United States v. BOCHENEUnited States v. BOCHENE
Pursuant to
I. BACKGROUND
This is a Class A and Class B misdemeanor case arising from the events at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021. The superseding information charges Eric Bochene with four counts: (1) entering and remaining in a restricted building, in violation of
At Defendant‘s initial appearance, this Court granted his oral motion to appoint counsel. See Min. Entry (May 25, 2021). Defendant later moved to represent himself and to terminate his counsel, see Min. Entry (Aug. 25, 2021), prompting the Court to hold a Faretta hearing to evaluate that request, see Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975) (requiring that, “in order to represent himself, the accused must knowingly and intelligently forgo” the assistance of counsel (quotation marks omitted)). After conducting an extensive inquiry and cautioning Defendant about the risks associated with representing himself, the Court found that Defendant‘s request was made knowingly and intelligently and so granted his motion. See Min. Entry (Sept. 2, 2021). His former counsel has, however, remained in the case as stand-by counsel. Id.
Defendant, now representing himself, has moved to transfer this case from the District of Columbia to the Northern District of New York, where he resides, on the grounds that (1) “[i]n the present social climate” trying his case before “a jury procured from Washington[,] DC[,] would impair [his] constitutionally protected right to a fair trial;” and (2) requiring that he travel to the District of Columbia for trial would inflict unnecessary burdens on him. Dkt. 24 at 2. The government filed its brief in opposition on November 12, 2021, Dkt. 25, and Defendant‘s reply brief was docketed on December 10, 2021, Dkt. 28. The motion is now ripe for decision.
II. ANALYSIS
The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to a trial “by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime [was allegedly] committed,”
A. Rule 21(a)
When necessary to avoid undue prejudice, transfer is mandatory under both
Identifying and eliminating potential juror partiality and prejudice is, of course, one of the core aims of the jury selection process. The questions asked during voir dire, in particular, are designed to “safeguard[] litigants’ right to a fair and impartial trial” and “to make sure jurors do not harbor biases for or against the parties.” Faria v. Harleysville Worcester Ins. Co., 852 F.3d 87, 95 (1st Cir. 2017). A defendant claiming jury bias—and, by extension, a defendant claiming potential jury bias—must demonstrate such bias “not as a matter of speculation but as a demonstrable reality.” United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 60 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (en banc) (per curiam) (quoting United States ex rel. Darcy v. Handy, 351 U.S. 454, 462 (1956)). As a result, it is the “well established procedure” in this circuit to “refus[e] [defendants‘] pre-voir dire requests for . . . a change of venue.” Id. at 64; see also United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 155 (2d Cir. 2003) (“[T]he key to determining the appropriateness of a change of venue is a searching voir dire of the members of the jury pool.“); United States v. Bakker, 925 F.2d 728, 732 (4th Cir. 1991) (“Only where voir dire reveals that an impartial jury cannot be impaneled would a change of venue be justified.“). It is only in “extreme circumstances” that the Court may presume prejudice even before voir dire. Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 60. Such circumstances might arise, for example, where “the population of Washington, D.C. [is] so aroused against [the defendant] and so unlikely to be able objectively to judge [his] guilt or innocence on the basis of the evidence presented at trial” that due process requires “a change of venue prior [even] to attempting selection of a jury.” Id. at 62.
Defendant has failed to establish such “extreme circumstances” here. Defendant‘s argument on this point is premised, largely, on his assertion that one-third of the District of Columbia‘s population is employed by the federal government. Dkt. 24 at 2; see Dkt. 28 at 7-8. Because, according to Defendant, these individuals “have a vested interest in supporting their employer,” the jury pool in this District is “considerably bias[ed].” Dkt. 24 at 2. This, however, is exactly the kind of conjecture that is insufficient to warrant transfer prior to jury selection. See Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 64. The purpose of voir dire, after all, is “to make sure jurors do not harbor biases for or against the parties.” Faria, 852 F.3d at 95. Although Defendant is skeptical that voir dire will serve its purpose in this case, there is no reason to believe that members of the jury venire will even know who he is or what he allegedly did on January 6, much less that a significant number of the members of the venire will lack the capacity to evaluate the case against Defendant based solely on the facts of his case. Nor, more generally, is there reason to believe that the voir dire process will prove ineffective in identifying any members of the venire who lack the requisite impartiality to serve on a jury. In any event, Defendant remains free to renew his motion following voir dire should he feel such a motion is warranted.
The government‘s opposition focuses on a slightly different argument, based on the possibility that pretrial publicity has so tainted the jury pool that jury selection is incapable of producing an impartial jury. See Dkt. 25 at 6-8. But, in his reply, Defendant expressly disclaims any such argument, maintaining instead that widespread publicity of the events of January 6, 2021, means that “the people in New York“—including, presumably, those in his desired venue (the Northern District of New York)—“have just as much information on the event as the people in D.C.” Dkt. 28 at 6; see also id. (noting that the government‘s brief “argu[es] about pretrial publicity not affecting a jury pool and wonder[s] why [Defendant] ha[s] not cited any cases” on that point and clarifying that Defendant “wasn‘t trying to make that claim in the original motion“). The Court agrees that residents of both New York and D.C. have access to media coverage regarding the events of January 6, 2021. But that undermines, rather than supports, Defendant‘s position. The fact that there has been “ongoing media coverage” of the breach of the Capitol and subsequent prosecutions, “both locally and nationally,” means that the influence of that coverage would be present “wherever trial is held.” In re Tsarnaev, 780 F.3d 14, 22 (1st Cir. 2015); see also Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 64 n.43 (noting that “a change of venue would have been of only doubtful value” in the Watergate prosecutions because much of the media coverage was “national in [its] reach“). In such circumstances, the aims of
The Court, accordingly, finds that transfer is not proper under
B. Rule 21(b)
That leaves the second, discretionary basis for transfer—inconvenience to the parties. Unlike
Courts typically consider the following ten factors in deciding whether to grant a motion to transfer under
1. Factors 1, 2, 3, 4, & 7
As for the first factor, the government does not dispute that the Defendant is himself located in the Northern District of New York. Dkt. 25 at 17. But “the D.C. Circuit has indicated that, although the defendant‘s residence is a factor to be considered, is it not the controlling factor and its significance derives ‘solely from its relationship to the convenience of witnesses, records, and counsel,‘” Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 138 (quoting Jones, 404 F.2d at 1240); see also Quinn, 401 F. Supp. 2d at 86 (describing this factor as “only a minor consideration“). And here, the “convenience of the witnesses, records, and counsel,” Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 138, all weigh against transfer. The events at issue in this case took place just steps from the courthouse, and the government represents that it “anticipates that most of its witnesses are located either in or in close proximity to the District of Columbia” and that “[t]he discovery materials in this case originated in the District of Columbia.” Dkt. 25 at 18-19. As for the evidence, however, the Court‘s understanding is that the bulk of the discovery materials are in electronic format, and thus this consideration does not weigh as heavily against transfer as the
government‘s argument might suggest.
Although Defendant suggests he may seek to call witnesses who reside in New York, Dkt. 28 at 10, “a naked allegation that witnesses will be inconvenienced by trial in a distant forum [generally] will not
As a result, those factors taking into account the location of possible witnesses, relevant events, evidence, and counsel—the second, third, fourth, and seventh Platt factors—militate against transfer, and outweigh considerations relating to Defendant‘s location (the first factor).
2. Factors 5 & 6
In addition to his location, Defendant leans heavily on the costs he will incur in traveling to this District to defend himself in these proceedings, a seeming appeal to the fifth and sixth Platt factors. Under those factors, Defendant must demonstrate that litigating in this forum will impose a “considerably greater burden” than litigating in his preferred venue. Quinn, 401 F.
Supp. 2d at 88. To make this showing, Defendant points to the “fuel costs, travel times[,] and accommodations,” associated with travel to Washington, D.C. Dkt. 24 at 2; see also Dkt. 28 at 10. As the government notes in response, however, the force of this argument is blunted by the reality that Defendant “voluntarily traveled to and from New York to Washington, D.C. on January 6, 2021” to participate in the events underlying the charges against him, Dkt. 25 at 17, and the Court has no reason to conclude that Defendant lacks the means to return to the District of Columbia for trial, which is unlikely to last more than a few days. Moreover, even though traveling to the District of Columbia will impose some cost on Defendant, he has failed to carry his burden of showing that those costs outweigh the costs (including lost time) the government and witnesses would incur in traveling to the Northern District of New York for trial. See Quinn, 401 F. Supp. 2d at 88 (”Platt explicitly calls for courts to consider the ‘expense to the parties,’ rather than the ‘expense to the defendant.‘” (quoting Platt, 376 U.S. at 244)).
Defendant alludes to the possibility that he may wish to call character witnesses who live in New York and that they would need to travel to the District of Columbia to testify. Dkt. 28 at 10. But even if transfer would alleviate the additional expense associated with such travel, “there would be at least a partially offsetting increase in prosecution expenses” in transporting evidence, witnesses, and counsel to the Northern District of New York for trial. Quinn, 401 F. Supp. 2d at 88. Defendant may, moreover, seek assistance from the Court by filing a motion under
The Court, accordingly, concludes that the fifth and sixth factors do not weigh heavily in either direction.
3. Factors 8 & 9
The eighth and ninth factors—the relative accessibility of the place of trial and the docket condition of each district—likewise fail to advance Defendant‘s argument. Although Defendant claims than the Northern District of New York is “more easily accessible to at least the majority of the parties and counsel involved in this case,” Dkt. 28 at 5, the Court cannot credit this unsupported assertion. As for docket conditions, Defendant argues that this Court has more criminal cases pending that the Northern District of New York, which, according to Defendant, suggests that “the New York venue is comfortable taking on more cases.” Id. But the focus of this factor is not the absolute number of cases in either district. Instead, the question is whether the Court “will reach a disposition here sooner than it would if the case were transferred,” Quinn, 401 F. Supp. 2d at 89, which turns in part on “this Court‘s familiarity with the background, facts, legal arguments and parties to this prosecution,” Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 142. Given this Court‘s experience with this case specifically, and with the January 6 prosecutions more generally—including the challenges posed by the omnibus discovery process in those cases—the Court is unconvinced that transfer would expedite resolution of this case or would serve the interest in judicial economy.
4. Factor 10
Under the last factor—special elements which might affect transfer—Defendant maintains that “a pattern has emerged of violence” at courthouses during “heavily publicized” and “politically polarized” trials. Dkt. 28 at 5. Defendant continues that this “pattern” gives rises to security concerns that, according to Defendant, further support the need to transfer the case to the Northern District of New York. But Defendant offers little to substantiate these concerns, and—more importantly—gives no reason why transfer to another venue would alleviate them. This factor, too, fails to weigh in favor of transfer.
* * *
Having considered each of the Platt factors, the Court concludes that Defendant has failed to overcome the “general presumption that a criminal prosecution should be retained in the original district,” Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 138, and so, consistent with Article III and the Sixth Amendment, the Court finds that this District (where the Defendant‘s crimes were allegedly committed) is the most appropriate venue for Defendant‘s trial.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant‘s motion to transfer, Dkt. 24, is DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Randolph D. Moss
RANDOLPH D. MOSS
Date: January 12, 2022
United States District Judge