513 F.2d 513 | 3rd Cir. | 1975
Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
This court must decide whether wiretap authorizations signed by an acting assistant attorney general, not specifically qualified to approve electronic surveillance under 18 U.S.C. § 2516(1), must be suppressed as facially insufficient under 18 U.S.C. § 2518(10)(a)(ii). The government appeals suppression by the district court.
I.
The district court for the Western District of Pennsylvania approved wiretap applications on December 9, and December 23, 1971. The applications submitted by the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the Justice Department were accompanied by authorization orders for electronic surveillance signed by Henry Petersen. Petersen was then Acting Assistant Attorney General.
As a result of information derived from this surveillance, Anthony Aeon and three other defendants were indicted for conspiracy to conduct illegal gam-blings, 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1955, and Aeon and five other defendants were indicted for conspiracy to obstruct the enforcement of Pennsylvania criminal laws, 18 U.S.C. § 1511. Defendants moved to suppress the evidence derived from the wiretaps on various grounds, only-one of .which was addressed by the district court’s narrowly drawn opinion.
At the suppression hearing, the government presented affidavits and inter-office memoranda from both Petersen and former Attorney General John Mitchell. A March 4, 1973 affidavit from Mitchell states that although the authorization order was signed by Petersen, Mitchell had in fact given the authorization. A series of memoranda dated prior to each wiretap application, initialed by Mitchell, and giving approval for the wiretap, was introduced at the suppression hearing in support of Mitchell’s more recent affidavit.
Although defendants challenged the allegedly institutional character of Mitchell’s approval under 18 U.S.C. § 2518(10)(a)(i), the district court did not reach this issue.
II.
Congress set out detailed procedures for obtaining electronic surveillance approval in Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2520. 18 U.S.C. § 2516(1)
In light of the technical nature of this facial insufficiency, we cannot agree that suppression is required under these circumstances.
DESIGNATION TO AUTHORIZE UNDER § 2516(1)
In United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S. 505, 94 S.Ct. 1820, 40 L.Ed.2d 341 (1974), the Supreme Court held that only the Attorney General and the nine assistant attorneys general who were “responsive to the political process . . ” could authorize wiretaps under § 2516(1). 416 U.S. at 520, 94 S.Ct. 1820 citing S.Rep. No. 1097, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess. 96-97 (1968), 2 U.S.Code Cong, and Admin.News, p. 2185 (1968). “Political responsiveness” in the Court’s view, was achieved by presidential appointment and Senate confirmation, 416 U.S. at 520 n. 9, 94 S.Ct. 1820. In Giordano, improper authorization by the attorney general’s executive assistant rendered the interception unlawful and subject to suppression under § 2518(10)(a)(i). According to the Court, Congress sought to restrict the use of electronic surveillance by restricting the power to authorize wiretaps to a small group of senior Justice Department officials. Violations of the significant provision, therefore, were sufficient to warrant suppression.
In the present case, the government argues that an acting assistant attorney general is not the same as the attorney general’s executive assistant.
FACIAL SUFFICIENCY
In the instant case, however, we are not dealing with an authorization by an acting assistant attorney general. We are dealing with a signature on the authorization order placed there by an unqualified person.
In United States v. Chavez, 416 U.S. 562, 94 S.Ct. 1849, 40 L.Ed.2d 380 (1974),
The Court also specified that the authorization order was sufficient on its face since the signatory, assistant attorney general, Will Wilson, could have been designated specially to authorize under § 2516(1).
The instant case is clearly distinguishable from Chavez, however. Here the defendants attack not misidentification under (10)(a)(i) but the facial sufficiency under (10)(a)(ii) of an order signed by an improper person.
Giordano and Chavez recognize that suppression under (10)(a)(i) is not required for every technical violation. Only “where there is failure to satisfy any of those statutory requirements that directly and substantially implement the congressional intention to limit the use of intercept procedures,” Giordano, 416 U.S. at 527, 94 S.Ct. at 1832, is suppression required under § 2518(10)(a)(i). Defendant-appellees argue that § 2518(10)(a)(ii), in contrast, applies irrespective of whether substantial limitations of the Act are violated.
In support of this point, they cite language from Giordano: “Paragraphs (ii) and (iii) [of § 2518(10)(a)] must be deemed to provide suppression for failure to observe some statutory requirements that would not render interceptions unlawful under paragraph (i).” 416 U.S. at 527, 94 S.Ct. at 1832. This language does imply that paragraphs (ii) and (iii) must reach violations of some provisions of Title III which do not directly and substantially implement the congressional intent to limit use of wiretaps. Despite this intention to extend (10)(a)(ii) further than (10)(a)(i), we do not conclude that suppression is required for every minor facial insufficiency.
There is a distinction in the kinds of information which must be supplied to the approving judge. Clearly, the name of the authorizing officer is less important than statements of fact which must be submitted under § 2518(l)(b). Unless the judge is properly apprised of the facts, he cannot make an appropriate probable cause determination as required by § 2518(3). In contrast, the name of the authorizing officer is not as likely to affect the judge’s determination that a wiretap is or is not warranted.
In Giordano and Chavez, the Supreme Court examined affidavits which varied the submitted identification information. Clearly, an aggrieved party may impeach the information submitted by the government to the approving court. In Giordano, this occurred. In Chavez, however, the government was allowed to vary the identification information after it had been shown by the party- attacking the wiretap that the signatory had not in fact given approval. The government was then allowed to show that a proper party, then Attorney General Mitchell, had approved the wiretap. That the government was allowed to
We perceive a distinction between information which the government may vary by subsequent affidavit and information which must stand on the four corners of the affidavit. Based on this difference, we conclude that suppression is not required for facial insufficiency relating to less critical requirements which may be varied by subsequent affidavits. The identification directives in our opinion fall within this category.
Although the identification requirements were designed to fix responsibility on the person actually authorizing the wiretap,
Support for our view that (10)(a)(ii) suppression is not required for every minor insufficiency is derived from a recent Second' Circuit case. In United States v. Cirillo, 499 F.2d 872 (2nd Cir., 1974), cert. denied 419 U.S. 1056, 95 S.Ct. 638, 42 L.Ed.2d 653 (1974),
The court, in an opinion by Judge Mansfield, concluded that the defect was technical since there had been substantial compliance with the statute.
In this case we believe the facial insufficiency was technical for two reasons. Mitchell had actually approved the wiretap so that there was substantial compliance with the statute. Only the less crucial identification requirements were actually breached.
III.
For the foregoing reasons the district court’s order of suppression will be reversed and the case remanded for consideration of the other grounds for suppression not yet reached by the district court.
. United States v. Acon, 377 F.Supp. 649 (W.D., Pa. 1974).
. The district court did not reach suppression motions alleging an absence of probable cause to approve the initial wiretap application.
. On the December 9 authorization, Henry Petersen’s title was improperly given as Assistant Attorney General rather than Acting Assistant Attorney General. The government argues that because he was called an Assistant Attorney General in the December 9 order, that order was not facially insufficient. We decline to make any distinction on the basis of what Petersen was called. He was an acting officer and the sufficiency of the order will be judged accordingly.
. The affidavit dated March 4, 1973 and signed and sworn by Mitchell states:
John M. Mitchell, being duly sworn, deposes and says:
I held the office of Attorney General of the United States from January 21, 1969, through March 1, 1972.
On December 8 and December 23, 1971, and on- January 18, January 24, and February 7, 1972, I approved requests for authority to apply for interception orders in this matter and personally initialed memoranda of those dates reflecting my favorable action on the requests. 1 have examined the originals of these memoranda and certify that they bear my initials which were personally affixed to them by me on the above dates. Attached are copies of my personally initialed memoranda of those dates reflecting my favorable actions on the requests.
My memoranda of approval in this case constituted notification to the Assistant Attorney General of the Criminal Division that the discretionary action of approving each of the requests to make application to the court for an interception order had been taken by me.
There were five substantially identical interoffice memoranda from Mitchell to Petersen on which Mitchell’s initials appeared. The December 8, 1971 memorandum states:
This is with regard to your recommendation that authorization be given to Thomas A. Bergstrom, Special Attorney, Pittsburgh Strike Force, to make application for an Order of the Court under Title 18, United States Code, Section 2518, permitting the interception of wire communications for a fifteen (15) day period to and from telephone numbers 412-774-8488 and 412-774-1821, both located at 390 Pennsylvania Avenue, Rochester, Pennsylvania, and 412-643-4396 and 412-643-8168, both located at 757 Virginia Avenue, Midland, Pennsylvania, in connection with the investigation into possible violations of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1955 and 371, by Anthony “Tony” Aeon, Rockliffe “Rocky” Fritz, Robert “Bobby” Ciamacco, Charles Belas, Madeleine “Mad” D’Angelo, also known as Mrs. Louis Dangelo and also known as Mrs. Lewis D’Angelo and others known and others as yet unknown.
*515 Pursuant to the powers conferred on me by Section 2516 of Title 18, United States Code, you are hereby specifically designated to exercise those powers for the purpose of authorizing Thomas A. Bergstrom to make the above-described application.
. Petersen’s sworn affidavit, dated March 15, 1973, describes a procedure whereby special units of the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the Justice Department requested wiretaps. The requests were processed through various levels of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department. The affidavit states, based on staff recommendations, the Attorney General approved each wiretap. Petersen then signed the order submitted to the district court at the Attorney General’s request.
. Although not reaching this issue, the district court did question the sufficiency of these memoranda and affidavits to show authorization. The court expressed doubts about “the propriety of relying on these affidavits [to show authorization] which themselves contradict the actual language of the designation memoranda . ..” 377 F.Supp. at 652.
Despite the deviation by the Justice Department from the authorization procedures contemplated by the statute, several cases have held that papers, substantially identical to these were sufficient authorization. The sufficiency of identical papers was not questioned by the Supreme Court in United States v. Chavez, 416 U.S. 562, 569 n. 2, 94 S.Ct. 1849, 40 L.Ed.2d 380 (1974). Although not reproduced in the Supreme Court opinion the papers relied on by the Court are reproduced in United States v. Chavez, 478 F.2d 512, 514 (9th Cir., 1972).
Substantially identical procedures were deemed sufficient by this Court in United States v. Ceraso, 467 F.2d 647, 651 (3d Cir., 1972). See United States v. Becker, 461 F.2d 230 (2nd Cir., 1972), United States v. Cox, 462 F.2d 1293 (8th Cir., 1972).
. ' Three later wiretaps were suppressed although Petersen was an Assistant Attorney General when he signed these authorizations. Despite facial sufficiency, suppression was predicated on a showing that supporting affidavits presented information derived from the earlier invalid wiretaps.
. 18 U.S.C. § 2516(1) provides:
The Attorney General, or any Assistant Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney General, may authorize an application to a Federal judge of competent jurisdiction for, ... an order authorizing or approving the interception of wire or oral communications
. Evidence obtained in violation of Title III may not be used according to 18 U.S.C. § 2515 which provides:
Whenever any wire or oral communication has been intercepted, no part of the contents of such communication and no evidence derived therefrom may be received in evidence in any trial ... if the disclosure of that information would be in violation of this chapter.
Suppression sanctions for improperly intercepted communications are included in 18 U.S.C. § 2518(10)(a):
(10)(a) Any aggrieved person in any trial, hearing, or proceeding in or before any court, department, officer, agency, regulatory body, or other authority of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision thereof, may move to suppress the contents of any intercepted wire or oral communica*516 tion, or evidence derived therefrom, on the grounds that—
(i) the communication was unlawfully intercepted;
(ii) the order of authorization or approval under which it was intercepted is insufficient on its face; or
(iii) the interception was not made in conformity with the order of authorization or approval, (not relevant here).
. The government cites 28 C.F.R. 0.132(d) (1974) which provides that in the event of a vacancy, a ranking department head, such as an acting assistant attorney general “shall perform the functions' and duties and act as” an assistant attorney general. The government argues that unless vacancies can be filled by fully qualified persons, the government will grind to a halt while Senate approval is pending. This argument ignores the fact that there are nine assistant attorneys general and the fact that this statute is very specific in its limitations. The logic of Title III need not necessarily apply to all activities by an acting assistant attorney general. Several district court opinions have held that an acting officer is outside the scope of § 2516(1). United States v. Narducci, 341 F.Supp. 1107 (E.D.Pa., 1972), United States v. Boone, 348 F.Supp. 168 (E.D.Va., 1972).
We note but decline to follow a contrary holding in United States v. Pellicci, 504 F.2d 1106 (1st Cir., 1974) cert. denied 419 U.S. 1122, 95 S.Ct. 805, 42 L.Ed.2d 821 (1974) and United States v. Vigi, 350 F.Supp. 1008 (E.D. Mich. 1972).
. Relying solely on Chavez, the Fifth Circuit has held on identical facts that suppression is not required. United States v. Robertson, 504 F.2d 289 (5th Cir., 1974). The Court in Robertson considered only the issue of misidenti-fication as a suppression ground under (10)(a)(i). Suppression for facial insufficiency under (10)(a)(ii) was not raised in that opinion.
. In Chavez, the Supreme Court explored the purposes of the identification requirements. Although made in the context of (10)(a)(i), the analysis is also relevant to (10)(a)(ii).
Requiring identification of the authorizing official in the application facilitates the court’s ability to conclude that the application has been properly approved under § 2516; requiring identification in the court’s order also serves to “fix responsibility” for the source of preliminary approval. This information contained in the application and order further aids the judge in making reports required under 18 U.S.C. § 2519. That section requires the judge who issues or denies an interception order to report his action and certain information about the application, including the “identity of . . . the person authorizing the application,” within 30 days, to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, § 2519(l)(f). An annual report of the authorizing officials designated in § 2516 must also be filed with that body, and is to contain the same information with respect to each application made as is required of the issuing or denying judge, § 2519(2)(a). Finally, a summary of the information filed by the judges acting on applications and the prosecutors approving their submission is to be filed with Congress in April of each year by the Administrative Office, § 2519(3). The purpose of these reports is “to form the basis for a public evaluation” of the operation of Title III and to “assure the community that the system of court-order[ed] electronic surveillance ... is properly administered. . . . ” S.Rep. No. 1097, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., 107. While adherence to the identification reporting requirements of §§ 2518(1)(a) and (4)(d) thus can simplify the assurance that those who Title III makes responsible for determining when and how wiretapping and electronic surveillance should be conducted have fulfilled their roles in each case, they do not establish a substantive role to be played in the regulatory system. (Footnotes deleted). 416 U.S. at 575-8, 94 S.Ct. at 1856.
. On the diminished importance of the signature see Giordano, 416 U.S. at 525 n. 14, 94 S.Ct. 1820; United States v. Falcone, 505 F.2d 478 (3d Cir., 1974); United States v. Iannelli, 477 F.2d 999, 1001 (3d Cir., 1973).
. For other cases finding technical violations of wiretap statutes see United States v. Rizzo, 492 F.2d 443, 446 (2nd Cir., 1973), United States v. Manfredi, 488 F.2d 588, 598 (2nd Cir., 1973), United States v. Poeta, 455 F.2d 117 (2nd Cir., 1972).
In a somewhat analogous situation, Judge Friendly found technical defects in a search
. We do not necessarily support the Second Circuit’s view that failure to include a minimization order is a minor facial insufficiency. We cite the case for the proposition that there can be facial insufficiency which is technical, and, therefore, insufficient to require suppression.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring):
I concur in the result reached by the majority.
Like Judge Hunter, I conclude that evidence derived from a court-approved wiretap may not be suppressed under 18 U.S.C. § 2518(10)(a)(ii) where, as here, the wiretap has in fact been authorized by a Justice Department official empowered to do so under 18 U.S.C. § 2516(1), and the only defect in the authorization procedure is in the identification of the authorizing officer.
Since the then Attorney General authorized the challenged wiretaps, I find it unnecessary to decide the further legal question whether an Acting Assistant Attorney General is “responsive to the political process”
. United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S. 505, 520, 94 S.Ct. 1820, 40 L.Ed.2d 341 (1974).
