*1 Before EBEL, HENRY and McCONNELL , Circuit Judges.
EBEL , Circuit Judge.
The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act (“FJDA”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 5031-5042, requires that a juvenile who has been charged with a crime occurring after his sixteenth birthday and who “has previously been found guilty of an act which if *2 committed by an adult” would fall within a specific category of offenses, must be transferred to the district court to be tried as an adult. 18 U.S.C. § 5032. In this appeal, we consider the proper procedures applicable to such a mandatory transfer under § 5032. We conclude that 1) the Government’s filing a transfer motion tolls the juvenile’s thirty-day speedy trial rights provided under 18 U.S.C. § 5036; 2) the Government’s good faith search for the juvenile’s records in this case satisfied § 5032’s requirement that “[a] juvenile shall not be transferred to adult prosecution . . . until any prior juvenile records of such juvenile have been received by the court;” 3) a juvenile’s prior juvenile delinquency adjudication meets § 5032’s requirement that the juvenile have been previously “found guilty of an act which if committed by an adult would have been one of the offenses set forth” by the statute; and 4) the Government met its burden in this case of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the juvenile had a prior juvenile delinquency adjudication by submitting certified documents stemming from that delinquency adjudication, where the juvenile failed to assert any evidence contradicting those certified documents.
I. Procedural background
On July 12, 2004, the United States charged then sixteen-year-old David A. by criminal information with “knowingly violat[ing] the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act [by] unlawfully, knowingly and intentionally distribut[ing] 50 *3 grams or more of methamphetamine,” contrary to 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A). [1] The Government also certified its intent to proceed against David A. in federal court. [2] Federal authorities took David A. into custody *4 the next day, July 13, 2004.
On July 26, 2004, the Government filed a motion to proceed against David A. as an adult. In that motion, the Government asserted that the FJDA, see 18 U.S.C. § 5032, mandated transferring David A. to the United States district court to be tried as an adult because he was charged with a drug trafficking offense allegedly committed after he had turned sixteen years of age, and New Mexico had previously adjudicated David A. a juvenile delinquent based upon an earlier residential burglary charge. The district court conducted a hearing on that transfer motion on August 25, 2004, but postponed that hearing after discovering that David A.’s parents were not given notice of the hearing. The district court continued the hearing until October 18, 2004. At the conclusion of the October 18 hearing, the district court granted the Government’s motion to transfer David A. to the district court to be tried as an adult. David A. timely appeals from that transfer.
II. Appellate jurisdiction.
It is clear that this court has appellate jurisdiction to consider this appeal
because “an order transferring a juvenile to be tried as an adult is immediately
appealable under the collateral order doctrine. . . . Cohen v. Beneficial Indus.
*5
Loan Corp.,
The legal and practical benefits of being tried as a juvenile–which include pretrial detention in a foster home or community-based facility near the juvenile’s home instead of an adult prison, see 18 U.S.C. § 5035, and the sealing of the records and the withholding of the juvenile’s name and picture from the media, see 18 U.S.C. § 5038–would be destroyed if the defendant were forced to wait until after trial and a final judgment in order to appeal. Our belief that an appeal from a final judgment would do little to resurrect the special protections afforded juvenile defendants leads us to join our sister circuits in concluding that an order transferring a juvenile to adult status is immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine. Id. (citations omitted).
In this case, however, one of the bases on which David A. challenges his
transfer is that the Government violated David A.’s speedy trial rights guaranteed
under 18 U.S.C. § 5036. The Ninth Circuit has held that, while the district
court’s transfer decision is itself immediately appealable, an appeal challenging
the district court’s refusal to dismiss a juvenile claim for a speedy trial violation
under 18 U.S.C. § 5036 is not. See United States v. Brandon P.,
This case, however, is distinguishable from Brandon P. because David A. never moved to have the charge against him dismissed based upon the alleged violation of his § 5306 speedy trial rights. Rather, he relies upon the district court’s delay in deciding the transfer motion as one ground precluding his transfer *6 to be tried as an adult. And, as explained above, the district court’s decision to transfer David A. to district court to be tried as an adult is immediately appealable.
Moreover, we agree with the Sixth Circuit that a circuit court does have
jurisdiction to consider an interlocutory appeal involving a juvenile’s speedy trial
rights under § 5036. See United States v. A.R.,
A speedy trial claim following a transfer order in the juvenile context
implicates the very concern which allows us to hear appeals on the
merits of transfer orders under the collateral order doctrine–namely,
if [juvenile] defendants . . . have to wait until after trial and a final
judgment to appeal the claim, the adult trial would have already
sacrificed the “legal and practical benefits of being tried as a
juvenile.”
Id. at 963 (quoting Angelo D.,
also United States v. Doe,
III. Issues
David A. asserts four reasons why the district court erred in transferring him to district court to be tried as an adult: 1) the district court delayed in *7 granting the Government’s motion to transfer David A. to be tried as an adult, violating his speedy trial rights provided under 18 U.S.C. § 5036; 2) the Government failed to comply with 18 U.S.C. § 5032’s requirement that the district court, before transferring a juvenile, have all the juvenile’s records before it; 3) mandatory transfer under § 5032 was not appropriate in this case because David A. was not “found guilty” of any offense in the prior state-court proceeding, but was instead only adjudicated a delinquent; and 4) the Government failed to meet its burden of proving that the David A. charged in these federal proceedings is the same juvenile that was adjudged delinquent in the earlier New Mexico proceeding. For the following reasons, we reject David A.’s arguments and AFFIRM the district court’s decision to transfer David A. to the district court to be tried as an adult.
A. 18 U.S.C. § 5036’s speedy trial rights Title 18, U.S.C. § 5036 requires that
[i]f an alleged delinquent who is in detention pending trial is not brought to trial within thirty days from the date upon which such detention was begun, the information shall be dismissed on motion of the alleged delinquent or at the direction of the court, unless the Attorney General shows that additional delay was caused by the juvenile and his counsel, or consented to by the juvenile and his counsel, or would be in the interest of justice in the particular case. Delays attributable solely to court calendar congestion may not be considered in the interest of justice. Except in extraordinary circumstances, an information dismissed under this section may not be reinstituted.
Section 5036’s speedy trial period begins to run from the date the
Government took David A. into custody, on July 13, 2004. See United States v.
Female Juvenile, A.F.S.,
On appeal, David A. argues both that the district court violated 18 U.S.C. § 5036 by not either trying him or transferring him within thirty days of when his federal detention began; and that the eighty-four-day delay—July 26 to October 19—in resolving the transfer motion was unreasonable. The district court held both that the Government’s filing its motion to transfer David A. to district court *9 to be tried as an adult tolled § 5036’s thirty-day time limit, and that the delay in resolving that transfer motion was not unreasonable. We agree with the district court’s conclusions on both points.
1. Government’s motion to transfer tolled § 5036’s thirty-day time period
This court will “consider de novo the legal question of whether [a
juvenile’s] detention . . . exceeded the thirty-day period permitted under the
FJDA’s speedy trial provision.” Female Juvenile, A.F.S.,
We agree with the district court that the Government’s filing its transfer
motion tolled § 5036’s thirty-day speedy trial period. Every circuit that has
addressed the issue has reached this same conclusion. See A.R.,
Moreover, there is no suggestion in the record that the Government in this
case acted in bad faith or for the purpose of delay by waiting thirteen days after it
took David A. into custody before filing its transfer motion. See Sealed Juvenile
1,
2.
Delay in resolving the transfer motion
Once the Government has tolled the § 5036 thirty-day time frame by filing
its transfer motion, “there is no requirement that a court must make its transfer
determination within thirty days of the motion’s filing.” A.R.,
The district court conducted an initial hearing on the transfer motion on August 25, 2004. [3] The district court had to continue that hearing, however, because David A.’s parents had not received notice of the hearing as 18 U.S.C. § 5032 requires. [4] At that time, David A.’s father was a fugitive thought to be in Mexico and his mother had been a fugitive, having been arrested less than a week before David A.’s initial transfer hearing. Further, there is no indication in the record that there was a guardian or custodian other than his parents who would have been responsible for David A. During the August 25 hearing, therefore, the district court continued the transfer hearing to a later date and directed the Government to take reasonable efforts to notify David A.’s parents of that hearing. The Government did give David A’s mother notice of the next hearing, and also tried to notify his father. In addition, the Government sent notice of the hearing to David A.’s brother, uncle and aunt. The district court conducted the second transfer hearing on October 18, 2004. At that hearing, the district court verbally granted the transfer motion and then entered a written order the next day.
In light of the facts of this case, we cannot say that the eighty-four days it
took the district court to resolve the Government’s transfer motion was
unreasonable, although we acknowledge it is probably at the outer limits of an
acceptable time frame.
[5]
Cf. Sealed Juvenile 1,
3. Conclusion. For these reasons, we conclude that any delay in the district court’s resolving the Government’s motion to transfer David A. to district court to be *14 tried as an adult did not preclude the district court from granting that transfer motion.
B. Search for juvenile’s records
David A. next argues that the Government failed to conduct an adequate search for his juvenile records. Title 18, U.S.C. § 5032 provides that
[a] juvenile shall not be transferred to adult prosecution . . . until any prior juvenile court records of such juvenile have been received by the court, or the clerk of the juvenile court has certified in writing that the juvenile has no prior record, or that the juvenile’s record is unavailable and why it is unavailable.
We interpret § 5032’s requirements de novo, see Angelo D.,
In this case, the Government submitted to the district court David A.’s juvenile records from the Artesia Children’s Court in Eddy County, New Mexico, indicating, among other things, that David A. had been adjudicated delinquent in that court on May 6, 2002, based upon a charge of residential burglary. In addition, the federal district court clerk in New Mexico certified that that court did not have any records pertaining to David. A. The prosecutor further asserted that the Government, in gathering David A.’s juvenile records, had also reviewed the National Crime Information Center (“NCIC”) report for David A., which did not indicate that he had been arrested for any offenses other than those already reported to the district court. In addition, the prosecutor asserted that the *15 Government had checked the counties where David A. lived and where the alleged federal criminal charge occurred. David A. does not contend that the Government possesses records that it has not submitted to the district court; nor is there any suggestion that there are other records that the Government has failed to locate.
David A. nevertheless argued to the district court that there was still nothing in the record “indicating that this is his juvenile record in its entirety.” [6] He thus claims that the government failed in its obligation to find and supply copies of all documents that are part of his juvenile record. We disagree.
We begin with the statutory language, which requires that, as a prerequisite to transferring a juvenile to adult prosecution, “any prior juvenile court records of such juvenile have been received by the court.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032. The statute does not explicitly impose any obligations on the prosecution to search for records, but requires only that “any” such records be “received by” the court. This Court and other courts have nonetheless interpreted the statute as containing an implied obligation on the prosecution to undertake a good faith effort to locate and provide all relevant records. As this duty is merely implied from the statutory provision, however, it extends no further than is reasonably necessary to achieve *16 the purposes of the statute. Where, as here, the prosecution has undertaken a good faith search for the juvenile’s records, it would be unreasonable to hold that its obligations were not satisfied unless it checked every juvenile court record in the country, including those with no connection to David A.
In Brian N.,
“ [a]ny proceedings against a juvenile under this chapter or as an adult shall not be commenced until any prior juvenile court records of such juvenile have been received by the court , or the clerk of the juvenile court has certified in writing that the juvenile has no prior record, or that the juvenile’s record is unavailable and why it is unavailable.”
language in . . . section 5032 unambiguously states that any prior
juvenile court records are to be filed. This includes municipal,
county, state, federal, as well as tribal court records. The
government complains that it would have to search each New Mexico
judicial district as well as other state jurisdictions before it could file
under this statute. [But] [t]his argument is an attack on Congress’s
decision to place these burdens on the government in juvenile cases.
*17
Brian N.,
Other courts have recognized that § 5032 requires only that the Government expend a good faith effort to locate all the juvenile’s records.
While the language of th[is] record certification provision of
§ 5032 is amenable to a strict interpretation, most courts have read
the records certification provision to require only good faith efforts
by the government to provide the court with documentation of a
juvenile’s prior record (or to the effect that no such record exists or
is available).
Wong ,
v. NJB,
“In many respects, determination of whether a young offender is to be treated as a juvenile or an adult and of the appropriate disposition of juveniles adjudicated delinquent depends on the nature of the *18 juvenile’s prior record. Too often, however, juvenile proceedings are undertaken without benefit of such information. This new paragraph stresses that these records be obtained beforehand whenever possible. The Committee intends, however, that this new provision’s requirements are to be understood in the context of a standard of reasonableness.”
Id. (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 98-1030, at 391 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3182, 3531) (emphasis omitted).
Further, we note, as did the Seventh Circuit, see Jarrett,
In this case, the Government has complied in good faith with its duty to
locate all of David A.’s records. The Government took reasonable efforts to
locate all possible records pertaining to David A. And, unlike in Brian N., there
*20
is no suggestion that the Government possesses records that it has not submitted
to the district court; nor is there any suggestion that there are other records that
the Government has failed to locate. See Jarrett,
C. Meaning of “found guilty”
In this case, the Government sought to transfer David A. to the district court to be tried as an adult based upon 18 U.S.C. § 5032’s mandatory transfer rule. In pertinent part, § 5032 provides that
a juvenile who is alleged to have committed an act [enumerated in § 5032] after his sixteenth birthday . . . and who has previously been found guilty of an act which if committed by an adult would have been one of the offenses set forth in this paragraph or an offense in violation of a State felony statute that would have been such an offense if a circumstance giving rise to Federal jurisdiction had existed, shall be transferred to the appropriate district court of the United States for criminal prosecution.
18 U.S.C. § 5032 (emphasis added.); see also Female Juvenile, A.F.S., 377 F.3d
at 32. In this case, the Government based its motion for a mandatory transfer on
*21
David A.’s 2002 New Mexico juvenile delinquency adjudication resulting from a
residential burglary charge. David A. argues, however, that because he was only
adjudicated a juvenile delinquent, he was never “found guilty” of the residential
burglary charge sufficient to invoke § 5032’s mandatory transfer provision. The
district court, however, held that the New Mexico juvenile delinquency
adjudication was sufficient to satisfy § 5032’s requirement that David A. have
been previously “found guilty” of a specified offense.
[8]
Reviewing the district
court’s interpretation of § 5032 de novo, see Angelo D.,
All of the circuits that have addressed this question have held that a prior
juvenile delinquency adjudication satisfies § 5032’s requirement that the juvenile
have been “found guilty” of a prior offense. See NJB,
The language of the statute itself points to this conclusion. See David H.,
The sheer number of states that do not hold juveniles criminally “guilty” for crimes renders [David A.’s proffered] construction of § 5032 [that it applies only to criminal convictions and not to juvenile delinquency adjudications] unworkable. It seems very
unlikely that Congress would create a special statute permitting the Government to treat juvenile offenders as adults in federal court and then except from the statute’s reach a number of juvenile offenders solely because state law denominates their prior delinquency determinations as “adjudications” rather than “convictions.” [The proffered] construction of the statute leads to an anomalous result: juvenile offenders accused of the same crime, and with identical previous criminal records, would be treated differently under federal law depending on whether the juvenile’s previous crimes occurred in a state that “convicts” juvenile offenders, or one that “adjudicates” them delinquent. That could not have been Congress’ intent. Id.
For these reasons, we agree with all of the circuits that have addressed this issue and hold that David A.’s previous juvenile delinquency adjudication satisfied § 5032’s requirement that he “has previously been found guilty” of one of the enumerated offenses that would support his mandatory transfer to district court to be tried as an adult.
D. Sufficiency of evidence to establish prior juvenile delinquency adjudication.
Lastly, David A. argues that the Government failed to prove that he was the
same David A. who had been adjudicated a juvenile delinquent in the New
Mexico proceeding.
[10]
“Under § 5032, juvenile adjudication is presumed
*24
appropriate, and the government bears the burden of establishing that a transfer to
adult status is warranted.” United States v. Leon D.M.,
The Government first argues that David A.’s defense counsel conceded, during the second transfer hearing, that his client was the same David A. who was involved in the delinquency proceeding in Eddy County, New Mexico. During that hearing, defense counsel was arguing that the New Mexico residential burglary charge was insufficient to invoke the mandatory transfer rule (an argument that David A. does not now assert on appeal). In asserting this argument, defense counsel noted that § 5032 required that the prior offense be one “that by its very nature involves a substantial risk that physical force against a person of another may be used in committing an offense.” Defense counsel then argued
under State law, there is no requirement that there be the threatened use of force or – and there’s no requirement that a person has to be
home or that an owner has to be in the business; that’s simply not one of the requirements of the offense of burglary. And in speaking with David about the manner in which this occurred, the act for which he had been adjudicated delinquent previously, there was no contact with any person in the structure for which he was accused of entering and adjudicated delinquent, and there was no threat of force. The facts underlying the adjudication simply didn’t support that this was or could have been a crime of violence or an act that by its very nature involves a substantial risk of physical force against a person of another may be used in committing the offense.
We disagree that by this argument, defense counsel admitted that David A. was the same person who was adjudicated delinquent in the juvenile proceeding in Eddy County, New Mexico. Later in the transfer hearing, defense counsel went to significant lengths not to concede that point. When the district court inquired whether defense counsel “dispute[d] that your client is the same David A. that was adjudicated and adjudged a delinquent child in the Fifth Judicial District Court, Eddy County matter, concluded in May of 2002,” defense counsel asserted that he had “no evidence to present one way or the other.” The court did not understand “what that mean[t].” Defense counsel again responded that
all I’m saying is, my concern is that if I concede something like that,
and it wasn’t sufficiently proven for an appellate court, that it would
be held against him, and I don’t want to concede that on his part.
I’m just saying I don’t have evidence one way or the other.
The Government also asserts that its evidence was, in any event, sufficient
to meet its burden of proving that David A. was the same individual who was
adjudicated a delinquent in the Eddy County, New Mexico proceeding. In
*26
addressing this question, we must first determine what that burden is. Other
courts have held that, in a juvenile transfer proceeding, the Government bears the
burden of proving that the juvenile should be tried as an adult only by a
preponderance of the evidence. Cf. United States v. Robinson,
a transfer hearing under the JDA is not a criminal proceeding designed to explore the defendant’s guilt or innocence. That question is to be determined by means of the eventual trial, regardless of whether the court determines that the defendant should be tried as an adult or as a juvenile. Nor does the hearing under the Act affect whether the defendant will be confined, either prior to or after trial.
Doe ,
Applying a preponderance-of-the-evidence quantum of proof, we conclude
that the Government met its burden in this case of proving that the David A.
*28
adjudicated a delinquent in Eddy County, New Mexico on a residential burglary
charge is the same David A. now charged in this federal proceeding. During the
transfer hearings, the Government submitted as evidence certified copies of 1) a
petition for a juvenile delinquency adjudication filed in Artesia’s Children’s
Court, Eddy County, New Mexico in 2001, alleging the juvenile charged
committed a residential burglary, among other crimes; and 2) a “Judgment and
Disposition” from that same court dated May 6, 2002, “adjudicating the
child . . . a juvenile delinquent.” These two documents concerned a David A.
[12]
In an analogous situation in an adult criminal proceeding, this court held
that the Government meets its burden of proving, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that a defendant had prior convictions by submitting certified copies of
those convictions. See Cooper,
[i]f the government introduces certified copies of conviction . . . , the government met its burden of proving by a preponderance that the defendant committed the prior felonies . . . . After the government introduces the certified copies of conviction, the district court must take the additional step of conducting a hearing on the . . . issue only if the defendant tenders any other evidence that the prior convictions were not his . . . . Id. (quotation omitted). In Cooper, then, the district court properly imposed a
sentenced based upon the defendant’s prior convictions, because the defendant
failed to assert his own testimony or other evidence indicating that the prior
convictions were not his.
[13]
See id.; see also United States v. Oberle, 136 F.3d
1414, 1424 (10th Cir. 1998) (holding Government’s introducing “certified copies
of Oberle’s four previous convictions” was sufficient for government to meet its
burden under 18 U.S.C. § 3559 of proving those prior convictions by a
preponderance of the evidence, where “Oberle offered no evidence to contradict
those certified copies”); United States v. Simpson,
The same is true in this case. The Government submitted certified documents indicating David A. was previously adjudicated a juvenile delinquent in Eddy County, New Mexico. And David A. did not assert any evidence suggesting that that juvenile delinquency adjudication did not involve him. In fact, as indicated above, defense counsel strongly suggested in David A.’s presence that he was the same individual adjudicated a delinquent in the Eddy County, New Mexico proceedings. [14] Therefore, the Government met its burden of proving David A.’s prior juvenile delinquency adjudication by a preponderance of the evidence.
IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision granting the Government’s motion to transfer David A. to the district court to be tried as an adult.
Notes
[1] 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) provides that “it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally . . . to manufacture, distribute, or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, a controlled substance.” And 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(viii) provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]n the case of a violation of subsection (a) of this section involving . . . 50 grams or more of methamphetamine . . . such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 10 years or more than life.” Further, 18 U.S.C. § 2 provides (a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal. (b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.
[2] Section 5032 provides that [a] juvenile alleged to have committed an act of juvenile delinquency, other than a violation of law committed within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States for which the maximum authorized term of imprisonment does not exceed six months, shall not be proceeded against in any court of the United States unless the Attorney General, after investigation, certifies to the appropriate district court of the United States that (1) the juvenile court or other appropriate court of a State does not have jurisdiction or refuses to assume jurisdiction over said juvenile with respect to such alleged act of juvenile delinquency, (2) the State does not have available programs and services adequate for the needs of juveniles, or (3) the offense charged is a crime of violence that is a felony or an offense described in . . . 21 U.S.C. § 841 . . . , and that there is a substantial Federal (continued...)
[2] (...continued) interest in the case or the offense to warrant the exercise of Federal jurisdiction.
[3] David A. does not expressly challenge the one-month delay in scheduling the first transfer hearing.
[4] Section 5032 provides that “[r]easonable notice of the transfer hearing shall be given to the juvenile, his parents, guardian, or custodian and to his counsel.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032. The Government argues that § 5032 does not specify whether or not it is the Government who must give this notice. We need not decide that issue in this case, however, because even assuming it was the Government’s duty to give this notice, the Government reasonably attempted to do so under the facts of this case.
[5] The Government was able to notify David A.’s mother, brother, aunt and uncle by September 10, 2004. The trial judge, however, was unavailable to conduct a hearing during the week of September 20, 2004. And the prosecutor was apparently unavailable for a transfer hearing from September 27 through October 1, 2004. The district court further acknowledged that the court had several trials scheduled beginning the last week of September 2004. However, while § 5036 provides that “[d]elays attributable solely to court calendar congestion may not be considered in the interests of justice” sufficient to excuse counting the time against § 5036’s thirty-day time period, that time period had already been tolled by the Government’s filing its transfer motion. And we cannot say that these reasons, which added to the delay in the district court scheduling the second transfer hearing, were unreasonable under the circumstances of this case.
[6] David A. also argued that § 5032 actually required the district court, rather than the Government, to formally request David A.’s records from other courts. He does not, however, reassert that argument on appeal.
[7] We note that these cases all involved the prior version of § 5032,
which required that the Government submit the juvenile’s records to the district
court before the federal juvenile proceedings could be commenced . See Doe, 13
F.3d at 304; M.I.M.,
[8] David A. does not dispute that the residential burglary charge underlying his juvenile delinquency adjudication falls under the category of offenses that satisfies § 5032’s mandatory-transfer provision.
[9] The Ninth Circuit further noted that Congress had used similar
language in another section of the FJDA, 18 U.S.C. § 5038, which provides that
“‘[w]henever a juvenile is found guilty of committing an act which if committed
by an adult would be a felony that is a crime of violence . . . , such juvenile shall
be fingerprinted and photographed.’” David H.,
[10] David A. does not challenge any of the district court’s other determinations: that the current federal drug trafficking charge filed against him is based upon conduct occurring after he turned sixteen and is an offense enumerated in § 5032; or that his prior juvenile delinquency adjudication for residential burglary falls within the category of offenses warranting a mandatory (continued...)
[10] (...continued) transfer under § 5032.
[11] When a district court considers a discretionary, as opposed to a
mandatory, transfer, the court must decide whether or not it would be in the
“interest of justice” to try the juvenile as an adult, after considering six factors:
(1) the age and social background of the juvenile; (2) the nature of
the alleged offense; (3) the nature and extent of the juvenile’s prior
delinquency record; (4) the juvenile’s present intellectual
development and psychological maturity; (5) the nature of past
treatment efforts and the juvenile’s response to such efforts; and
(6) the availability of programs designed to treat the juvenile’s
behavioral problems.
United States v. McQuade,
[12] The Government further asserts that the juvenile in both these federal proceedings and in the Eddy County proceedings has the same last name and birth date, and has a mother with the same first and last name. None of the parties have included these exhibits in the appellate record, but the defendant does not challenge that assertion on appeal.
[13] In Cooper, the district court, under 18 U.S. C. § 3559(c), imposed “a
life sentence under the federal ‘three-strikes’ law based on [Cooper’s]
commission of at least two prior violent felonies.”
[14] Although we conclude defense counsel did not waive his argument that the Government had failed to meet its burden of proof in establishing that the David A. that is the subject of these federal proceedings was the same individual adjudicated delinquent in New Mexico courts, we can still consider defense counsel’s statement for its evidentiary value.