelines states that the definition of “controlled substance offense” has the meaning contained within U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, cmt. n. 1.

The Connecticut Statute provides:

Any person who manufactures, distributes, sells, prescribes, dispenses, compounds, transports with intent to sell or dispense, possesses with intent to sell or dispense, offers, gives or administers to another person any controlled substance ... may, for the first offense ... be imprisoned not more than seven years....

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 21a-277(b).

The statute states as follows:

Whoever conspires with another person to violate any provision of this chapter [Chapter 94C Controlled Substances Act] shall be punished by imprisonment or fine, or both, which punishment shall not exceed the maximum punishment prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the conspiracy.

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94C, § 40.

See (holding that two instances of conduct were “relatively remote” from one another because of a five-month gap); (concluding that temporal proximity factor was “extremely weak” where gap of six months existed between uncharged conduct and conduct underlying offense of conviction); but see (upholding two instances of conduct as same course of conduct where they were “just” four to six months apart from one another).

We stress that the term “same course of conduct” is analytically distinct from the term “common scheme or plan.” “The same course of conduct concept ... looks to whether the defendant repeats the same type of criminal activity over time.” (unpublished) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting ).

Bryant‘s citation to , where we held an uncharged transaction could not be included as relevant conduct, is unavailing. In Wood, we stressed that for the purposes of the relevant conduct analysis, the defendant could not be held responsible for a deal completed by the defendant‘s wife because the defendant “did not even know about [the transaction] ... until it was over.” We concluded that including the transaction would be an impermissibly “broad interpretation of § 1B1.3(a)(2)” and “significantly increasing [the defendant‘s] sentence based on a transaction in which he took no part ... could not have been contemplated within the § 1B1.3(a)(2) exception.” The instant case is readily distinguishable from Wood because Bryant knew about and helped facilitate the August 2, 2006 transaction.