MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Relator Ven-A-Care of the Florida Keys, Inc., (“VAC”) brings this qui tam action under the False Claims Act (“FCA”), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-33, to recover penalties and damages for allegedly false claims and statements resulting from fraudulent conduct of the Defendant pharmaceutical companies. 1 Relator alleges that Defendants reported inflated pricing information for certain drugs which caused the Medicaid program to make substantial overpayments. Defendants have moved jointly to dismiss VAC’s complaint, asserting that VAC cannot satisfy the FCA’s public disclosure/original source rule, VAC has failed to state a claim for relief under 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1) or (a)(2), VAC has failed to plead its claims with the specificity required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b), and VAC’s claims are barred by the FCA’s six-year statute of limitations. Three individual motions to dismiss have also been filed by companies claiming that they are merely parent companies and not appropriate *265 defendants. 2 After briefing and a hearing, Defendants’ joint motion [Docket No. 34] is DENIED and the individual motions [Docket Nos. 29, 31, 37] are DENIED.
II. BACKGROUND
This case comes as part of the massive AWP litigation currently in front of this Court. The Court assumes familiarity with the drug pricing schemes discussed in its previous AWP-related decisions.
See In re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
The false claims at issue here arise from tens of millions of Medicaid transactions for almost 1400 generic drugs (the “Subject Drugs”) manufactured by the Defendants over a period of 16 years, which were offered to VAC at prices substantially below the Average Wholesale Price (“AWP”) and Wholesale Acquisition Cost (“WAC”) reported by the Defendants.
Under the Medicaid program, the funding process begins forty-five days before the relevant quarter, when each state submits to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) a projected budget for the quarter. 42 C.F.R. § 430.30(b). As part of the budget, states provide estimates of various types of service costs including drug costs. Regional CMS analysts review the budget and make rеcommendations as to whether they agree with the state’s funding request. Id. § 430.30(d). These recommendations are then reviewed by the central CMS office. Id. § 430.30(d)(1). In determining the appropriate level of funding, CMS “considers the State’s estimates, the regional office recommendations and any other relevant information, including any adjustments to be made under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, and computes the grant.” Id. Adjustments under paragraph (d)(2) entail an examination of expenditures from previous quarters. Id. § 430.30(d)(2).
Once the budget is approved, the state can draw down on a federal letter of credit for the allotted amount as costs are incurred. Id. § 230(d)(3)-(d)(4). The awarded funding amount “authorizes the State to draw Federal funds as needed to pay the Federal share of disbursements.” Id. § 230(d)(3). States draw down federal funds as actual reimbursement claims are made by Medicaid providers. Id. § 430.30(d)(3)-(d)(4).
*266 After each quarter, the state submits its actual Medicaid expenditures to CMS as part of a reconciliation process. Id. § 430.30(c). If CMS believes that it has overpaid a state, CMS may adjust future authorizations to offset the overpayment or seek to recover the amount overpaid. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396b(d)(5).
III. DISCUSSION
A. The Defendants’ Joint Motion
Defendants’ joint motion to dismiss stakes out four grоunds for dismissal: (1) VAC cannot satisfy the FCA’s public disclosure/original source rule; (2) VAC has failed to state a claim for relief under 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1) or (a)(2); (3) VAC has failed to plead its claims with the specificity required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b); and (4) VAC’s claims are barred by the FCA’s six-year statute of limitations.
1. Public Disclosure
Section 3730(e)(4) of the FCA provides:
No court shall have jurisdiction over an action under this section based upon the public disclosure of allegations or transactions in a criminal, civil, or administrative hearing, in a congressional, administrative, or Government Accounting Office report, hearing, audit, or investigation, or from the news media, unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or thе person bringing the action is an original source of the information.
31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A). This operates as a jurisdictional bar when (1) there has been a “public disclosure,” (2) the relator has “based” its suit on the disclosure, and (3) the relator was not the original source of the information on which its suit is based.
See In re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
Defendants argue that reports prepared by the United States Department of Health & Human Services, Officer of the Inspector General (“OIG”) and the United States General Accounting Office (“GAO”) constitute public disclosures on which this action is based. Defendants specifically point to an OIG report from August of 1997 еntitled “Medicaid Pharmacy-Actual Acquisition Cost of Generic Prescription Drug Products.” The report found that pharmacies’ actual acquisition costs for generic drugs were, on average, 42.5% less than reported AWPs. (Carroll Decl. Ex. 9.)
To support their claim that VAC’s case is based upon public disclosures, the Defendants point to a number of similarities between the Complaint and information in the 1997 report and other OIG and HHS reports. Specifically, they note that:
the Complaint alleges, and the 1997 Report states, that drug manufacturers set the AWPs reported by drug pricing compendia. The Complaint alleges, and the 1997 Report states, that the AWPs provided by drug manufacturers to pricing publications are significantly higher than Medicaid providers’ actual acquisition costs. Finally, the Complaint alleges, and the 1997 Report states, that, as a result, Medicaid reimbursement payments for drugs are significantly higher than providers’ actual acquisition costs.
(Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Joint Mot. to Dismiss 15.)
Athough the reports do disclose some of the Complaint’s essential background information, that manufacturers’ reported prices were higher than actual acquisition costs and thus that Medicaid was paying too much in general for drugs, they do not reveal nеarly enough information to constitute public disclosures on which the Complaint is based.
*267 ‘[I]f X+Y=Z, Z represents the allegation of fraud and X and Y represent its essential elements. In order to disclose the fraudulent transaction publicly, the combination of X and Y must be revealed, from which readers or listeners may infer Z, i.e., the conclusion that fraud has been committed.’ Under the framework, X stands for the allegedly false set of facts set forth in the claim at issue, and Y is a proxy for the allegedly true set of facts. Thus ‘when X [the false set of facts] and Y [the true set of facts] surface publicly, or when Z is broadcast ... there is little need for qui tarn actions’ and the claim will be barred.
In re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
Further, while the reports may have disclosed the X, the allegedly false set of facts, they fall far short of identifying Y, the actual true set of facts. Most notably, the reports fail to disclose the central issue in this case, that AWP and WAC were so inflated, they “could hardly even be called true
list
prices,” that the “discounts” taken off AWP were frequently larger than the price providers actually paid.
Mylan,
Likewise, neither the Defendants nor the drugs at issue in this case were revealed in the reports. The reports primarily disclosed average price differences, calculated on the basis of information concerning varying numbers of companies and drugs. No particular drugs, NDCs, individual manufacturers, or actual prices were identified. Although these averages certainly hinted at an industry wide-practice, the reports did not disclose that any particular company had engaged in the fraudulent conduct, or that any particular drug’s price had been fraudulently inflated, nor can (or could) they support the conclusion that all companies or all drugs had been affected by the scheme.
Defendants argue that even though the reports did not disclose specific drugs or manufacturers, “[flndustry wide public disclosures bar
qui tarn
actions against any defendant who is directly identifiable from the public disclosures,” which includes them.
United States ex rel. Gear v. Emergency Med. Assocs. of Ill, Inc.,
Moreover, the cases the Defendants cite as supporting their view specifically cabin an industry-wide disclosure bar to very small industries.
See United States ex rel. Fine v. Sandia Corp.,
More importantly, even if the Defendants were right about the law, they are wrong about the facts. The Defendants and the drugs at issue are not readily identifiable from the generalized discussions of averages in the reports. Many manufacturers and drugs could be (and likely are) innocent of the conduct alleged here, and unrelated to the averages discussed in the reports. While some of the documents pointed out by the Defendants discuss AWP and WAC in generalized industry-wide terms, none of the reports allege or disclose industry-wide wrongdoing, and the differences between AWP and aсtual acquisition cost are reported as average figures. Which drugs and which manufacturers caused the averages to be at the levels reported are not disclosed by any of the reports, and the Defendants and the drugs at issue are not readily identifiable from them.
Because VAC’s allegations are not based upon a public disclosure, its suit is not barred by 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4), and the Court has jurisdiction.
2. Failure to State a Claim a. Section 3729(a)(1)
The False Claims Act provides a penalty for any person who presents or causes to
*269
be presented a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval to the government. 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1). Defendants argue that the claims at issue here were not presented to the federal government, relying heavily on
United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp.,
Virtually every court that has considered the issue after
Totten
has found that Medicaid fraud claims are actionable under § 3729(a)(1).
See, e.g., United States v. Rogan,
The Court finds persuasive the almost unanimous reasoning of these other courts. As the court in Ortho-McNeil stated:
Medicaid providers, such as pharmacies, pay drug manufacturers for prescription drugs and, in turn, submit claims to state Medicaid agencies for reimbursement. 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(23), (a)(32). While claims are submitted to state Medicaid agencies, the federal government reimburses states for a substantial portion of the funds allotted. 42 U.S.C. § 1396. For this reason, claims submitted to state Medicaid agencies are considered claims presented to the federal government and may give rise to liability under the FCA.
Ortho-McNeil,
Medicaid is “based upon a comprehensive funding and reimbursement structure between the state and federal government [that] is different from the federal funding mechanism for Amtrak” considered in
Tot-ten. Amerigroup,
b. Section 3729(a)(2)
The Falsе Claims Act also provides a penalty for any person who “knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record or statement to get a false or fraudulent claim paid or approved by the Government.” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2). In a recent interpretation of this section, the Supreme Court stated that “a plaintiff asserting a § 3729(a)(2) claim must prove that the defendant intended that the false record or statement be material to the Government’s decision to pay or approve the false claim.”
Allison Engine Co. v. United States ex rel. Sanders,
— U.S. -,
Allison Engine held that:
If a subcontractor or another defendant makes a false statement to a private entity and does not intend the Government to rely on that false statement as a condition of payment, the statement is not made with the purpose of inducing payment of a false claim “by the Government.” In such a situation, the direct link between the false statement and the Government’s decision to pay or approve a false claim is too attenuated to establish liability.
Id.
at 2130. The issue there was thus somewhat similar to the issue in
Totten:
the FCA does not cover cases where false statements are used to get a piece of a block grant, already approved by the government; that is, the FCA does not cover scenarios where subcontractors defraud contractors, with no indication that the government was meant to pick up the bill.
Allison Engine
did not hold that the defendant must have a subjective intent to defraud the governmеnt, but only that the defendant must intend to get a false claim paid by the government “and not by another entity.”
Id.
at 2129. Here, the funding structure is critically different from the structure in
Allison Engine:
each claim submitted to Medicaid leads directly to a federal outlay — there is nothing “attenuated” about it.
Id.
at 2130. It is well-established that a defendant intends the natural consequences of its actions.
See, e.g., Reno v. Bossier Parish Sch. Bd.,
Given the structure of the Medicaid system, the natural and foreseeable consequence of submitting a false claim to Medicaid is that the United States will provide funds to pay the false claim. VAC’s complaint sets forth the Medicaid funding structure and alleges that the Defendants knew that their false price representations *271 would result in the government making inflated reimbursemеnts for claims submitted to Medicaid. (Amended Compl. at ¶¶ 29-40, 48.) VAC has thus alleged that the Defendants intentionally made false statements to cause inflated Medicaid reimbursements. That is sufficient to satisfy the requirement in Allison Engine that the false statement be made with the purpose of inducing payment “by the Government.”
VAC’s complaint also satisfies the requirement in
Allison Engine
that the false “statement be material to the Government’s decision to pay or approve the false claim.”
Allison Engine,
VAC’s complaint thus satisfies Allison Engine’s intent and materiality requirements. As such, it has stated a proper claim for relief under 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2).
3. Specificity
The Defendants also argue that VAC’s complaint fails to satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of Fed. R.Civ.P. 9(b) because it fails to identify with specificity any false claims for payment or allege facts from' which the existence of false сlaims could be inferred. This Court has ruled extensively on the required level of specificity for a complaint to satisfy Rule 9(b) under the circumstances of this MDL.
See, e.g., In re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
The Complaint alleges that Defendants engaged in a fraudulent scheme involving tens of thousands of Medicaid claims, over a thousand NDCs, and reimbursements of billions of dollars from Medicaid over the course of a decade. (Compl. ¶¶ 1-289.) Defendants reported false and inflated AWPs and WACs for certain drugs knowing that Medicaid relied on these prices to set reimbursement rates. (Id. ¶¶ 3-4, 46-47, Ex. 1-A, Ex. 1-B, Ex. 1-C.) As a result, Medicaid paid excessive reimbursement for Defendants’ drugs which induced Defendants’ customers to purchase their drugs. (Id. ¶¶ 3-5.)
The Complaint specifically lists the drugs at issue by Defendant, labeler code, name, dosage, and NDC. (Id. Ex. 1-A.) The Complaint specifically sets out the fraudulent AWP and WAC figures for each drug. (Id. Ex. 1-B, Ex. 1-C.) Finally, the Complaint specifically demonstrates the spreаd of each drug, both as a raw dollar amount and as a percentage, by comparing the published figures with VAC’s contract price. (Id.) This is sufficient to satisfy the *272 pleading requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b).
4. Statute of Limitations
Finally, the Defendants argue that all of VAC’s claims based on transactions prior to May 21, 2002 are time-barred because they occurred more than six years before the Complaint was filed, and thus fall afoul of the FCA’s six-year statute of limitations. See 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b). Defendants argue that the Complaint does not relate back to earlier complaints. Their arguments fail. VAC’s original complaint was filed in 2000, but it did not assert any claims against the Defendants in this case. In 2001, VAC filed a First Amended Complaint, naming Mylаn and Schein as defendants and specifying numerous drugs. Additional defendants and additional drugs were added in the Second Amended Complaint, filed in 2002, and in the Third Amended Complaint, filed in 2005. After the United States declined to intervene in this case, VAC filed the instant Amended Severed Complaint in 2008.
This Court has already held in this MDL that pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(c)(1)(A) an amended complaint filed by the government relates back to the relator’s original
qui tam
complaint.
In re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
Defendants argue that allowing relation back here would violate their due process rights under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, any delay in unsealing the case was сaused by the Government exercising its right to obtain lawful extensions of the seal to investigate what is an incredibly large and complex scheme. The Defendants have produced no evidence that the extensions were improper or prejudicial, and they have provided no evidence that they were harmed in their ability to gather evidence or prepare their defense. Furthermore, “[wjhile in some circumstances egregious delay may be sufficiently prejudicial to trigger due process concerns,” the due process clause is certainly not coextensive with an enаcted statute of limitations, and “this record is insufficient to address any constitutional concerns.” Id. at 399.
As such, the claims in relator’s instant complaint relate back to the date of the earlier complaint in which the specific drugs were first identified. Amendments which “involve[ ] the same alleged pricing scheme for the same drug against the same defendant” properly relate back to the earlier complaint.
In re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
*273
Defendants make a final point of arguing that the tolling provision of the FCA cannot be invoked by the relator. 31 U.S.C. § 3731 provides that otherwise time-barred claims may be brought within “3 years after the date when facts material to the right of action are known or reasonably should have been known by the official of the United States charged with responsibility tо act in the circumstances.” 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b)(2). Defendants argue that because this provision speaks to discovery by an “official of the United States,” it applies only to suits by the government, and they cite to numerous courts that have agreed with this argument, the apparent majority view.
See United States ex rel. Sikkenga v. Regence Bluecross Blueshield of Utah,
VAC replies, however, with numerous courts that have held that the provision applies to relators as well. One line of cases allows relators to invoke the tolling provision, but bases the beginning of the period on the relator’s own knowledge.
See United States ex rel. Malloy v. Telephonies Corp.,
While the issue is debatable, this last line of cases seems most consistent with the language of the statute. 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b) does not expressly limit the tolling provision to the Government. Although the awareness of “the official of the United States charged with responsibility to act in the circumstances” determines the beginning of the tolling period, there is nothing about this trigger which suggests that a relator cannot invoke the tolling provision. Section 3730 makes clear that both the Attorney Gеneral and private persons may bring actions under the FCA. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(a)-(b). If the government does not intervene, “the person who initiated the action shall have the right to conduct the action.” Id. § 3730(c)(3). As the relator has the right to conduct the action, the relator has the right to invoke the provisions of the statute, including the tolling provision.
Where the drafters of the FCA deemed it necessary, they drew distinctions as to what occurs “[i]f the Government proceeds with the action,” “[i]f the Government elects not to proceed with the action,” and “[wjhether or not the Government proceeds with the action.” Id. § 3730(c). The very next provision after the tolling provision specifically applies *274 only “[i]f the Government elects to intervene.” Id. § 3731(c). The drafters of the FCA knew how to delineate between the rights and responsibilities of the Government and of private parties acting on its behalf. As they chose not to limit the tolling provision to the Government, the statute gives the benefit of the tolling provision to relators as well. For the same reason, the tolling period is started by the knowledge of “the official of the United States charged with responsibility to act in the circumstances,” not the relator. The language of the statute supports no other meaning. As the court in Pogue reasoned, the section
unambiguously applies to relators.... [T]he three-year statute of limitations is to be measured, as the statute says, from the date the relevant government official knows or should know of the facts relevant to the cause of action The other cases to consider the issue have asserted that the plain words of § 3731(b) are somehow ambiguous, then turned to legislative history and congressional intent in an effort to give those words different meaning. But the legislative history and congressional intent are perfectly harmonious with the words used by Congress, which the Court today gives their plain effect.
Pogue,
That being said, the government arguably should have made further inquiry into the spreads for generic drugs based on the 1997 OIG report.
See In re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
B. The Individual Motions
Three individual motions to dismiss have also been filed by (1) Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (2) Ivax Corporation, and (3) Alpharma, Inc., Alpharma USPD Inc., Barre-National, Inc., and Barre Parent Corporation (“the Moving Alpharma Defendants”), claiming that they are merely parent companies and not appropriate defendants.
VAC responds with evidence that Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ivax Corporation, and the Moving Alpharma Defendants have claimed to manufacture and market pharmaceutical products in their SEC filings. (Mem. in Opp. to Def. Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s Mot. to Dismiss [Docket No. 62] 3; Mem. in Opp. to Def. Ivax Corporation’s Mot. to Dismiss [Docket No. 63] 3-4; Mem. in Opp. to the Moving Alpharma Defendants’ Mot. to Dismiss [Docket No. 61] 3.) This is sufficient evidence to support the claim that these Defendants are proper parties at this stage.
See Massachusetts v. Mylan Labs., Inc.,
ORDER
Defendants’ joint motion to dismiss [Docket No. 34] is DENIED. The individual motions to dismiss [Docket Nos. 29, 31, 37] are DENIED.
Notes
. The Defendants are Actavis Mid Atlantic LLC, Alpharma Inc., Alpharma USPD, Inc., flk/a Barre-National, Inc., Bаrr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Barr Laboratories, Inc., Barre Parent Corp., Goldline Laboratories, Inc., Ivax Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ivax Corporation, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mylan, Inc., pk/a Mylan Laboratories, Inc., Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc., Sandoz, Inc., flk/a Geneva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Schein Pharmaceutical Inc., Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, UDL Laboratories, Inc., Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Zenith Goldline Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
. The individual motions have been filed by (1) Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (2) Ivax Corporation, and (3) Alpharma, Inc., Alpharma USPD Inc., Barre-National, Inc., and Barre Parent Corporation.