Lead Opinion
Bryаn Boneshirt pleaded guilty, pursuant to a written plea agreement, to one count of second degree murder, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and 1111. The district court
I. Background
On November 1, 2009, Boneshirt, then 17 years old, killed Marquita Walking Eagle. The night before, Boneshirt had consumed alcohol and partied with friends in St. Francis, South Dakota, on the Rosebud Indian Reservation. He continued to drink into the early morning hours, sleeping only for a couple of hours before resuming his drinking and partying. At some point on November 1, Walking Eagle, a 19-year-old, arrived at the party. She and Boneshirt left the party and eventually went, alone, to an abandoned house in St. Francis.
Inside the abandoned house, Boneshirt and Walking Eagle began to have consensual sexual intercourse. While doing so, Boneshirt called Walking Eaglе by another female’s name. She became upset and struck Boneshirt twice. Boneshirt retaliated by striking her head and body, restraining her hands, grabbing her by the neck, and choking her until she became unresponsive. According to Boneshirt, when he noticed that Walking Eagle had stopped breathing, he “panicked” and moved her to another room in the abandoned house, concealing her body with a curtain. Shortly thereafter, Boneshirt’s father stopped by the abandoned house and talked with Boneshirt. Boneshirt did not tell his father anything about Walking Eagle.
Boneshirt then left the abandoned house, with Walking Eagle’s body still concealed inside. He walked to his father’s
Shortly thereafter, tribal police apprehended Boneshirt in a nearby field. After his arrest, Boneshirt reportedly said, “I did not do anything.” The police then advised him of his Miranda rights; Boneshirt requested to speak to his mother and with counsel but then stated, “I didn’t do it. I was there, but I didn’t do it.” During a subsequent interview, however, Boneshirt described his altercation with Walking Eagle and confessed to killing her but insisted that he had not intended to kill her.
Boneshirt was initially charged as a juvenile offender with first-degree murder. He thereafter entered into a plea agreement with the government, agreeing to transfer his case to adult court and plead guilty to second-degree murder. The written plea agreement contained а waiver of defenses and appeal rights, which stated:
The defendant hereby waives all defenses and his right to appeal any non-jurisdictional issues. The parties agree that excluded from this waiver is the Defendant’s right to appeal any decision by the Court to depart upward pursuant to the sentencing guidelines as well as the length of his sentence for a determination of its substantive reasonableness should the Court impose an upward departure or an upward variance pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
At the plea hearing, the district court engaged in a colloquy with Boneshirt about his guilty plea and his plea agreement. The court did not, however, address the waiver of appeal rights in the plea agreement. After the colloquy, the court accepted Boneshirt’s guilty plea.
While awaiting sentencing, Boneshirt was incarcerated at the Hughes County Jail in Pierre, South Dakota. During this time, Boneshirt, by this time 18 years old, participated in a plan to escape from jail with fellow inmates Randy Little Shield and Robert Kelly.
The presentence investigation report (PSR) calculated a total offense level of 42. Because of Boneshirt’s involvement in the plan to escape from jail, the PSR included a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, and recommended against a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, pursuant to § 3E1.1. The PSR also indicated that Boneshirt had several juvenile tribal-court convictions, including two previous incidents of aggravated assault. Because they were tribal convictions, however, the offenses did not result in any criminal history points. Thus, based on Boneshirt’s criminal history category of I and his offense level of 42, the PSR recommended an advisory Guidelines range of 360 months’ to life imprisonment.
In his sentencing memorаndum, Boneshirt objected to the allegation that he had participated in a plan to escape from jail. He also objected to the PSR’s denial of the reduction for acceptance of responsibility and application of the enhancement for obstruction of justice. In addition, Boneshirt argued that the court should impose a below-Guidelines sentence in light of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. Specifically, he argued for leniency based on his youth and intoxicated state at the time of the offense, his difficult childhood, and his al
At the sentencing hearing, several witnesses testified about the alleged plan to escape from jail. On June 9, 2010, Boneshirt and four other inmates were detained in the wor ^release area of the jail. A jail official tei tied that he observed, on a surveillanc1 \camera, some of the inmates in the wo __ release area behaving suspiсiously that night. Early the next morning, jail officials entered and searched the work-release area. The officials found a small metal “shank” in Little Shield’s bunk, a cinder block under Little Shield’s bunk, a hole in the suspended ceiling in the bathroom, and an L-shaped pipe above the bathroom ceiling. The officials conducted a brief pat-down search of all five inmates, including Boneshirt. They did not find any contraband on Boneshirt’s person, his bunk, or any of his property.
Subsequently, the officers separately removed each inmate from the work-release area and interviewed them. Boneshirt denied any knowledge of or involvement in an escape plan. Once the work-release area was empty, officials conducted another search and located an eight-inch metal shank in a toilet-paper dispenser in the bathroom.
Little Shield also testified about the escape plan. He acknowledged that he had state and federal criminal charges pending and that his testimony could adversely affect his sentencing. Nevertheless, Little Shield testified that he, Boneshirt, and two other inmates — Kelly and Robert Quiver— had discussed three different escape plans. One plan involved crawling through the ceiling, and another involved “tak[ing] out a correctional officer with a shank.” Little Shield stated that Quiver had helped Boneshirt climb into the bathroom ceiling on a number of occasions and that Boneshirt had constructed a longer metal shank. After the pat-down search on the morning of June 10, 2010, Little Shield said that he, Boneshirt, and Kelly sat down at a table to play cards, and Boneshirt told the two of them not to snitch. At the time, Boneshirt was wearing a blanket over his shoulders; according to Little Shield, Boneshirt had previously used the blanket to move contraband around the work-release area without being observed on the surveillance camera. Little Shield testified that, after the pat-down search, Boneshirt stated that the guard did not find his metal shank, which, according to Little Shield, had been hidden between Boneshirt’s legs. Little Shield testified that Boneshirt then took the shank to the bathroom, with the blanket over his shoulders, and placed the shank in the toilet-paper dispenser.
The government also introduced a surveillance video of the work-release area, which showed footage from the night of June 9 and the morning of June 10, 2010. The video showed that, after the officers conducted the pat-down search and left the work-release area, Boneshirt sat down at a table with Little Shield and Kelly to play cards. He later walked around the work-release area with a blanket over his shoulders and entered the bathroom, where the toilet-paper dispenser was locatеd.
Following the testimony, the district court heard arguments from the government and Boneshirt about the appropriate Guidelines calculation and the appropriate sentence. Boneshirt argued that the Guidelines produced an “extreme” increase in Boneshirt’s penalty, based on the alleged escape plan. He argued that the evidence was insufficient to support applying an obstruction-of-justice enhancement, under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, and denying an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction, under § 3E1.1. In any case, Boneshirt argued that he deserved a lower sentence because he had fully confessed to killing
The district court first calculated the appropriate Guidelines range and overruled Boneshirt’s objections to the PSR based on the escape plan. The court explained that “[t]here is no question there was some effort underway to get out of [jail].” Based on the fact that Bonef art, Little Shield, and Kelly had sat dow at a table together after the pat-down s arch, the court found that “[t]he ev ence strongly indicates that the three of ;hem were in cahoots.” Further, be ause Boneshirt had walked into the batí oom with a blanket over his shoulders the court found that it was likely that E neshirt had concealed the eight-inch í ank during the pat-down search and latei discarded it in the toilet-paper dispenser Although the court noted that Little S ield was “far from the most credible witn 3S,” the court found that the surveillance ’ deo and testimony frоm jail officials cor borated Little Shield’s version of et nts. Thus, the court found that the evi jnce was “strong” and “certainly meets t preponderance of the evidence standa to establish that Boneshirt had an ‘ ctive role, if not the central role” in the ] m to escape from jail. As a result, the murt applied the two-level enhancement: r obstruction of justice, pursuant to U ..S.G. § 3C1.1, and rejected the two-level iduetion for acceptance of responsibility, irsuant to § 3E1.1. Based on Boneshirt’ total offense level of 42 and criminal 1 ,tory category of I, the court calculated a ( tide-lines range of 360 months’ to life imprisonment.
The court then discussed, at great length, the appropriate sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). First, the court observed that the nature and circumstances of the offense were “horrible,” in light of the way Boneshirt had killed Walking Eagle, whom Boneshirt had described as a friend. Second, the court considered Boneshirt’s history, including Boneshirt’s “unfair” and “very troubled” childhood. The court acknowledged Boneshirt’s neurodevelopmental disorder but noted that Boneshirt was surprisingly “coherent” in a letter to the court. Third, the court stated that Boneshirt’s “rehabilitation needs are vast.” Fourth, the court opined that there was a significant need to protect the public from Boneshirt’s future crimes, especially in light of two of Boneshirt’s prior offenses, one when he held a knife to a 15-year-old’s throat and another when he brought a concealed weapon to school. Although the court explained that it would carefully consider Boneshirt’s juvenile history, the court found that Boneshirt “does not have full control of his actions at times, and that quite obviously there is a very violent side to [him].” Finally, the court explained that it had considered “the kinds of sentences available, the sentencing range established by the sentencing commission’s guidelines, pertinent policy statements made by the sentencing commission, and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among similar defendants as well as the need for restitution.”
In addition, the court acknowledged that its sentence would be more severe than the comparative sentences for murder that Boneshirt had presented at the hearing. The court noted, however, that Boneshirt’s chart of sentences
Thereafter, the court sentenced Boneshirt to 576 months’ imprisonment, followed by five years of supervised release. The court acknowledged that the sentence was very long but again explained that the sentence was “appropriate, given the nature of the offense, the nature of the post-offense conduct, and the need to protect society from Mr. Boneshirt.” The court further explained that it “believe[d] that there is just too much of a risk with Mr. Boneshirt being a part of society before the point where he’s of a very mature age.”
II. Discussion
On appeal, Boneshirt argues that the district court imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence. The government contends in opposition that Boneshirt waived his right to appeal the substantive reasonableness of his sentence in his written plea agreement.
A. Waiver of Right To Appeal
The government argues that this court should dismiss Boneshirt’s appeal because it is barred by the appellate rights waiver in his written plea agreement. The government contends that his appeal falls within the scope of the waiver, which only preserved his right to appeal “a traditional Guideline departure or an upward variance.” Although it acknowledges that, at the plea hearing, the district court did not specifically ask Boneshirt about the waiver of his right to appeal, the government asserts that the record demonstrates that he knowingly and voluntarily entered into the plea agreement, citing United States v. Michelsen,
Boneshirt contends that he may maintain his appeal despite the waiver because the district court failed to engage in the colloquy required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure ll(b)(l)(N). Under this court’s precedent, Boneshirt maintains, the waiver of appellate rights cannot be enforced when the district court does not discuss the waiver with the defendant prior to accepting his plea. See United States v. Laney,
“Whether a valid waiver of appellate rights occurred is a question of law that we will review de novo.” United States v. Sisco,
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure ll(b)(l)(N) requires that, “[bjefore the court accepts a plea of guilty or nolo contendere ... the court must inform the
We decline to enforce the appeal waiver in Boneshirt’s plea agreement. The record indicates that the district court never discussed with Boneshirt the appeal waiver in the written plea agreement. At most, the court inquired whether Boneshirt understood that he could not withdraw his guilty plea if the court ultimately sentenced him to a longer sentence than he had expected. The court never mentioned his right to appeal or a waiver of that right; the government does not dispute this fact. Instead, it argues that our precedent in Michelsen and Cheney allows us to enforce the waiver. Those cases, however, are inapposite. As Boneshirt correctly notes, we decided Michelsen in 1998 — before Rule 11(b) was amended to require courts to engage in a colloquy about the appeal waiver. See Fed. R.Crim.P. 11 advisory committee’s note (1999 amend.). Likewise, our decision in Cheney explicitly noted that the colloquy requirement in Rule ll(b)(l)(N) was inapplicable in that case because, unlike the present case, the “sentencing agreement was reached after [the defendant’s] plea hearing.”
B. Substantive Reasonableness
Boneshirt argues that his “576 month (48 years) imprisonment sentence, is substantively unreasonable under the abuse-of-discretion standard considering the totality of the circumstances presented by [his] case.” (Emphasis added.)
The government responds that the district court did not impose an unreasonable sentence and, therefore, did not abuse its discretion. The government argues that the court considered the § 3553(a) factors, focusing, in particular, on the need to protect the public from Boneshirt. The government also contends that the facts of this murder were “egregious,” and, on that basis, the court could have imposed a longer sentence even in the absence of Boneshirt’s involvement in the escape plan. Moreover, the government asserts that Boneshirt’s criminal history justifies a longer sentence. The government notes that he has a history of committing violent crimes, and his involvement in the plan to escape (which entailed dangerous weapons and could have resulted in harm to jail personnel) further demonstrates Boneshirt’s violent propensities. Thus, the government maintains that the court was justified in believing that Boneshirt should be imprisoned until a “very mature age.” Finally, the government argues that Boneshirt’s comparative analysis of murder sentences is unhelpful because it failed to account for life sentences; in any case, the
This court applies “a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard” in reviewing the imposition of a sentence. United States v. Feemster,
In the absence of procedural error below, we “should then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall, [552 U.S. at 51 ,128 S.Ct. 586 ]. In conducting this review, we are to “take into account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range.” Id. If the defendant’s sentence is within the Guidelines rangе, then we “may, but [are] not required to, apply a presumption of reasonableness.” Id. But we are not permitted to apply a presumption of unreasonableness if the sentence is outside the Guidelines range. Id. Instead, we “may consider the extent of the deviation, but must give due deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the variance.” Id. We may not require “ ‘extraordinary’ circumstances to justify a sentence outside the Guideline” and are prohibited from “the use of a rigid mathematical formula that uses the percentage of a departure as the standard for determining the strength of the justifications required for a specific sentence.” Id. at [47,128 S.Ct. 586 ]. Just because we “might reasonably have concluded that a different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.” Id. at [51,128 S.Ct. 586 ],
Id. at 461-62.
Here, Boneshirt alleges no form of procedural error. He did not challenge the district court’s сalculation of the Guidelines range — including the district court’s application of the obstruction-of-justice enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 and denial of an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction under § 3E1.1 — or consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. See id. at 461. “Because [Boneshirt] does not argue in his briefs that the district court committed any procedural error, we bypass the first part of our review and move directly to review the substantive reasonableness of his sentence.” United States v. O’Connor,
The district court calculated a Guidelines range of 360 months’ imprisonment to life imprisonment based on Bones
Boneshirt argues that his sentence is greater than necessary to meet federal sentencing goals under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and, therefore, is substantively unreasonable. In doing so, Boneshirt notes that, absent the adjustments to his Guidelines range resulting from his jail escape attempt, his Guidelines range would have been 210 to 262 months’ imprisonment— 314 to 366 months less than the 576-month sentence actually imposed. Boneshirt compares this sentence with his probable sentence if he had simply been convicted of escape, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 751(a). He asserts that he would have been subject to more than a statutory maximum sentence of five years’ imprisonment. In other words, Boneshirt argues that the increase to his sentence under the Guidelines, based on the weak evidence of his involvement in the escape plan, was far greater than if he had simply been convicted of and sentenced for an actual escape offense. Boneshirt also contends that his sentence was 28.5 years longer than “the average murder sentence imposed by district courts in the Eighth Circuit.” Again, he asserts that this disparity can only be attributed to the escape.
Boneshirt’s argument suggests that applying the escape Guidelines overemphasized the significance of his involvement in the escape plan — effectively punishing him more harshly than a conviction for the same offense. He contends that the district court should have declined to apply U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. Additionally, he argues that a 576-month sentence overstates the seriousness of his offense because, as explained above, much of it is attributable to his “escape conspiracy conduct” and not the present offense.
Boneshirt’s argument fails for two primary reasons. First, as previously noted, nowhere in his brief does Boneshirt argue that the district court procedurally erred in applying the obstruction-of-justice enhancement and in denying him an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction. Nor does he claim that the district court otherwise erroneously calculated his Guidelines range. See Feemster, 572 F.3d at 461. Second, Boneshirt’s argument does not show that the district court abused its discretion in using § 3C1.1. Boneshirt’s argument is, in effect, an attack on the soundness of § 3C1.1 itself. We have recognized that, under the Supreme Court’s decision in Spears v. United States, 555 U.S. 261,
After a careful review of the sentencing record, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Boneshirt to 576 months’ imprisonment.
Boneshirt’s sentence may be longer than other sentences for the same crime, but that, by itself, does not establish that the district court abused its discretion. The record shows that the court considered Boneshirt’s statistical evidence of sentences in similar cases but found them incomplete and unpersuasive. While § 3553(a)(6) requires courts to consider “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct,” (emphasis added), it does not prohibit a sentencing court from finding that a disparity is, in fact, “warranted.” See, e.g., United States v. Vasquez,
Finally, Boneshirt has not argued that the district court procedurally erred by failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors. See Feemster,
After calculating the Guidelines range, the court considered “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). As noted, it described Boneshirt’s crime as “horrible” and found it “troubling ... that Mr. Boneshirt would do that to someone he considers a friend and someone that he was, according to his story, romantically involved with at that very moment.” The court specifically considered “the history of the defendant,” noting that it had “received and reviewed many records on Mr. Boneshirt’s history” and stating, “Mr. Boneshirt, it is unfair how you were raised. You were troubled from a very early age. You are very young, 17 years old, now 18. It is a factor
Next, the court considered the need to protect the public from Boneshirt’s future crimes. Id. § 3553(a)(2)(C). On this note, the court explained that it was “careful” in considering “the juvenile history because it is a child, a person who is considered a child under law until age 18, a juvenile.” Nevertheless, the court found that his pri- or assaults, combined with his involvement in the planned escape, demonstrated Boneshirt’s propensity for committing violent crimes.
The court also stated, at the sentencing hearing and in its statement of reasons, that it had considered several of the other § 3553(a) factors. The record shows that the court considered all the appropriate factors, and nothing in the record demonstrates a clear error of judgment on the court’s part in weighing those factors. Similarly, Boneshirt has not argued that the court considered any inappropriate factors.
In sum, the record indicates that, over the course of a six-hour sentencing hearing, the district court thoroughly considered all of Boneshirt’s arguments, the facts, and the law in attempting to fashion an appropriate sentence. The resulting sentence is harsh but is within the calculated Guidelines range and hence may be considered presumptively reasonable. Frausto,
III. Conclusion
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
Notes
. The Honorable Roberto A. Lange, United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota.
. Boneshirt presented data representij sentences for murder cases in the United States
. We are mindful that sentencing courts may not consider the offender's rehabilitative needs in determining the length of the sentence to be imposed. Tapia v. United States, -U.S. -,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur with the majority that the appeal should not be barred by the waiver in
Discretion in sentencing belongs with the district court, see United States v. Likens,
In en banc this court has explained that it will be the “unusual” case when we reverse a sentence as substantively unreasonable. United States v. Feemster,
Boneshirt’s forty-eight-year sentence is substantively unreasonable because the district court unreasonably weighed the facts at issue in the case. The district court failed to give proper weight to the fact that Boneshirt was a juvenile when he committed the crime, especially when his age is considered with his background and upbringing. And further, the district court’s sentence placed too much weight on a plan to escape by Boneshirt when he was pending sentencing.
First, federal and state courts treat juvenile offenders, even serious offenders, differently than adults who commit serious crimes. Juveniles “have a ‘lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of responsibility’; they ‘are more vulnerable or susceptible to negative influences and outside pressures, including peer pressure’; and their characters are ‘not as well formed.’ ” Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. -,
The heavy criminal sentence here does not recognize the possibility of rehabilitation for juveniles. Categorically, juveniles may not be sentenced to death, Roper,
Here the district court ignored these principles in sentencing Boneshirt, who was seventeen years old at the time of the crime, to forty-eight-years’ imprisonment.
Second, the district court did not give proper weight to Boneshirt’s background and upbringing. Like many children born and raised in Indian Country, Boneshirt suffered abuse beginning in infancy. See, e.g., United States v. Deegan,
In an attachment to the PSR, Dr. Stephen P. Manlove gave an insight into Boneshirt’s mental health, his alcoholism, and the relationship of these conditions to the crime. “It appears that the problems related to his Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder, including mood swings and the impulsivity he had due to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, were catalyzed by his intoxication resulting in the events leading to the death of Marquita Walking Eagle.” Dr. Manlove also noted that “[ajppropriate treatment for chemical dependency and psychiatric problems would certainly diminish the likelihood of future dangerous acts” and “Boneshirt’s good behavior at the ... Juvenile Services Center suggests that as he matures he may be more able to access and use the treatment process.”
As a longtime federal judge, I have seen and reviewed scores of cases in which Indian males have been convicted of assaultive crimes, including murder. Alcohol has played a substantial role in the crime in almost every one of those cases. See, e.g., United States v. Jensen,
In addition, the district court did not take into consideration Boneshirt’s life expectancy. The sentencing judge specifically expressed the desire to protect the public by ensuring that Boneshirt would be an old man when he was released: “the Court believes that there is just too much of a risk with Mr. Boneshirt being a part of society before the point where he’s of a very mature age.” However, the district
Finally, a significant event that increased the guideline range was an alleged plan for an escape from the Hughes County Jail. Without that finding, Boneshirt’s guideline for sentencing would have been much less. Boneshirt would have received credit for acceptance of responsibility and no added points for obstruction of justice (the escape issue), resulting in an advisory guideline range of 210 months (17 years, 6 months) to 262 months (21 years, 10 months). His final sentence was more than twenty-six years over the maximum guidelines range without the escape attempt.
If Boneshirt had attempted to escape after sentencing, he would have been charged for attempted escape under 18 U.S.C. § 751(a), or instigating or assisting an escape under 18 U.S.C. § 752(b), and faced a statutory maximum sentence of five years. In this case, planning an escape attempt before sentencing added over twelve years to Boneshirt’s minimum guideline range. Such an increase in Boneshirt’s sentence is substantively unreasonable for one poorly-timed, impetuous act of a teenager that, if attempted after sentencing, would carry a statutory maximum of five years. For a similar adult offender for second-degree murder in category I, even with obstruction of justice and no acceptance of responsibility, a thirty-year sentence should be an ample punishment. But adding eighteen years, in part for an escape conspiracy, which was unsuccessful and did no one any harm, seems clearly excessive.
In sum, in failing to give fair and adequate consideration to a juvenile’s lack of judgment and the likelihood of change for the better of a youthful offender, especially in light of Boneshirt’s upbringing, and in placing too much emphasis on a plan to escape, the district court was substantively unreasonable in weighing the facts and sentenced this defendant far more harshly than a comparable adult criminal. This excessive sentence should not stand regardless of the views of the majority. Thus, I dissent, and I would remand for reconsideration and possible reduction of the sentence.
. By comparison, Graham was thirty-four days short of his eighteenth birthday when he committed the home-invasion robbery that lead to his sentence. Graham,
. The mean sentence for murder in the Eighth Circuit over the past five years is just under 250 months (20 years, 10 months), as calculated from the statistics tracked by the United States Sentencing Commission.
Fiscal Mean Number
Year (in months) of Cases
2010 285.3 10
2009 264.7 6
2008 150.2 5
2007 247.2 9
2006 276 3
U.S. Sentencing Comm’n (USSC), Statistical Information Packet, Fiscal Year 2010, Eighth Circuit 10 (2010); USSC, Statistical Informatiоn Packet, Fiscal Year 2009, Eighth Circuit 10 (2009); USSC, Statistical Information Packet, Fiscal Year 2008, Eighth Circuit 10 (2008); USSC, Statistical Information Packet, Fiscal Year 2007, Eighth Circuit 10 (2007); USSC, Statistical Information Packet, Fiscal Year 2006, Eighth Circuit 10 (2006). I also note that the 2010 statistics were not available at the time of sentencing and, therefore, the mean would have been even lower. To reflect life expectancy, life sentences and sentences over 470 months are capped at 470 months. USSC, 2010 Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics 161 (2010). Murder includes first and second degree murder, felony with death resulting, and conspiracy to murder with death resulting. Id. at 165.
. The district court was also "careful when considering juvenile history and considering history from tribal court proceedings because of due process issues,” but only in the context of discussing Boneshirt’s previous criminal conduct as a juvenile.
. It’s quite a paradox. In the record in this case, alcohol flowed everywhere at the places Boneshirt and Ms. Walking Eagle visited and enjoyed. But they could not buy cigarettes at the convenience store on the reservation.
. The offense occurred in Todd County, South Dakota.