UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee v. Andre TAYLOR, Defendant-Appellant. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee v. Victor Vickers, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 15-1236, 15-2269
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
February 24, 2016
813 F.3d 1139
Appellants claim that they were biased by the Browns’ attorney‘s rebuttal statement that the defendants had agreed that although the Brown family had sustained damages of $700,000, “I think Kyle was worth more than that.” After appellants moved to strike, the district court told the jury to disregard the comment. Then appellants moved for a mistrial which was denied. Appellants renewed their argument that the comment was prejudicial in their post verdict motion for a new trial.
The propriety of a statement in closing argument is a procedural question which we review under federal law. Sylla-Sawdon v. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co., 47 F.3d 277, 285 (8th Cir.1995). District courts have considerable discretion to control closing arguments, and we will not reverse unless counsel has made statements that were “plainly unwarranted and clearly injurious.” Id. (quoting Vanskike v. Union Pac. R.R., 725 F.2d 1146, 1149 (8th Cir.1984)). The Browns asked for a verdict of $8.5 million. Counsel for Ken Davis stated that the evidence showed $700,000 of damages and told the jury, “So, give them $700,000.” Counsel for William and WDL said he agreed with that calculation. Those statements opened the door for the allegedly prejudicial statement by the counsel for the Browns. See Crouch v. Teledyne Continental Motors, Inc., 511 Fed.Appx. 822, 824 (11th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (concluding that defendant‘s comments in opening and closing arguments were not reversible error where plaintiffs opened the door to the allegedly improper references). Moreover, the statement at issue was not unwarranted given the context, nor was it clearly injurious since the court instructed the jurors to disregard it. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellants’ motion for a new trial.
IV.
For these reasons we affirm the judgment of the district court.
Alex S. McCauley, McCauley Law Firm LLC, Overland Park, KS, argued, for appellant Andre Taylor.
William David Langston, Langston Law, Chartered, Olathe, KS, argued, for appellant Victor D. Vickers, Jr.
Stefan C. Hughes, Asst. U.S. Atty., Kansas City, MO, argued (Tammy Dickinson, U.S. Atty., Lucinda S. Woolery, Asst. U.S. Atty., on the brief), for appellee.
Before MURPHY, SMITH, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
MURPHY, Circuit Judge.
I.
Of the twenty defendants charged in the indictment, fifteen entered guilty pleas, two are fugitives, and three, including Taylor and Vickers, proceeded to trial. Taylor and Vickers were each charged with one count of conspiracy to distribute 1,000 kilograms or more of marijuana or 5 kilograms or more of cocaine. See
A.
Robert Taylor pled guilty to the drug distribution conspiracy and then testified. He explained that he had introduced Andre Taylor to Charlie “Mike” Williams, a drug dealer in Mexico who later became Andre Taylor‘s supplier.2 Williams had agreed to supply large quantities of marijuana and cocaine to Taylor who planned to sell them in Kansas City and then forward payment to Williams. Taylor hired a team of drivers to transport the drugs to Kansas City in trailers filled with inoperative “dummy” equipment which concealed large loads of drugs hidden beneath the floorboards. Witnesses testified that up to 27 kilograms of cocaine and 800 pounds of marijuana were sent in each shipment.
Driver Ruben Machiche testified that he had personally transported thousands of pounds of marijuana for Taylor. Allen Sanchez, who had supervised the drivers, testified that he had overseen the delivery of over 100 kilograms of cocaine and between 8,000 and 9,000 pounds of marijuana to Kansas City. According to Sanchez, he sent over $9 million to Mexico on Taylor‘s behalf.
Taylor ran his Kansas City operations out of three houses on Hardesty Avenue. There, he stored large quantities of drugs and various “tools of the trade” such as firearms, ammunition, digital scales, plastic bags, and surveillance cameras. Police executed a search warrant on the houses, and at trial multiple coconspirators testified that they had purchased marijuana and cocaine from Taylor and had seen large quantities of drugs in the houses. The government also submitted recordings obtained from wiretaps on Taylor‘s cell phones. It sought to authenticate several of those recordings through the testimony of FBI Task Force Officer (TFO) Mark Corbin, who identified Taylor‘s voice. The district court admitted the wiretap evidence over Taylor‘s objection that the FBI witness could not identify the voices of persons he had never met such as his.
Vickers’ alleged role in the drug conspiracy was more limited than Taylor‘s. Robert Taylor testified that Vickers had asked if he could get involved with his Mexican drug business, but Vickers was turned down. Testimony at trial showed, however, that Vickers had purchased several pounds of marijuana from multiple coconspirators, including Rahmon Allen and Darryl Taylor. The latter was Andre Taylor‘s nephew and one of his main custom-
B.
TFO Corbin testified that two government confidential informants (CIs) had made nine controlled purchases of cocaine from Taylor, one of which formed the basis for the aiding and abetting charge against him. Coconspirator Daniel Howard testified that he had unwittingly served as a middleman for that controlled buy after an unidentified CI had solicited drugs from him. Howard had called Taylor and asked him to deliver the drugs to an address where the CI and he were waiting. When Taylor arrived, Howard took money from the CI, met Taylor in his car, exchanged the money for drugs, and gave the drugs to the CI.
Corbin, who had supervised that controlled buy, testified that his surveillance team had seen Howard come out of the house where the CI was waiting, get into a car, and then go back inside. He also testified that after the CI contacted him, he field tested the purchase and the results were presumptively positive for cocaine. The amount of money he gave the CI was also consistent with the size of the purchase. Because Corbin‘s testimony about what the surveillance team had seen exceeded the scope of his personal knowledge, however, Taylor moved for a mistrial. The court denied that motion but struck Corbin‘s testimony about the CI‘s actions.
C.
Witnesses testified that Andre Taylor‘s apartment was burglarized on New Years Eve 2011 and that large amounts of cash and drugs were stolen. Robert Taylor testified that Andre Taylor believed that coconspirator Billy Brown was responsible for the burglary and offered $10,000 to anyone who would “knock Billy off.” Robert Clark, one of Taylor‘s customers, similarly testified that Taylor had asked his brother Antwan Clark to lure Brown to a fake drug deal so that Taylor could “fuck him up” and get his money back. The government also introduced evidence of a phone call between Taylor and codefendant Eric Union, who had also been charged with the murder for hire conspiracy. During that phone call, Taylor told Union that it was “necessary to kill [Brown].”
Robert Taylor further testified that Andre Taylor had at one point tried to shoot Brown in south Kansas City, but he had escaped. The government then called Kansas City police officer Kenneth Woodward, who testified that Brown had come to the police station and told him that someone had shot at him while he was driving. Woodward testified that he had examined Brown‘s vehicle and that it appeared the back windows had been shot out. Taylor objected, arguing that Woodward‘s testimony about what Brown had said violated his right to confront adverse witnesses. The court overruled that objection and admitted Woodward‘s testimony.
The government later called Kenneth Vaughn Cooper, who had pled guilty to the murder for hire conspiracy. Cooper testified that Eric Union had put him in touch with Taylor, who had a job for him. Cooper testified that Taylor had asked him to kill Brown, but he had agreed only to burglarize Brown‘s house in exchange for a portion of the cash or drugs inside. The
D.
The jury convicted Taylor on all counts and Vickers on a lesser included offense of conspiracy to distribute less than 100 kilograms of marijuana. Vickers’ presentence investigation report indicated that he, his cousin Garron Briggs, and a third unidentified man were suspected of murdering a man named Edward Ewing while attempting to recover stolen cocaine and cash. At sentencing the government introduced a video interview of Ewing‘s girlfriend, who claimed she had witnessed this murder, and she identified Vickers as one of the men who had attacked Ewing. One of the investigating officers then testified that a large sum of money had been stolen from Briggs and that Ewing may have been accused as a “scapegoat” for the theft.
Based on this record, the district court found that the Ewing murder was “drug-related activity” and applied the murder cross reference in the drug trafficking guideline. That cross reference provides that if a victim is murdered, the court should apply the guideline for first or second degree murder if doing so results in a greater offense level.
Taylor and Vickers appeal, each challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction. Taylor also appeals the district court‘s denial of his motion for a mistrial and the court‘s evidentiary rulings, specifically focusing on the 24 wiretap recordings as well as Officer Woodward‘s testimony. Taylor further argues that cumulative errors deprived him of his right to a fair trial. Vickers also appeals his sentence, arguing that the sentencing court committed procedural error in applying the murder cross reference.
II.
A.
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, accepting all reasonable inferences supporting it, and affirming “if there is any interpretation of the evidence that could lead a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Scofield, 433 F.3d 580, 585 (8th Cir.2006). We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions of Taylor and Vickers for the following reasons.
The government presented sufficient evidence to support Taylor‘s conviction of conspiracy to distribute over 1,000 kilograms of marijuana or over 5 kilograms of cocaine. “To establish that a defendant conspired to distribute drugs under
Taylor suggests that the coconspirators’ testimony is not credible because those witnesses had a “motive to testify and something to gain.” We will defer to the jury‘s assessment of witness credibility, however, and a conspiracy conviction may be based solely on coconspirator testimony. See United States v. Whirlwind Soldier, 499 F.3d 862, 870 (8th Cir.2007). Taylor also asserts that the district court erred in admitting 24 wiretap recordings and argues that without those recordings there would have been insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction. As discussed below, the district court did not err in admitting the wiretap recordings, and there was extensive coconspirator testimony supporting Taylor‘s conviction for conspiracy to distribute marijuana or cocaine. See id.
The government also presented sufficient evidence to support Vickers’ conviction for conspiracy to distribute less than 100 kilograms of marijuana. The evidence at trial showed that Vickers had asked Robert Taylor if he could participate in his Mexican drug connection, demonstrating that he knew about that operation. The evidence also showed that Vickers had on multiple occasions purchased resale quantities of marijuana from coconspirators Rahmon Allen and Darryl Taylor, at least some of which came from Andre Taylor. Testimony and wiretap evidence further showed that Vickers had sold smaller amounts of marijuana to his own customers. On this record, a reasonable juror could find that Vickers had intentionally joined the conspiracy in which his suppliers were participating. See Conway, 754 F.3d at 588-89.
Vickers argues that Darryl Taylor‘s testimony is entitled to little weight because it was lacking in detail and was uncorroborated by other evidence. Credibility determinations are “virtually unreviewable on appeal,” however, and “in reviewing a defendant‘s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, witness testimony does not need to be corroborated.” United States v. Keys, 721 F.3d 512, 519-20 (8th Cir.2013) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Vickers also argues that the evidence showed at most that he had participated in isolated drug transactions, not that he had joined a conspiracy. Evidence that he engaged in multiple purchases of resale quantities of marijuana was, however, “sufficient in and of itself to make a submissible case of a conspiracy to distribute.” Conway, 754 F.3d at 588. We conclude that sufficient evidence supported Vickers’ conviction.
The government also presented sufficient evidence to support Taylor‘s conviction for aiding and abetting the distribution of cocaine. That offense has three elements: “(1) the defendant associated [himself] with the unlawful venture; (2) the defendant participated in it as some-
Taylor contends that Howard‘s testimony was insufficient to support his aiding and abetting conviction because it was not corroborated by other evidence. As previously discussed, however, corroborating evidence is not necessary in a review of the sufficiency of the evidence. Keys, 721 F.3d at 519. Taylor also asserts that Corbin‘s testimony did not prove that the substance exchanged was cocaine because Corbin “may or may not be the person who sent the item [the CI purchased] to the lab.” To the extent that Taylor is arguing that the government was required to submit a chemical test to prove that the item purchased was cocaine, we disagree since “[i]t is well established in this circuit that the identity of a controlled substance can be proven beyond a reasonable doubt by circumstantial evidence and opinion testimony.” United States v. Cole, 537 F.3d 923, 927 (8th Cir.2008). We conclude that sufficient evidence supported Taylor‘s aiding and abetting conviction.
Finally, the government presented sufficient evidence to support Taylor‘s convictions of conspiracy to commit murder for hire and possession of a machine gun in furtherance of a crime of violence. To convict for conspiracy to commit murder for hire under
Taylor argues that the government failed to prove that Cooper had agreed to kill Brown, emphasizing that he testified that he intended only to burglarize Brown‘s house. We will defer to the jury‘s assessment of Cooper‘s credibility, however, and there was sufficient circumstantial evidence to allow the jury to infer that Cooper had agreed to commit murder. See, e.g., Conway, 754 F.3d at 587. The evidence showed that Taylor wanted Brown killed, that he asked Cooper to kill Brown, and that Cooper obtained a machine gun to take with him to Brown‘s house. On this record, the jury could reasonably infer that Cooper intended to use that gun to murder Brown, particularly in light of Kevin Blum‘s testimony confirming that intent. See United States v. Wells, 646 F.3d 1097, 1104 (8th Cir.2011). We therefore conclude that sufficient evidence supported Taylor‘s conviction for conspiracy to commit murder for hire. We also conclude that sufficient evidence supported
B.
We next address Taylor‘s arguments that the district court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial and in admitting 24 wiretap recordings and Officer Woodward‘s testimony, as well as his cumulative error argument. None provides a basis for reversal.
We review a district court‘s ruling on a motion for mistrial for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., United States v. Espinosa, 585 F.3d 418, 428 (8th Cir.2009). Taylor argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying his motion for mistrial after TFO Corbin testified about details of a controlled buy he personally knew nothing about. Even though the trial court has “broad discretion to grant or deny a motion for mistrial,” the admission of a “prejudicial statement is normally cured by striking the testimony and instructing the jury to disregard the remark.” Id. Here, the district court did strike the improper testimony, and Taylor does not explain why this failed to cure any prejudice. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Taylor‘s motion for a mistrial.
We also review a district court‘s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion, disregarding errors that do not affect a party‘s substantial rights. See, e.g., United States v. Beckman, 787 F.3d 466, 477 (8th Cir.2015). Taylor argues that the district court abused its discretion by permitting TFO Corbin to identify his voice on 24 wiretap recordings because Corbin had never spoken with Taylor in person. A witness may offer “[a]n opinion identifying a person‘s voice based on hearing the voice at any time under circumstances that connect it with the alleged speaker.” Fed.R.Evid. 901. Here, the record showed that several of the recorded phone calls were on a phone number that had been linked to Taylor, and Taylor identified himself during at least one of these calls which indicates that he participated in it. See United States v. Pruitt, 702 F.2d 152, 155 (8th Cir.1983). Further, a “telephone conversation may be shown to have emanated from a particular person by virtue of its disclosing knowledge of facts known peculiarly to him.” United States v. Garrison, 168 F.3d 1089, 1093 (8th Cir.1999). Here, many of the recordings included details of Taylor‘s drug activities and those of other coconspirators. On this record, we conclude that there was a sufficient basis on which Corbin could identify Taylor‘s voice and that the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting these recordings.
Taylor also asserts that the district court violated his right to confront adverse witnesses by admitting Officer Woodward‘s testimony that Billy Brown reported that he had been shot at. We review Confrontation Clause challenges de novo. United States v. Young, 753 F.3d 757, 772 (8th Cir.2014). The Confrontation Clause bars admission of a witness‘s testimonial hearsay statements unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross examine him. See United States v. Wright, 739 F.3d 1160, 1170 (8th Cir.2014). We need not decide whether the admission of Woodward‘s testimony violated Taylor‘s right to confrontation, however, because any error in admitting that testimony would have been harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Holmes, 620 F.3d 836, 844 (8th Cir.2010).
“Evidence erroneously admitted in violation of the Confrontation Clause
Taylor finally argues that cumulative errors deprived him of his right to a fair trial. “We may reverse where the case as a whole presents an image of unfairness that has resulted in the deprivation of a defendant‘s constitutional rights, even though none of the claimed errors is itself sufficient to require reversal.” United States v. Samples, 456 F.3d 875, 887 (8th Cir.2006). On this record, any error that the district court may have committed was harmless. We affirm Taylor‘s convictions.
III.
We finally address Vickers’ argument that the district court erred in applying the murder cross reference in
Subsection (a)(1) of
The Ewing murder still could be relevant conduct under subsection (a)(2) of
The government appears to argue that only the crime of conviction, not the relevant conduct offense, must be capable of grouping for subsection (a)(2) to apply, citing our court‘s decision in United States v. Jackson, 782 F.3d 1006 (8th Cir.2015). Jackson did not address that issue, however, and we reject the concept. Our court has previously recognized that subsection (a)(2) applies if the offense of conviction and the relevant conduct offense would have been grouped together had the defendant also been convicted of the latter offense. See United States v. Cole, 525 F.3d 656, 658-59 (8th Cir.2008). As the Cole court explained, “[a] defendant need not be charged with or convicted of the [relevant] conduct as long as it could form the basis for a count that would be grouped with the offense of conviction.” Id. at 659. We conclude based on this language that the proper focus under (a)(2) is whether both the offense of conviction and the relevant conduct offense would be grouped under
IV.
For these reasons we affirm the convictions of Taylor and Vickers, but we vacate Vickers’ sentence and remand his case for resentencing consistent with this opinion.