176 F.2d 263 | 3rd Cir. | 1949
These appeals comprise a group of denaturalization cases which are vitally affected by the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in Klapprott v. United States, 335 U.S. 601, 69 S.Ct. 384, judgment modified 336 U.S. 942, 69 S. Ct. 398.
In Backofen, Koop and Neupert, on February 18, 1948 we affirmed the judgments of the District Court because of our opinion in the Klapprott case, 3 Cir., 166 F.2d 273, now reversed supra. We stayed the mandates in those issues pending review of our decision in Klapprott by the Supreme Court. The appeals' in Fitting and Kohler were argued before this court on January 3, 1949 and October 21, 1948 respectively.
In all of these cases the Trial Judge functioned under Rule 60(b), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; 28 U.S.C.A., as it was before its amendment
In each of the suits, a complaint was filed in the District Court alleging that the particular certificate of naturalization had been illegally and fraudulently procured and seeking cancellation of said certificate on those grounds. The complaints in Backofen, Koop, Neupert and Fitting were filed October 23, 1942. The complaint in Kohler was filed May 12, 1942. Personal service of the summons and complaint upon the defendant was had in each case. Thereafter default judgments were entered in accordance with the prayers of the complaints. In Backofen, Koop and Neupert such judgments were entered June IS, 1943; in Fitting, judgment was entered August 10, 1943; in Kohler, judgment was entered July 17, 1942. In Backofen, Koop and Neupert testimony was taken in support of the allegations of the complaints. There was no such testimony in Fitting and Kohler. In Fitting an affidavit having to do with the mechanics of service of the complaint and order for service of same by publication was filed by the Government.
Amended Rule 60(b), as said, became effective March 19, 1948.
With substantially the same circumstances appearing in the instant matters, it is conceded that the above pronouncement is controlling here. Having it in mind we will examine the individual appeals.
Backofen.
Appellant sent a letter to the District Court dated September 10, 1946 asking ' that his case be reexamined. The Court regarded the letter as a motion to open and set aside the default judgment. With the matter coming under the then existing Rule 60(b) the Court decided it was without jurisdiction and dismissed the motion. Since under the Supreme Court’s ruling in Klapprott, supra, amended Rule 60(b) is to be applied to this .case there remain only the questions whether appellant’s letter petition alleges “any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment” and if so, whether the petition was presented within a reasonable time. The letter was written from the internment camp at Crystal City, Texas, where appellant had been interned for over three years. It states he is without funds to procure a lawyer and begs the Court “to please provide such counsel for the defense of my citizenship.” The vague second paragraph of the letter can be interpreted to indicate that Backofen is trying to assert that he has a good defense to the charges against him.
Koop.
The Koop facts are virtually identical with Backofen. Koop’s letter to the Court is from the same internment camp and bears the same date. He asserts that he is without funds saying that ‘‘Otherwise I would have secured a lawyer at the time I lost my ‘citizenship-papers’ ”. He asks the Court to provide a lawyer for him. The same inference that he alleges a good defense can be taking from the second paragraph of his letter which is practically word for word, the Backofen language. The Trial Judge disposed of this, matter as he did Backofen., He took the letter as a petition to reopen the judgment and denied the petition on the ground that the Court was without jurisdiction to reopen the judgment under Rule 60(b) as it then read.
Neupert.
This case is similar to though stronger than either Backofen or Koop. Neupert’s letter to the District Judge was dated September 11, 1946. It came from the Crystal City internment camp and was considered by the Court as a petition to reopen the judgment. Its pattern is that of the Backofen and Koop letters except that Neupert specifically states that “At the time my citizenship-paper was going to be revoked, I was physically and mentally unable to defend myself and wrote this to Mr. Charles M.- Phillips, United . States Attorney.”
Fitting.
The complaint was filed in this suit, October 23, 1942. A default judgment was entered on August 10, 1943. There was no testimony presented in support of the allegations of the complaint. A petition for rehearing was filed July 18, 1946. The Court considered this as a bill of review. Appellant after service upon him' of the complaint and within the, statutory sixty days, mailed the clerk of the District Court an answer for filing. The clerk returned this to him with the request for filing fees. Thereafter appellant returned the answer with the fees, to the clerk. The clerk refused to file the answer because the time for filing it had by then expired. The District Judge in his opinion dismissing the petition for rehearing (though he considered the answer “tantamount to a consent to the entry of judgment”) assumed that the judgment was erroneously entered and that the error was one of the law upon the record. Being governed by 60(b) prior to its amendment, the Court considered that the failure of the appellant “to file a bill of review or take any other action in the proceeding, within a reasonable time after the entry of judgment is fatal,” and so, dismissed the petition.
Applying amended Rule 60(b) to this issue in accordance with the directive of the Supreme Court, the question is the same as in the other matters previously considered, namely, whether the allegations of the petition warrant invoking the “any other reason”’ clause ■ of 60(b) to which the one year limitation does not , apply. The petition itself, principally relies on: (1) The attempted filing of the answer; and (2) The contention that the default judgment was entered without the' proof necessary t® support it. In addition to this, the record before us shows that appellant was confined to a federal penal and correctional institution at Sandstone, Minnesota at the time the complaint in this caus.e was served upon him. The answer to the complaint was sent by him from that institution to the district court clerk. The clerk’s letters to Fitting were addressed to the latter at Sandstone. The letter from the District Attorney to Fitting referred to in the petition for rehearing was sent to Fitting at the Sandstone institution. From the Government’s appendix it appears that Fitting continued in confinement at Sandstone until at least some time in June 1945. Following that he was interned as an enemy alien at Bismark, North Dakota. In August 1945, in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, Fitting asked for a review of the District of New Jersey default judgment. In his petition in that cause, which is printed in the Government appendix, Fitting stated that in August 1943 in the District of New Jersey, citizenship cancellation proceedings, he did “offer surrender of citizenship under protest and coercion of insurmountable difficulties to a normal pursuit of justice then prevailing — August 1943.” He further alleged that he was then “constrained and burdened by conviction in the Federal Court of the Southern District of New York” which was then on appeal and which was finally reversed by the United States Supreme Court on June 11, 1945. He
Pieced together this case' presents allegations comparable to those asserted by Klapprott in his petition and Fitting can be said to contend that during the period between the filing of the' default judgment against him and the filing of his petition for rehearing in the Court below,- he was in “an extraordinary situation which” as the Supreme Court says in Klapprott “cannot fairly or logically be classified''as mere ‘neglect’ on his part”. Therefore the time within which the petition for rehearing was filed, under the alleged circumstances, can be construed to be reasonable.
Kohler.
The summons and complaint were personally served on appellant May 14, 1942. On July 8, 1942, within the statutory sixty day answer period, Kohler wrote the District Attorney a letter which began: “This is in answer to the complaint served [on] me May 14, 1942 * * On July 17, 1942, a default judgment was entered against Kohler. There was no testimony taken in proof of the allegations of the complaint. On January 15, 1947, Kohler wrote the District Judge asking, reconsideration of his case saying, “I never had a chance to defend myself.” On July 11, 1947, the District Court made an order to show cause why the judgment of denaturalization should not be set aside. This was based upon the affidavits of Kohler and of his attorney. In Kohler’s affidavit he stated that the judgment cancelling his citizenship papers was entered without notice and said further, “Before I had an opportunity to act thereon the authorities had taken me into custody and had sent me to internment camp.” He said that the reason he did not act sooner was because he was unable to retain counsel. He asserts that the authorities at the internment camp were very strict and because, of this he. says, “I was unable to make arrangements for suitable representation.” On September 8, 1947, the order to show cause was. discharged “without prejudice to the right of .the defendant to pursue further, remedies by other proceedings.” ■ An appeal was taken from that order and that is before us.
On July 16, 1947, a bill of review was filed on Kohler’s behalf asking that the default judgment against him be vacated. The Court below assumed the correctness of appellant’s contention that the letter to the District Attorney was sufficient answer but acting under 60(b) prior to amendment held that the bill of review had been filed too late. Once more it is noted that the Supreme Court’s Klapprott opinion has admittedly made amended Rule 60(b) the law in this suit also. Therefore if “any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment” appears, the only time limitation for an application founded on such reason to reopen the judgment is that it be made “within a reasonable time.”
The bill of review alleges that Kohler' appeared and answered the denaturalization complaint by the letter above referred to. It states he appeared in person “due to his inability to retain counsel”. It claims that Kohler had no notice of the case being called on July 17, 1942. It goes on to say that immediately after the entry of the default judgment against him he was arrested and interned at Crystal City, Texas and that at present he “is detained at Ellis Island as an alleged alien enemy”.
Those allegations are clearly of the Klapprott type. They set up the same sort of what the Supreme Court terms “extraordinay situation” as Klapprott urged and bring into force the “any other reason” clause of Rule 60(b). Regarding the question of whether or not the bill of review was' filed within a reasonable period, Koh
As seen, there are two appeals in this matter. The first, No. 9577, is from the order discharging without prejudice the rule to show cause why the denaturalization proceeding should not be set aside. The second, No. 9685, is from the dismissal of the bill of review. The Trial Judge acting as he was under Rule 60(b) prior to its amendment, discharged the order to show cause because it did not comply with the then plainly indicated practice of filing a bill of review. The discharge of the order was without prejudice in order to enable appellant to file his bill of review. Since, however, by the Klapprott decision, amended Rule 60(b) is effective in this proceeding and since the rule to show cause was really a motion in the litigation which squarely presented to the Court the “any other reason” for reopening the default judgment, there is no present necessity for dealing with the later bill of review. Amended Rule 60(b) in abolishing bills of review provides that “the procedure for obtaining any relief from a judgment shall be by motion as prescribed in these rules or by an independent action.” The affidavits on which the rule to show cause was issued will be considered in the light in which the Trial Court received them, namely, as a petition or motion to reopen the default judgment.
The Supreme Court’s amended judgment of April 4, 1949 in the Klapprott suit, 336 U.S. 942, 69 S.Ct. 384, 398, remanded the cause to the District Court “with directions to receive evidence on the truth or falsity of the allegations contained in petitioner’s petition to vacate the default judgment entered in the denaturalization proceeding”. Such course will be followed in each of these appeals.
, The judgments in Nos, 9500, 9501, 9502, 9594 and 9685 will be reversed and the causes remanded with directions to the District Court to receive evidence on the truth or falsity of the allegations of the appellants contained in their petitions to vacate the default judgments entered in their respective denaturalization proceedings. The judgment in No. 9577 will be affirmed.
The Fitting appeal is discussed in this opinion immediately after the Backofen, Koop and Neupert appeals, simply as a matter of convenience. The! complaints in those four suits were all filed the same .date, October 23,. 1942. Actually the Kohler complaint was filed first of the five, on May 12, 1942.
The full text of the original Rule 60 (b) read as follows: “On motion the court, upon such terms as are just, may ■ relieve a party or his legal representative from a judgment, order, or proceeding taken against him through his mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable negleet. The motion shall be made within á reasonable time, but in no case exceeding six months after such judgment, order, or proceeding was taken. A motion under this subdivision does not affect the finality of a judgment or suspend its operation. This rule does not limit the power of a court (1) to entertain an action to relieve a party from a judgment, order, or proceeding, or (2) to set aside within one year, as provided in Section 57 of the Judicial Code, U.S.C., Title,28, § 118, a judgment obtained against a defendant not actually personally notified.”
Fraser v. Doing, 76 U.S.D.C., 111, 130 F.2d 617, 620; Wallace v. United States, 2 Cir., 142 F.2d 240, 244; Moore’s Federal Practice, V. 3, pp. 3255-3276.
Ensminger v. Powers, 108 U.S. 292, 302, 2 S.Ct. 643, 27 L.Ed. 732; Central Trust Co. v. Grant Locomotive Works, 185 U.S. 207, 227, 10 S.Ct. 736, 34 L.Ed. 97; Peeke v. Citizens Banking Co., 6 Cir., 81 F.2d 112, 114.
Amended Kule 60(b) provides: “On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final, judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence which by d'uo diligence could not have been discovered- in time to move for a new trial under Kule 511(b); (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party; (4) the judgment is' void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application; or (6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment. The motion shall be made within a reasonable time, and for reasons (1), (2), and (3) not more than one year after the judgment, order, or proceeding was entered or taken. A motion under this subdivision (b) does not affect the finality of a,judgment or suspend its operation. This rule does not limit the power of a cofirt to entertain an independent action to relieve a party from a judgment, order, or proceeding, or to grant relief to a defendant not actually personally notified as provided in Section 57 of the Judicial Code, U.S.C., Title 28, § 118, or to set aside a judgment for fraud upon the court. Writs of coram nobis, coram vobis, audita querela, and bills of review and bills in the nature of a bill of review, are abolished, and the procedure for obtaining any relief from a judgment shall be by motion as prescribed in these' rules or by an independent aetion.”
The second paragraph of the letter reads: “Since it is a fact that many former citizens who lost, or were about to lose their citizenships, the charges against them having been the same or similar ones as in my case, have retained their citizenship status or has been restored by order of the courts, I do feel justified in asking that my case be re-examined.”
There was a letter from appellant to the District Attorney dated December 19, 1942 stating that, he would accept the C’onrt's decision under protest