324 F.3d 1181 | 10th Cir. | 2003
Lead Opinion
dissenting.
The United States appeals from the order of the district court dismissing the indictment which had been returned against defendant/appellee Ricardo Aguirre, charging him with illegal re-entry into the United States after having been deported, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a),(b)(2). The district judge dismissed the charge based on her conclusion that the underlying deportation proceedings had been fundamentally unfair. United States v. Aguirre-Tello, 181 F.Supp.2d 1298 (D.N.M.2002). We have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3731 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291 to review the district court’s dismissal of the indictment.
I
Defendant was born in Mexico in 1969. He testified in the hearing in the district court that he first came to the United States with his parents in 1973, and his counsel told the court that he had been in this country ever since. However, he was not in this country legally until August 1987, when he was granted an immigration visa. In November 1989, defendant was convicted in state court in California of attempted murder. He was sentenced to a term of nine years but was released after having served, it appears, just less than five years of that sentence.
Because the issue in this appeal is whether the 1994 deportation hearing was fundamentally unfair, we will review the record of that proceeding in some detail.
II
The deportation hearing was held before an Immigration Judge (IJ) in El Centro, California, on August 19, 1994, for twenty potential deportees. Defendant Aguirre was one of three potential deportees who indicated that they spoke English and wanted their hearings conducted in English.
First, the IJ determined that all of the potential deportees understood that the purpose of the hearing was to determine if the charges were true and that each one
The IJ then informed the potential deportees that they had a right to be represented by counsel:
At this hearing, you can have an attorney, but the government won’t pay for your attorney. You each have a list of free legal services. If you haven’t had time to consult with an attorney, I’ll postpone your case. But you don’t have to have an attorney; you have the right to represent yourself. Do you understand your right to be represented?
ALL DEFENDANTS: Yes.
Aplt.App. at 7-8.
Later, the IJ further advised the potential deportees of their rights:
THE COURT: Do any of you want more time to get a lawyer? And if you do, raise your hand. There are no hands. So we’ll continue with each of you representing yourself. If you represent yourself, you should know that you can listen to and ask questions of any witness the government calls and look at anything the government gives me to consider against you. You can object to the government’s evidence by explaining to me why you disagree with it. You can call witnesses to testify for you and show me anything you believe is important to your case. You can testify and tell me your story in your own words. Do you understand these rights?
DEFENDANTS: Yes.
THE INTERPRETER: Yes, by all responses.
THE COURT: If you disagree with my decision, you can appeal. Your right to appeal is explained on the same paper that lists the legal services. By an appeal, you ask a higher court to review what I’ve done and determine if I’ve made a mistake. Do you understand your right to appeal?
DEFENDANTS: Yes.
THE INTERPRETER: By all respondents, yes.
ApltApp. at 13-14.
Later in the hearing, the IJ addressed Mr. Aguirre individually. After determining that Aguirre did not have an attorney, the IJ asked if he wanted more time to get an attorney. Aguirre said no. Aguirre affirmed that he understood his rights and that he understood the charges. He also admitted that he was a citizen of Mexico, that he had entered the United States as an immigrant in August 1987, and that in November 1989 he had been convicted of attempted murder in Los Angeles County, California. Aguirre also said that he had been sentenced to nine years in prison and had served 63 months.
THE COURT: Okay. You are not today eligible for a pardon, but you would be tomorrow. Do you want your case postponed to see if you might be granted a pardon and allowed to remain in this country?
DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: No.
THE COURT: All right. If I order you deported, then, to what country do you want to go?
DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: Mexico. THE COURT: Do you know, sir, that if you’re deported, that you’ll lose your status in this country and you could not return except with a visa and proper permission from the Attorney General? DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: I do.
THE COURT: And do you know that your crime would make you ineligible for a visa to come back to the US? DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: Ido.
THE COURT: So that if you want to stay in the US, this is the time to, shall we say, fight it out and try to remain; do you understand that?
DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: I understand.
THE COURT: Now that you know all that, do you want to apply for a pardon? DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: No.
THE COURT: Why not?
DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: I want to voluntarily return to my country.
THE COURT: Okay. Well, there’s no voluntary return available in a case like this, but are you saying you just want to go back?
DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: That’s it. THE COURT: All right. Based on your statements to me, I find that you’ve knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently waived your opportunity for relief. And I order you deported to Mexico. You can appeal. Do you want to appeal? DEFENDANT AGUIRRE: No.
THE COURT: Then my decision’s final. Good luck, sir.
ApltApp. at 24-26.
Ill
The indictment in the instant case alleges that Aguirre was found in Dona Ana County, New Mexico, on or about February 10, 2001, and that he had not received permission from the United States Attorney General to apply for admission into this country after his 1994 deportation. ApltApp. 74. Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment, asserting that the 1994 deportation proceeding was fundamentally unfair and invalid on due process grounds. After a hearing on November 20, 2001, at which, inter alia, the tape of the 1994 deportation hearing was played and the defendant testified in person, the district judge determined that the 1994 deportation hearing had been inadequate to protect defendant’s rights in several ways.
The focus of the district court’s Memorandum Opinion and Order, ApltApp. at 164 et seq, is on the conclusion that the
Aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence who temporarily proceeded abroad voluntarily and not under any order of deportation, and who are returning to a lawful unrelinquished domicile of seven consecutive years, may be admitted in the discretion of the Attorney General.... The first sentence of this subsection shall not apply to an alien who has been convicted of one or more aggravated felonies and has served for such felony or felonies a term of imprisonment of at least 5 years.
8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994).
As the district judge pointed out, although the statute refers to persons who temporarily leave the United States, it has been held that the section 212(c) waiver “is equally applicable to permanent residents who have never left.” See INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 2276, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001). Defendant was only one day short of having completed such seven years on the day of the deportation hearing. As the excerpts from the deportation hearing above indicate, the IJ seemed to be aware of the importance of the fact that defendant was but one day short of seven years of legal residence, but in his explanation the IJ said that defendant would be eligible to apply for a “pardon” in one more day, rather than a waiver, and the IJ gave no further explanation of the nature of the relief for which defendant would have become eligible.
The district judge observed that immigration law is technical and complex to the point that it is confusing to lawyers, much less to laymen.
The judge also found that defendant had not been given a list of free legal services prior to the 1994 deportation hearing,
The judge noted that Tenth Circuit precedent requires that a defendant in these circumstances show not only that the underlying deportation proceedings had not been fundamentally fair but also that the deficiencies in the proceeding had worked to his legal prejudice. The district court noted that there appeared to be a slight difference between the Ninth and Tenth Circuit prejudice standards, but determined that the defendant in this case had shown prejudice under any standard.
The judge also concluded that defendant was not precluded from attacking the deportation order by his failure to take a direct appeal. She found that a waiver of appeal rights that is not “considered or intelligent” improperly deprives the person of judicial review of the deportation order, citing United States v. Mendozar-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828, 839-40, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987). The judge found that defendant’s waiver had not been considered and intelligent because the most likely avenue of’relief, for which he was to be eligible one day later, had not been explained to him.
IV
A
When a previous deportation proceeding is attacked on constitutional grounds, we are presented with a mixed question of fact and law which we review de novo. United States v. Meraz-Valeta, 26 F.3d 992, 997 (10th Cir.1994). Defendant has the burden of showing that the underlying deportation hearing was fundamentally unfair, and to do so he must show that he was prejudiced. Id. at 998. As part of this showing, he must establish that the unfairness of the deportation proceeding deprived him of his right of direct appeal. Id. We must afford the deportation proceeding a “presumption of regularity.” United States v. Arevalo-Tavares, 210 F.3d 1198, 1200 (10th Cir.2000).
The government's first contention on appeal is that judicial review of the 1994 deportation proceeding is barred by defendant's failure to exhaust administrative remedies which were available to him then, a requirement which Congress imposed in 1996 and which is codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) (2000). The district court addressed this requirement sua sponte. As the district judge noted, one circuit court has held that this exhaustion requirement "cannot bar collateral review of a deportation proceeding when the waiver of right to an administrative appeal did not comport with due process." United States v. Muro-Inclan, 249 F.3d 1180, 1183 (9th Cir.2001). The district judge observed that our court has not decided this issue. The judge then concluded that the exhaustion requirement did not bar relief because the due process violations prevented defendant from exhausting his administrative appeals at the time of his deportation.
We agree with the district court and with the Ninth Circuit's holding in Muro-Inclan. The holding of United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828, 837-39, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987), permits this due process challenge to the 1994 deportation hearing even though Congress did not intend to permit such challenges in prosecutions under 8 U.S.C. § 1326. And in Mendoza-Lopes, the Supreme Court also held that the respondents "were deprived of their rights to appeal, and of any basis to appeal since the only relief for which they would have been eligible was not adequately explained to them...." 481 U.S. at 842, 107 S.Ct. 2148 (emphasis added). We think it clear under this rea-sonirig that finding as we do in defendant's favor on the primary issue-that his due process rights were violated by the failure to give an adequate explanation of the discretionary relief available to him-the nature of this error was such as to deprive him of his right to any appeal, whether administrative or judicial, and that a deprivation resting on such a ground cannot bar his collateral attack in this proceeding.
Thus, we reject the government's contention that defendant's collateral attack is barred by the failure to exhaust administrative remedies.
C
The government contends that the district court erred in its conclusion that the failure to apprise defendant of the discretionary relief for which he was eligible at the 1994 deportation hearing rendered that hearing fundamentally unfair in violation of defendant's due process rights. The relief for which defendant was eligible in 1994 was a waiver of deportation by the Attorney General under section 212(c) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 as amended in 1990, which has since been repealed but was then codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c). A full explanation of the source of this potential relief was given in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 2275-78, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001), and need not be repeated here. It is sufficient to note that it was well established in 1994, and it is not contested here, that the Attorney General was authorized to waive deportation of a permanent resident alien who had lawfully resided in this country for seven years and had not served more than five years of imprisonment on a conviction for an aggravated felony. See id.
The primary problem in the underlying deportation proceeding, defendant contends, is that the IJ had a duty to adequately inform him of his eligibility for a waiver, and the reference to a "pardon" did not discharge that duty. A section 212(c) waiver of deportation is not interchangeable with a pardon. The procedures involved in obtaining a waiver, and
In addition, defendant may have been led to believe that bond was not available; in any event, it is undisputed that he was not told of the availability of bond in general, much less of the fact that bond had already been set in his case at $20,000. Finally, although as noted there is conflicting evidence in the record as to whether defendant was informed in 1994 that free legal services were available to him, this subordinate issue was one of fact, and the
We conclude that the combination of these deficiencies did result in fundamental unfairness. Our conclusion, like that of the district court, is based primarily on the fact that the availability of discretionary relief, often granted under section 212(c), was not adequately explained.
D
1
To succeed in this collateral challenge, however, defendant must show more. As we have stated above, he must show that he was prejudiced and that he was thereby deprived of his right of direct appeal. Our earliest case requiring a showing of prejudice appears to be Michelson v. INS, 897 F.2d 465, 468 (10th Cir.1990). As far as we have been able to determine, however, we have never been required to decide specifically what this burden entails. In one case we said that the defendant had failed to show that, if he had been informed of his right to appeal, “the outcome of his case would have been different.” United States v. Meraz-Valeta, 26 F.3d 992, 998 (10th Cir.1994).
For several reasons, we do not believe that Meraz-Valeta imposed a standard under which the defendant would be required to show with complete certainty that he would not have been deported but for the procedural deficiencies in the underlying proceeding. First, it would be impossible in the context of this case to meet such a standard. At issue here is discretionary relief. No matter how compelling a showing one in the position of Mr. Aguirre were to make, the showing would never eliminate all possibility that the executive’s discretion to grant a waiver would not be exercised in his favor. This question arises only when, as here, a court has determined that a procedural shortcoming rises to the level of a deprivation of constitutional due process and fundamental fairness. For a defendant who previously had been deported under such circumstances to then be faced with an insurmountable barrier to obtaining relief would be a cruel irony and itself fundamentally unfair. For this reason alone, the government’s argument that the “would have been different” language from Meraz-Valeta is to be taken literally as establishing a standard of utter certainty is unpersuasive.
Due to the facts in Meraz-Valeta, the “would have been different” language was dictum. In Meraz-Valeta the defendant apparently was unable to show prejudice in any sense because there is no indication that he had alleged, much less made a showing, that there would have been any ground for appeal. Indeed, our research has not disclosed any case from this circuit in which the outcome might have been different depending on the standard used to determine if the defendant could show prejudice from the defects in a previous deportation proceeding. Moreover, and
A "might have" rather than a "would have" standard comports with the standards in all of the other circuits that have decided this question. The Ninth Circuit requires only "plausible grounds of relief which might have been available ... but for the deprivation of rights." United States v. Corrales-Beltran, 192 F.3d 1311, 1318 (9th Cir.1999). See also United States v. Jimenez-Marmolejo, 104 F.3d 1083, 1086 (9th Cir.1996). The First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Eighth Circuits have required a "reasonable likelihood" that but for the errors alleged, the outcome would have been different. See, e.g., United States v. Wilson, 316 F.3d 506, 511 (4th Cir.2003); United States v. Fellows, 50 Fed.Appx.82, 85 (3d Cir.2002); United States v. Benitez-Villafuerte, 186 F.3d 651, 658-59 (5th Cir.1999); United States v. Loaisiga, 104 F.3d 484, 487 (1st Cir.1997); United States v. Perez-Ponce, 62 F.3d 1120, 1122 (8th Cir.1995). The Second Circuit requires a prima facie showing that the defendant would have been eligible, and could have made "a strong showing" in support of his application. Rabiu v. INS, 41 F.3d 879, 882 (2d Cir.1994). All of these various standards comport with a "might have" standard, rather than a "would have" standard.
In United States v. Encarnacion-Galvez, 964 F.2d 402 (5th Cir.1992), the Fifth Circuit noted that its standard was consistent with that applicable in review of claims in criminal cases of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694-697, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), which it viewed as analogous. 964 F.2d at 407. We agree that the analysis of prejudice in cases like the instant case is analogous to the analysis of prejudice under Strickland. Indeed, it is interesting to note that we have at times described the standard for showing prejudice under Strickland in the same shorthand-"would have been different"-when we clearly did not mean to distort the test which the Supreme Court had set out. In one case, we even used the two formulations in successive sentences:
Under the second [prejudice] prong, a petitioner must show that, but for counsel's errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different. If the alleged ineffective assistance occurred during the guilt stage, the question is whether there is a reasonable pro bability the jury would have had reasonable doubt regarding guilt. If the alleged ineffective assistance of counsel occurred during the sentencing phase, this court considers whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentence would have con-eluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.
Moore v. Gibson, 195 F.3d 1152, 1178 (10th Cir.1999) (citations omitted; emphasis added).
In sum, we are convinced that the standard to apply in a case like Aguirre's is whether there is a reasonable probability that Aguirre would have obtained relief from deportation had the Immigration
2
We proceed then to the question whether defendant has shown a reasonable probability that he would have obtained relief had the IJ adequately explained to him that the next day he would have been eligible for a waiver under section 212(c). The Board of Immigration Appeals has adopted what we may term an all-facts-and-circumstances balancing test to guide the exercise of discretion under this statute:
The exercise of discretion in a particular case necessarily requires ... a balancing of the social and humane considerations presented in an alien’s favor against the adverse factors evidencing his undesirability as a permanent resident.Favorable considerations have been found to include such factors as family ties within the United States, residence of long duration in this country (particularly when the inception of residence occurred at a young age), evidence of hardship to the respondent and his family if deportation occurs, service in this country’s armed forces, a history of employment, the existence of property or business ties, evidence of value and service to the community, proof of genuine rehabilitation if a criminal record exists, and other evidence attesting to a respondent’s good character. Among the factors deemed adverse to an alien are the nature and underlying circumstances of the exclusion or deportation ground at issue, the presence of additional significant violations of this country’s immigration laws, the existence of a criminal record and, if so, its nature, recency, and seriousness, and the presence of other evidence indicative of a respondent’s bad character or undesirability as a permanent resident of this country. Moreover, one or more of these adverse considerations may ultimately be determinative of whether section 212(c) relief is in fact granted in an individual case.
We also have pointed out that as the negative factors grow more serious, it becomes incumbent upon the alien to introduce additional offsetting favorable evidence, which in some cases may have to involve unusual or outstanding equities. [0]ne must examine the gravity of the offense per se. In addition, such a showing may be mandated because of a single serious crime.... We observe that an alien who demonstrates unusual or outstanding equities, as required, does not compel a favorable exercise of discretion; rather, absent such equities, relief will not be granted in the exercise of discretion.
In re Edwards, 20 I. & N. Dec. 191, 195-96, 1990 WL 385757 (1990) (citations omitted).
The district judge found that the seriousness of the prior conviction was the only factor weighing against defendant in this balancing process. As she noted, although that factor is a serious consideration, this form of relief was available for convicted felons under appropriate circumstances. She found that there were a number of factors that would have weighed in his favor. These included the fact that both of his parents were legal permanent residents of the United States (they have since become citizens), that he had lived in the United States since age four, and that he had no other criminal record.
The government contends that the length of defendant's residence should not count in his favor when he was not granted the legal right to residence until 1987, when he was age seventeen or eighteen. We do not think, however, that we can count against defendant the fact that he was in this country without permission, as the government seems to want us to do, considering that he was a child living with his parents. It is not realistic to expect a child to do anything else. And while we recognize the important policy considerations behind the government's argument, which we perceive to be the desire to not condone or encourage violation of the immigration laws, we do not think this actually carries weight in these circumstances. Defendant grew up in this country because his parents were here-legally as far as the record reveals. We think that in consideration of the "social and humane considerations in an alien's favor," Edwards, supra, that would have been relevant to the discretionary waiver decision, had that avenue of relief been pursued, this would have weighed in his favor. He was 25 years old at the time of the deportation proceeding and had not lived in Mexico since the age of four. His parents, to whom he could naturally have been expected to turn for assistance on his re-entry into society after his imprisonment, were permanent residents of this country. We believe that the district court was correct in citing the length of defendant's residence in the United States as a factor that would have weighed in his favor, in light of the fact that the INS would have been obligated to look at social and humane considerations, not only legalities, in its deliberations.
The consideration of defendant's conviction in the balancing of equities bears further comment. Section 212(c) presupposes that a criminal conviction for an aggravated felony has occurred. Therefore, the fact of conviction is not the
We conclude that there was a reasonable probability that defendant would have been granted a waiver but for the failure to explain to him the nature of that relief. We are persuaded to agree with the district judge’s conclusion that “[u]pon review of the favorable and unfavorable considerations in Defendant’s case, the Court believes that a 212(c) waiver would have been granted had Defendant applied for one at the time of his deportation proceedings.” Memorandum Opinion and Order at 11, ApltApp. at 174. Therefore, we hold that he did suffer prejudice from the procedural defects in the 1994 deportation proceeding.
E
Finally, defendant must show that the fundamental unfairness in the deportation proceeding deprived him of judicial review. E.g., Meraz-Valeta, 26 F.3d at 998. We do not think that this point requires further explication. The same reasoning that supports our conclusion supra that the collateral attack is not barred by the failure to exhaust administrative remedies also leads to the conclusion that defendant was deprived of judicial review. The failure to inform him of the relief available to him and of the legal assistance available to him to pursue that relief violated his right of due process. And that violation, by failing to inform him of any ground for challenge, deprived him of the judicial review. See United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828, 839-40, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987) (due process violations in deportation proceedings completely deprived aliens of right of judicial review where IJ permitted waivers of the right to appeal “that were not the result of considered judgments ... and failed to advise [aliens] properly of their eligibility to apply for suspension of deportation”).
Conclusion
We hold that the district court correctly decided that Defendant Aguirre was deprived of his due process rights in the 1994 deportation proceeding and suffered prejudice as a result. The district judge gave her -ruling with this moving conclusion:
Memorandum Opinion and Order at 14, ApliApp. at 177.
We are convinced of the justness of her conclusion and accordingly her decision is
AFFIRMED.
. See note 3, infra.
. The hearing had been taped but not transcribed at the time. The transcription was done by a New Mexico court reporting service from the tape, probably around the time of the district court hearing, although the date of transcription unfortunately is not provided. The reporter's certificate says that the tape was of "poor” quality. Aplt.App. at 68.
. If he had actually served more than five years, he would not have been eligible for the waiver of deportation that is discussed extensively in this opinion. The government has not asserted, either on appeal or in the district court, that Aguirre could not have received the waiver on this basis, however, likely because Aguirre had included in the 63 months about six months when he had been in pretrial detention. Aplt.App. at 131; see also Memorandum and Order at 5, n.3, Aplt. App. at 168. In any event, we will not consid
. While hearing argument of counsel after the evidentiary portion of the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the district judge commented that she had never heard of the section 212(c) waiver until this case arose. The judge told the prosecutor, "I, as a matter of fact, was going to ask you to tell me what the significance of the 'one more day' matter meant.” The prosecutor said, "Your honor, ... I don't know either.” Aplt.App. at 150.
. There is a conflict in the record on this point. The transcript of the deportation hearing recites a statement by the IJ to the group of aliens before him that “You each have a list of free legal services.” Aplt.App. at 7-8. There was no contradiction of this statement at that hearing. However at the hearing on Defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment, in his sworn testimony Defendant Aguirre denied that he was given such a list. Id. at 116-17.
.The dissent says it would hold that the district court’s finding that Aguirre was not given a list of free legal services was clearly erroneous. This foundation for the dissent is suggested despite the fact of a clear conflict in the testimony before the district judge in the hearing on the motion to dismiss. Aguirre
There was a conflict in the record in that the IJ stated to the group of 20 aliens before him that "You each have a list of free legal services! ]" and there was no contradiction at that hearing of the judge’s statement. The trial judge resolved this conflict by accepting Aguirre's position as a fact "that Defendant did not receive a list of free legal services and was not advised of his eligibility for bond....”
The dissent suggests that we hold that the district court’s findings that Aguirre was not given a list of free legal services was clearly erroneous. This suggestion runs counter to the emphatic opinion of Justice White in Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985). He there stated:
If the district court's account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the Court of Appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as a trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder's choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.
Id. at 573-74, 105 S.Ct. 1504 (emphasis added). See also United States v. De la Cruz-Tapia, 162 F.3d 1275, 1277 (10th Cir.1998); United States v. Toro-Pelaez, 107 F.3d 819, 824-25 (10th Cir. 1997).
. The dissent argues at page 4 that it defies common sense to believe that the Immigration Judge's use of the word ''pardon” as opposed to "waiver” would have made any difference to Aguirre-Tello. We do not focus on the legal technicalities that Aguirre-Tello was confronted with.
Our concern is that the IJ’s inadequate explanation actually misled Aguirre-Tello as noted by the trial judge. She pointed out that a pardon "is commonly understood to be a rare act of forgiveness by an executive authority. See, e.g. Black's Law Dictionary, 1113 (6th ed.1990).” Memorandum Opinion and Order at 7, Aplt.App. at 170 (emphasis added). On the other hand, relief by a waiver under § 212(c) was granted to over 10,000 aliens between 1989 and 1995 alone — some 51.5% of the applications for such relief for which a final decision was reached. INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 2277 & n. 5, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001) citing Julie K. Rannick, The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996: A Death Sentence for the 212(c) Waiver, 28 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 123, 137 n.80 (1996), referring to statistics published as CHART: EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF IMMIGRATION REVIEW STATISTICS FOR ALL IMMIGRATION JUDGES). Thus, although a waiver of deportation is a matter of grace like a pardon, the fact remains that during the relevant time period, the Attorney General was bestowing this grace on over half of those who applied.
And we are not persuaded by the dissent's argument that in any event, Aguirre "knowingly and with full understanding of his situation expressed his desire to return immediately to Mexico rather than remain for even a day to try to avoid deportation.” The telling points about Aguirre's situation are that he was never given an explanation of the waiver remedy, nor of the legal services he might obtain to pursue frequently granted waiver relief. Not having such information, his choices cannot fairly be said to have been knowing and with full understanding of his situation.
. The dissent argues in its Part II, p. 9 et seq., that Aguirre "... had no constitutional right to be advised of the possibility of such a waiver, and the I.J.’s failure to so advise him did not render his deportation proceeding fundamentally unfair.” That position was not asserted by the government's brief. See Aplt.’s Brief in Chief, at 17 et seq. In that proposition the government developed its arguments on its central contention that "the district court erred in holding that Aguirre's deportation hearing was fundamentally unfair.” However the government did not dispute the requirement that Aguirre be advised of his right to seek waiver of deportation, recognized in the government's own regulations (8 C.F.R. § 242.17 (1994)).
. The regulations requiring the Immigration Judge to inform Aguirre of his apparent eligibility for relief in 1994 are found in 8 C.F.R. § 242.17. The regulations clearly provided that the “immigration judge shall inform the defendant of his or her apparent eligibility to apply for any of the benefits enumerated in this paragraph...." Id. § 242.17(a). In that paragraph the regulation specifically provides that an "application for asylum or withholding of deportation must be filed with the Office of the Immigration Judge....” 8 C.F.R. § 242.17(c)(3). In United States ex rel. Accardi v. Shaughnessy, 347 U.S. 260, 268, 74 S.Ct. 499, 98 L.Ed. 681 (1954), the Court recognized that immigration regulations there required an exercise of discretion and while an applicant may fail to convince the board or the Attorney General that he is entitled to suspension, the exercise of their discretion will at least have "... afforded that due process required by the regulations in such proceedings-" See also Weathers v. West Yuma County School District, 530 F.2d 1335, 1338 (10th Cir.1976). That an exercise of discretion is constitutionally required implies that the applicant must be informed of that potential relief. Indeed, Mendoza-Lopez expressly requires that the judge “explain adequately [the alien's] right to suspension of deportation ...” according to the regulations the government has established. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. at 839-40, 107 S.Ct. 2148.
Thus in light of the recognition of the applicant’s right to be afforded notice about waivers of deportation provided in the regulations, and Accardi s recognition of due process mandating the notice the regulation required, the dissent is in error in saying that the majority opinion creates new constitutional rights.
. The government does not dispute that the IJ had a duty, under INS regulations, to advise of the availability of discretionary relief.
. In its brief, the government argues that defendant could not show prejudice because pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c) (2000), an alien convicted of an aggravated felony is conclusively presumed to be deportable. That provision was added in 1996, however, and has no bearing on our inquiry into the relief that might have been available to defendant in 1994. The government has not shown that the district court erred by inquiring into whether relief would have been available under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994). Cf. United States v. Muro-Inclan, 249 F.3d 1180, 1184 (9th Cir.2001) (distinguishing case where relief was potentially available under subsection (h) from one under subsection (c)).
. The government argues for the "extraordinary hardship” standard of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h)(1)(B). We conclude, however, that standard applies only to waivers under that subsection, not to waivers under subsection (c), with which we are concerned here.
The cases cited by the dissent recite "extraordinary hardship” as a requirement for relief under section 212(c) but either cite no*1195 authority or cite authority that reveals a history in which that one factor was given as an example taken from the long list of other relevant factors. Thus, by mere careless citation, without discussion or holdings to that effect, "extraordinary hardship" began to be listed as a requirement. Consequently, the Second, Third, and Seventh Circuit cases cited by the dissent are unpersuasive on this point.
. As to the issue of rehabilitation, we also note that it is a factor to be taken into consideration but is not a prerequisite, particularly where circumstances do not permit the defendant to make any viable showing on the point, for example, as in this case, where the deportation proceeding follows immediately after release from prison. See, e.g., Yepes-Prado, 10 F.3d at 1373.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
In order to collaterally challenge his pri- or deportation proceeding, Aguirre-Tello must establish that the proceeding was fundamentally unfair and that he was prejudiced by that unfairness. As the majority opinion correctly acknowledges, “the burden of proof in a collateral attack on a deportation order is on a defendant based on the presumption of regularity that attaches to a final deportation order.” United States v. Arevalo-Tavares, 210 F.3d 1198, 1200 (10th Cir.2000). Despite that presumption, the majority holds that Aguirre-Tello established such fundamental unfairness and prejudice because his “due process rights were violated by the failure to give an adequate explanation of the discretionary relief available to him,” Majority Op. at 1189, because that violation effectively deprived him of his right to appeal, and because there was a reasonable probability that he could have avoided deportation had he fully understood the discretionary relief available to him. I disagree with all of those conclusions, and respectfully dissent.
I would hold as follows: (I) Aguirre-Tello was adequately advised that he would be eligible the next day for some kind of relief from deportation; (II) Aguirre-Tello had no constitutional right to a § 212(c) waiver or to be advised of the possibility of such a waiver, so the IJ’s alleged failure to so advise Aguirre-Tello did not render his deportation proceeding fundamentally unfair; and (III) even if the deportation proceeding was defective because Aguirre-Tello was inadequately informed of the possibility of a § 212(c) waiver, Aguirre-Tello must still demonstrate prejudice, which he has failed to do under any standard articulated by the majority.
I.
The majority first concludes that the IJ in fact inadequately explained the waiver of deportation potentially available to Aguirre-Tello, thereby rendering his deportation proceeding fundamentally unfair. This conclusion appears to be based upon the fact that the IJ used the term “pardon” as opposed to the term “waiver” in his colloquy with Aguirre-Tello, and that Aguirre-Tello was somehow misled as to the purportedly different legal consequences flowing from those two concepts and the “wide differences in the availability of the two remedies.” Majority Op. at 1190 n.7. Additionally, the majority relies upon the district court’s finding that Aguirre-Tello had not been given a list of free legal services prior to the hearing nor had he been advised that his bond had been set at $20,000. Contrary to the majority, I would find that none of those factors alter the inescapable conclusion I draw from the colloquy — that Aguirre-Tel-lo knowingly and with full understanding of his situation expressed his desire to
A.
I highlight the crucial aspects of the colloquy itself, noting that there is no dispute that Aguirre-Tello understood English, having lived in the United States since the age of four. Indeed, he was one of three potential deportees who specifically asked to have the hearing conducted in English. The IJ directly and individually told Aguirre-Tello, “You are not today eligible for a pardon, but you would be tomorrow. Do you want your case postponed to see if you might be granted a pardon and allowed to remain in this country?” Appellant’s App. at 24 (emphasis added). Aguirre-Tello responded “[n]o” when asked if he wanted his case postponed to be “allowed to stay in this country.” Id.
After explaining to him the consequences of being deported, which Aguirre-Tello stated three times he understood, the IJ then told him, “So that if you want to stay in the US, this is the time to, shall we say, fight it out and try to remain; do you understand that?” Id. at 25 (emphasis added). Aguirre-Tello responded, “I understand.” The IJ then said, “Now that you know all that, do you want to apply for a pardon?” to which Aguirre-Tello replied, “[n]o.” Id. The IJ then specifically asked him why not, to which Aguirre-Tello said, “I want to voluntarily return to my country.” Id. The IJ inquired one more time: “[A]re you saying you just want to go back?” to which Aguirre-Tello replied, “[tjhat’s it.” Id. at 26.
While the IJ twice referred to seeking a “pardon,” the IJ made it abundantly clear that the possibility under consideration was that Aguirre-Tello would be allowed to remain in the United States and avoid deportation. That is precisely the result Aguirre-Tello would have obtained if he successfully sought a waiver of his deportation. Aguirre-Tello was adamant, however, that he wished to return to Mexico. From that colloquy and the' surrounding circumstances, I conclude that Aguirre-Tello was adequately informed that he would be eligible the next day to seek avoidance of deportation and that he knowingly and willingly declined to pursue that opportunity.
Notwithstanding Aguirre-Tello’s stated desire to return to Mexico, the majority opinion argues that this intention should be disregarded based on the speculation that (1) Aguirre-Tello misunderstood the differences in the availability of a waiver of deportation, as opposed to a pardon; and (2) that a correct understanding of the differences between the two would have caused him to change his mind and seek a waiver. I disagree. It defies common sense to believe that the IJ’s use of the word “pardon” as opposed to “waiver” would have made any difference to Aguirre-Tello. Regardless of the particular term used, the IJ repeatedly told Aguirre-Tello that if he waited a day, he would have the opportunity to try to avoid deportation and remain in this country. Aguirre-Tello repeatedly stated that he did not want to do that, and that he wished to be deported to Mexico.
Further developing its “pardon vs. waiver” argument, the majority opinion places great reliance on a chart published by the Executive Office of Immigration Review which showed that, between 1989 and 1995, some 51.5% of all applications for a § 212(c) waiver were granted. What the chart does not show, however, is what proportion of those successful waiver applicants were convicted of serious violent felonies comparable to Aguirre-Tello’s conviction for attempted murder. Without any indication that any of those successful
Moreover, despite the majority opinion’s speculation here that a § 212(c) waiver was much more likely to succeed than a pardon, in fact both pardon and waiver are acts of grace, left to the complete and unfettered discretion of the one from whom it is sought. “Suspension of deportation is ... an act of grace that rests in the unfettered discretion of the Attorney General.” Escudero-Corona v. INS, 244 F.3d 608, 615 (8th Cir.2001) (quotation omitted); see also Ashki v. INS, 233 F.3d 913, 921 (6th Cir.2000). As the Eleventh Circuit succinctly stated:
An alien’s actual chances of receiving such discretionary relief [suspension of deportation] are too speculative, and too far beyond the capability of judicial review, to conclude that the alien has actually suffered prejudice from being ineligible for suspension of deportation.... Just as a court cannot review the inherently ‘subjective’ judgments made by the executive in deciding whether to commute a life sentence, this Court cannot predict the subjective and fact-intensive judgments that the Attorney General would make in deciding whether to grant extraordinary relief, such as the suspension of deportation.... The alien cannot demonstrate prejudice, much less substantial prejudice, arising from the ineligibility for such an ‘act of grace’ because no standards exist for a court to determine whether the executive would have granted the extraordinary relief anyway.
Mejia Rodriguez v. Reno, 178 F.3d 1139, 1148 (11th Cir.1999) (citation omitted).
Indeed, the Supreme Court, in describing the nature of discretionary relief from deportation provided in a different section of the then applicable statutory scheme, noted its prior description of “the Attorney General’s suspension of deportation ... as an act of grace which is accorded pursuant to her unfettered discretion ... [similar] to a judge’s power to suspend the execution of a sentence, or the President’s to pardon a convict.” INS v. Yueh-Shaio Yang, 519 U.S. 26, 30, 117 S.Ct. 350, 136 L.Ed.2d 288 (1996) (emphasis added) (internal quotations and citations omitted); see also Ashby v. INS, 961 F.2d 555, 557 n. 3 (5th Cir.1992) (noting that “the ultimate decision whether to suspend deportation is a matter of grace similar to a Presidential pardon”) (quotations omitted); United States v. Adame-Salgado, 214 F.Supp.2d 853, 864 (N.D.Ill.2002) (noting that “an alien’s ability to obtain § 212(c) relief was a matter of sovereign grace — the rough equivalent of an executive pardon of a person convicted of a crime — not a matter of right”). As we discuss more fully below, just as there is no constitutional right to such discretionary relief, so too its completely discretionary availability renders meaningless any prediction about whether or not Aguirre-Tello would have received it.
I therefore disagree with the majority’s assertion that there was in fact a significant difference between the availability of a pardon, as opposed to a § 212(c) waiver. I also disagree with its assertion that anyone could predict what Aguirre-Tello’s chances were of obtaining a waiver, and that Aguirre-Tello’s understanding that it was a discretionary waiver he could have sought, as opposed to a discretionary pardon, would have made one iota of difference to him. Rather, I conclude that Aguirre-Tello understood that he could seek to avoid deportation, but chose not to.
The majority opinion also errs by affirming the district court’s conclusion that Aguirre-Tello had not been given a list of free legal services prior to his deportation hearing. I would hold that the district court’s finding that Aguirre-Tello was not given such a list was clearly erroneous. The IJ specifically stated to Aguirre-Tello and the other potential deportees, “You each have a list of free legal services.” Appellant’s App. at 7-8. There is no indication that anyone present denied having that list. Unless we are to disregard the presumption of regularity which we must accord to the deportation hearing, or disregard the IJ’s explicit representation, we must assume that the IJ accurately represented the situation. Aguirre-Tello’s denial, some seven years later, that he was given a list does not persuade me to the contrary.
C.
Finally, I cannot believe that Aguirre-Tello’s awareness that his bond had been set at $20,000 would have altered his decision to forego postponement of his deportation hearing and decline any appeal. At the hearing on his motion to dismiss his indictment, Aguirre-Tello never testified that an awareness of his bond status would have caused him to make any different decisions. As indicated above, the colloquy between Aguirre-Tello and the IJ clearly indicate that Aguirre-Tello was not interested in appealing any decision, was not interested in obtaining legal assistance, and was not interested in postponing his deportation hearing for even a day. He was interested in one thing only — returning to Mexico as quickly as possible.
II.
As I read the majority opinion, it confers a constitutional due process right on potential deportees to be informed of (1) the existence of various forms of executive clemency; (2) the procedures to be followed to avail oneself of those forms; (3) the time table for pursuing those forms of relief; and (4) the chances for success.
The majority begins by noting correctly that we have characterized the IJ’s obli
The majority then observes that the Ninth Circuit, in which Aguirre-Tello’s deportation hearing occurred, has described the regulatory obligation to inform aliens of apparently available relief as “mandatory.” See United States v. Arrieta, 224 F.3d 1076, 1079 (9th Cir.2000) (“We have stated that where the record contains an inference that the petitioner is eligible for relief from deportation, the IJ must advise the alien of this possibility and give him the opportunity to develop the issue. Indeed, we have found this requirement to be mandatory.”) (quotations and citations omitted). The majority fails to explain, however, how the Ninth Circuit’s characterization of the IJ’s duty is relevant to our resolution of this case in our circuit.
More significantly, however, I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that deportees have a constitutional right to § 212(c) discretionary relief, such that the IJ’s failure to inform them of the existence of that relief, as well as the procedures required to seek such relief and its likely availability, renders their deportation proceedings fundamentally unfair. I begin with the undisputed proposition that a potential deportee is entitled in his deportation proceeding to procedural due process under the Fifth Amendment, designed to ensure that the proceeding is fundamentally fair. Deportation proceedings are, of course, civil proceedings, not criminal ones, “and various constitutional protections associated with criminal proceedings therefore are not required.” Michelson, 897 F.2d at 467 (citing INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032, 1038-39, 104 S.Ct. 3479, 82 L.Ed.2d 778 (1984)). The Supreme Court has not further defined what fundamental fairness requires in a civil deportation proceeding context, but it has suggested that it prohibits “procedural errors ... so fundamental that they may functionally deprive the alien of judicial review.” United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828, 839 n. 17, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987). Thus, Aguirre-Tello must establish that the deportation proceedings functionally deprived him of the opportunity for judicial review and that the proceedings were fundamentally unfair. Id. at 838-39, 107 S.Ct. 2148; see also 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) (effectively codifying the holding of Mendoza-Lopez).
We have stated that, “[w]hen facing deportation ... aliens are entitled to procedural due process, which provides an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful way.” Aguilera v.
In sum, the IJ essentially complied with the INS regulation directing him to inform Aguirre-Tello of his apparent imminent eligibility for relief from deportation. Even were I to conclude that the IJ failed to so inform Aguirre-Tello, or failed to adequately inform him, Aguirre-Tello has not established that his deportation proceeding was fundamentally unfair. He was entitled to procedural due process — ■ the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful way. He received that. Aguirre-Tello had no constitutional right to be informed of, or to receive, a § 212(c) waiver. Accordingly, his deportation proceeding was not rendered fundamentally unfair by the IJ’s failure to specifically inform him about his imminent apparent eligibility for § 212(c) relief.
III.
In addition to concluding that the deportation proceeding was not fundamentally fair, the majority also concludes that Aguirre-Tello was prejudiced thereby. See United States v. Wittgenstein, 163 F.3d 1164, 1170 (10th Cir.1998) (“ ‘In order to establish fundamental unfairness, the alien must show that he was prejudiced.’ ”) (quoting United States v. Meraz-Valeta, 26 F.3d 992, 998 (10th Cir.1994)). While the majority points out that there is some confusion as to the precise standard to be used to determine whether the alien has demonstrated prejudice, I would hold that, assuming arguendo some deficiencies in his deportation proceeding, Aguirre-Tello failed to demonstrate prejudice under any standard.
I therefore respectfully dissent.
. Carried to its logical conclusion, the majority's argument that Aguirre-Tello was deprived of fundamental fairness by the IJ's failure to explain to him that he could apply for a waiver of deportation, which allegedly had a 50% chance of succeeding, would suggest that criminal defendants not only must be informed of their right to appeal an adverse verdict, but also must be told the procedures to be followed in an appeal and their chances for success. We, of course, impose no such requirement on judges in criminal cases. If we do not do so in the criminal context, where defendants are entitled to more constitutional protections, it would make little sense to impose such a requirement in civil proceedings like a deportation hearing.
. The majority opinion attempts to avoid this conclusion by asserting that it is only enforcing a regulation. But it does not acknowledge that its reasoning extends to the only available conclusion, which is that the failure to follow the regulation results in fundamental unfairness — an indisputably constitutional due process concept. The majority opinion affirms the district court's judgment, which specifically concludes as follows:
[D]ue to the IJ’s failure to adequately satisfy his obligations at the deportation proceeding, ... Defendant could not have made a "considered and intelligent” waiver of his appeal rights, and the Court has no choice but to declare the prior deportation, upon which the current indictment is based, to be unconstitutional.
Memorandum Op. and Order at 14, Appellant's App. at 177.
. While the majority glosses over this issue, Aguirre-Tello was not in fact eligible for any relief at the time of his deportation hearing. The IJ deduced from the information he had about Aguirre-Tello that Aguirre-Tello would satisfy the seven-year continuous residency requirement for eligibility for § 212(c) relief the next day, but he was not, in fact, eligible on the day of the deportation hearing. Where would the majority draw the line? If it appeared Aguirre-Tello would be eligible in a week, a month, two months, would the majority find the IJ violated his duty to inform Aguirre-Tello of his apparent future eligibility? Thus, at its most basic level, either Aguirre-Tello was eligible or he was not eligible to apply for a waiver. On the day of his deportation hearing, he was not eligible.
. The majority rejects the government’s argument that, on the merits of an § 1182(c) waiver application, Aguirre-Tello would have had to show that his deportation would cause extreme hardship for himself or his family. I note that other circuits have applied that standard to § 1182(c) waivers. See, e.g., Calcano-Martinez v. INS, 232 F.3d 328, 331 (2d Cir. 2000); Liang v. INS, 206 F.3d 308, 311 (3d Cir.2000); Turkhan v. Perryman, 188 F.3d 814, 818 (7th Cir.1999). The majority dismisses these cases applying an extreme hardship standard as cases involving “mere careless citation.” Majority Op. at 1195 n.12. While I would be reluctant to so cavalierly dismiss statements from our fellow circuit courts, it makes no difference to my analysis. As explained, infra, I would find it exceeding
. While articulating the standard for establishing prejudice as "whether there is a reasonable probability that Aguirre-Tello would have obtained relief from deportation,” Majority Op. at 1193, the majority in fact applies that standard in a way that significantly reduces it. Thus, the majority equates it to a "might have” obtained relief standard. As applied to this case, the majority's "reasonable probability” standard only requires Aguirre-Tello to establish a possibility that he might obtain relief.