The government appeals the district court’s order granting defendant Brent William Allery’s post-trial motion for judgment of acquittal. The government claims there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict finding Allery guilty of abusive sexual contact by use of force in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(1) (1994). We agree and reverse and remand.
I.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a reasonable jury could have found the following facts. At approximately 11:30 p.m. on June 24, 1995, the victim, Darcie Jackson, arrived home where she lived with her boyfriend, Corey Delorme, and her children. Jackson told Delorme, who was awake watching television, that she was going to bed. She went to the bedroom where two of her children were already sleeping. Jackson closed the window in the room and then fell asleep on the bed.
Jackson next remembered awaking with someone lying on top of her engaging in sexual intercourse with her. She testified as follows:
When I woke up, [Allery] was having intercourse with me. I thought that was Corey, until I opened my eyes, and when I felt the hair, that was not Corey, and I pushed him away, and he was trying to kiss me on the mouth, and that’s when I smelled the alcohol, and I got scared, and I tried to — I tried to get away, and which I did, and that’s when I started hollering for Corey.
(Trial Tr. at 358-59.)
After Jackson got away, Allery grabbed her and threw her back onto the bed. Jackson then pulled Allery’s hair and pushed him away as she fell off the bed to the floor. Allery then fled, jumping out the open bedroom window from which he had originally entered. Allery was subsequently arrested after police found him asleep in a pick-up truck while wearing only his underwear. Allery is an Indian and Jackson’s home is located on an Indian reservation.
Allery was indicted for one count of abusive sexual conduct by the use of force in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(1). Following trial, a jury convicted Allery of the charge. The district court then granted Al-lery’s motion for judgment of acquittal, ruling that “the evidence does not sufficiently show the element of ‘force,’ such that a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt, that the Defendant committed the crime of ‘abusive sexual contact.’ ” (Dist. Ct. Order and Mem. at 4.)
II.
The government argues that the district court erred in granting the judgment of acquittal because there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict finding Allery guilty of abusive sexual contact by use of force. A district court has “very limited latitude” in ruling on a motion for judgment of acquittal.
United States v. Robbins,
The crime of abusive sexual conduct by use of force is proscribed by 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(1), which makes it unlawful to knowingly engage in “sexual contact” with another person if to do so would violate 18 U.S.C. § 2241 if the sexual contact had been a “sexual act.” Section 2241(a)(1) prohibits knowingly causing another person to engage in a sexual act “by using force against that other person.” The statute defines the term “sexual contact” as “the intentional touching, either directly or through the clothing, of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks of any person with the intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.” 18 U.S.C. § 2246(3). Section 2244(a)(1) is applicable in this case by virtue of 18 U.S.C. § 1153, which grants the district court jurisdiction over this ease by providing that “[a]ny Indian who commits” certain offenses, including § 2244, “within the Indian country, shall be subject to the same laws and penalties as all other persons committing” the offense “within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.”
See United States v. Goodlow,
The parties stipulated that the fourth and fifth elements were met in this case. Allery concedes, and the district court ruled, that the first and second elements are supported by substantial evidence. The sole issue here is whether there is sufficient evidence of the third element — that Allery used force in causing the sexual contact.
The term “force” is not defined in the statute.
United States v. Jones,
The requirement of force may be satisfied by a showing of the use, or threatened use, of a weapon; the use of such physical force as is sufficient to overcome, restrain, or injure a person; or the use of a threat of harm sufficient to coerce or compel submission by the victim.
United States v. Fire Thunder,
In support of the judgment of acquittal, Allery argues that the force element in § 2241(a)(1) “is present
only
if the sexual contact results from restraint that is such that the victim cannot escape the sexual contact.” (Appellee’s Br. at 5) (emphasis added). Allery claims that because Jackson was eventually able to escape, force was not present. We reject this argument. Eventual escape by the victim of the sexual contact does not prevent a finding that the sexual contact occurring immediately before the escape was caused by using force. The statute prohibits “caus[ing] another person to engage in” sexual contact “by using force against that other person.” 18 U.S.C. § 2241(a)(1). This language does not require force that prevents the eventual escape of the victim. Instead, it requires the use of force sufficient to restrain the victim and allow the defendant to engage in sexual contact.
See Lauck,
After reviewing the record in this case, we are convinced there is sufficient evidence of force to support the jury’s guilty verdict. Jackson testified that Allery was lying on top of her and having sexual intercourse with her when she awoke. When Jackson realized Allery was not her boyfriend, she attempted to push him away. The record supports the reasonable inference that Allery continued to engage in sexual intercourse with Jackson while she tried to push him away, and that the two struggled before Jackson succeeded in pushing Allery away. The jury could conclude that Allery was physically restraining Jackson by lying on top of her and resisting her attempts to push him away while at the same time he was having sexual intercourse with her. Thus, the jury could find that Allery was engaging in sexual contact with Jackson while physically restraining her. Such physical restraint of the victim is sufficient to constitute force under the statute.
See Fire Thunder,
III.
We hold that there is sufficient evidence to support Allery’s conviction by the jury for abusive sexual contact by use of force. We therefore reverse the judgment of acquittal and remand the ease to the district court for entry of judgment on the jury’s guilty verdict, and for further proceedings thereon.