863 F. Supp. 442 | W.D. Ky. | 1994
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case is before the Court on the United States’ motion for summary judgment. The United States instituted this civil action in rem under 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) seeking forfeiture of $30,354.00 in currency from Claimant, Albert Head, on the grounds that the money was proceeds from marijuana sales used or intended to be used to facilitate an illegal drug transaction.
During 1992 and 1993, the Kentucky State Police (“KSP”) investigated Albert Head for suspected drug activities. According to the government, in November of 1992, Mr. Head stored a large quantity of marijuana for resale and $120,000.00 in cash, proceeds from marijuana sales, in his garage at his residence. Later that month, a fire burned down Mr. Head’s garage and the cash inside. Mr. Head revealed to a police informant that he had intended to buy marijuana with the money destroyed in the fire.
Claimant denies that in November he possessed a quantity of more than five pounds of marijuana for the purpose of resale. He also denies that the defendant currency was proceeds from marijuana sales. Mr. Head asserts that $28,000 of the cash came from certificates of deposit that he had cashed and the rest from personal funds, including insurance payments, sick pay from his employment, and interest payments from other investments. Furthermore, Mr. Head denies that he intended to use the defendant currency to buy marijuana for resale. He does not remember telling the informant that he so intended nor does he recall making the comment about the source of the scorched money. Mr. Head further denies the allegation that he conspired with the police informant. He does not recall agreeing to buy 62 pounds of marijuana from her.
All told, the government’s pleadings allege three independent reasons in support of forfeiture: (1) Defendant currency constitutes proceeds from marijuana sales; (2) Claimant conspired with the police informant to traffic marijuana, intending to use the currency to further that transaction; and (3) Claimant stated to the informant that he intended to use the currency to purchase marijuana.
II.
As a preliminary matter, this Court must address whether Claimant’s responses to the government’s charges may be considered for the purposes of this summary judgment motion. The United States filed a request for admissions on February 2, 1994. When Claimant did not respond within the thirty days normally allotted for an answer, the United States filed a motion for summary judgment based upon the admissions being deemed admitted. Claimant first addressed the request on April 5, 1994, in his response to the summary judgment motion. This response contained nearly all of Claimant’s denials and responses discussed above.
Generally, each matter in a request for admissions is deemed admitted unless the responding party serves a written answer or objection within thirty days or within such shorter or longer time as the court allows. Fed.R.Civ.P. 36(a). The Court enjoys the discretion to permit a party to file a response
Deciding dispositive issues against a party because of a missed deadline does not further the interests of justice. In the matter before this Court, the admissions requested go to the heart of the case, and accordingly should be decided upon a complete trial. Without a doubt, Claimant’s attorney proceeded carelessly by not complying with the thirty-day deadline. Regardless of Claimant’s tardiness, the merits of the ease are contested and a just disposition will be best achieved by considering Claimant’s answers.
Rule 36 assures each party that its “justified reliance on an admission in preparation for trial will not operate to his prejudice.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 36 advisory committee comments. The government has not asserted that Claimant’s delay would prejudice its litigation of the action. Furthermore, this Court does not believe any such prejudice will result, as the government’s evidence on the merits is substantial. As such, justice is best served by deeming the proffered facts not admitted and considering Claimant’s response.
III.
The United States is entitled to summary judgment in this case if it can establish that there is no genuine issue of material fact that there is probable cause to support a forfeiture. 21 U.S.C. § 881; U.S. v. $53,082.00 in U.S. Currency, 985 F.2d 245, 250 (6th Cir.1993) (citation omitted). Specifically, the U.S. must show probable cause of a substantial connection between the currency to be forfeited and the underlying criminal activity of Claimant. 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6); U.S. v. One 1984 Cadillac, 888 F.2d 1133, 1136 (6th Cir.1989).
The government’s pleadings, supported by the affidavit of the KSP detective in charge of investigating Mr. Head, show that there is probable cause to believe that a substantial connection exists between the defendant currency and Claimant’s prior and intended drug violations.
The issue of whether Claimant intended to use the defendant currency to advance a conspiracy to traffic marijuana also remains a contested issue. Mr. Head denies that he conspired with the police informant to traffic marijuana and that he intended to use the defendant currency to further such a transaction. He does not remember telling the in-formant that he so intended. He does not recall agreeing to buy 62 pounds of marijuana from the informant or telling her that he intended to use the money for illegal purposes. Because this issue is also potentially dispositive, it must be decided at trial.
IV.
The complaint itself did not allege a conspiracy, but stated only that Claimant expressed his intent to use the Defendant funds to purchase marijuana. Indeed, the
Civil forfeiture has become a favored weapon of law enforcement, used to impose significant economic sanctions against narcotics traffickers. However, the ease with which the government can seize property and the potential hardships on innocent owners who seek to recover their property have been a cause for concern. Because of the tremendously expansive reach of civil forfeiture, the courts must ensure that constitutional and procedural safeguards remain intact.
The civil forfeiture statute at issue here provides that “[a]ll moneys ... furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance in violation of this subchapter, all proceeds traceable to such an exchange, and all moneys ... used or intended to be used to facilitate any violation of this subchapter” are subject to forfeiture. 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) (emphasis added). The provision does make an exception, namely that no property shall be forfeited because of any act or omission that was committed or omitted without the knowledge or consent of the owner of the property. Id.
By express reference to “violation of this subchapter,” the statute establishes the necessity of proving the underlying narcotics violation in order to forfeit “derivative contraband,” items, like currency, that are otherwise legal but become forfeitable because they are used in connection with a crime. U.S. v. Fifty Thous. Dollars ($50,000) U.S. Currency, 757 F.2d 103, 106 (6th Cir.1985) (Merritt, J., dissenting). Derivative contraband is property that derives its illegality from its connection to a criminal act rather than from its own inherently illegal nature. Id. Consequently, the violation of a criminal law is an essential part of the statutory scheme and the government’s burden of proof. Id. Forfeiture under 881(a)(6) is not triggered by the government’s allegation that Claimant stated an intent to use the defendant currency to facilitate a drug transaction, because that statement alone does not constitute a crime. Therefore, the statement of intent alone cannot be a basis for forfeiture.
Moreover, civil forfeiture is properly considered punishment because the sections clearly focus on the owner’s culpability by expressly providing “innocent owner” defenses and by tying forfeiture directly to the commission of drug offenses. Austin v. U.S., — U.S. -, - - -, 113 S.Ct. 2801, 2810-11, 125 L.Ed.2d 488 (1993).
The intent contemplated by the statute refers to intent coupled with action that would constitute a crime but for unusual circumstances, for example sham transactions. See, U.S. v. Lots 12, 13, 14, and 15, Keeton Heights, 869 F.2d 942 (6th Cir.1989) (holding that forfeiture of house was appropriate when drug transaction took place at defendant’s house at defendant’s insistence, but transaction turned out to be a sham both the “buyer” and “seller” were government agents acting with full authorization); U.S. v. One 1980 Cadillac Eldorado, 705 F.2d 862 (6th Cir.1983) (finding that forfeiture of ear and money was appropriate when defendants intended and did use them to facilitate a drug transaction with an undercover agent who presented for sale sham cocaine, which contained no controlled substance). In both eases, the Sixth Circuit held that the forfeiture provision applied because the intent of the claimant to use property for felonious
The order accompanying this opinion will deny the United States’ motion for summary judgment and dismiss the part of the government’s complaint that maintains that Claimant’s statement of intent as a basis for forfeiture.
ORDER
This case is before the Court for consideration of Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment. The Court having thoroughly reviewed this matter, having issued a Memorandum Opinion, and being otherwise sufficiently advised,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff United States’ motion for summary judgment be DENIED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the part of Plaintiffs complaint seeking forfeiture based on statements of intent alone be DISMISSED.
. The laws providing for official seizure of property used in criminal activity perpetuate the legal fiction that the property used in violation of law was itself the wrongdoer that must be held to account for the harm it had caused. U.S. v. 92 Buena Vista Avenue, - U.S. -, -•, 113 S.Ct. 1126, 1135, 122 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). Because the property is considered the wrongdoer, it is regarded as the actual party to in rem forfeiture proceedings. Id.
. The informant wore a tape recording device during her meetings with Mr. Head and recorded their conversations.
. Mr. Head told the informant, "I could say that I was gonna use it, never did use it, then I just started, you know twenty dollar bills every once in a while there, a couple of hundred when I had it.”
. The second reason, the charge of conspiracy, was not raised directly in the complaint, but was brought forth in the motion for summary judgment.
. Mr. Head made his claim enumerating the legitimate sources of the currency in his claim of ownership pleading, filed November 3, 1993, soon after the government seized the currency. The rest of his claims were made in his response to the government’s request for admissions.
. Probable cause is "a reasonable ground for belief of guilt, supported by less than prima facie proof but more than mere suspicion.” U.S. v. $22,287.00 in U.S. Currency, 709 F.2d 442, 446-47 (6th Cir.1983). The probable cause determination must be made on the basis of information possessed by the government at the time of the forfeiture proceeding, not just the initial seizure. U.S. v. $67,220.00 in U.S. Currency, 957 F.2d 280, 284 (6th Cir.1992).
. On October 21, 1993, Mr. Head was found guilty of possession of marijuana of five pounds or more, and conspiracy to traffic in marijuana over five pounds in Logan Circuit Court. Mr. Head is appealing the conviction.
. Mr. Head contends that the defendant currency is not proceeds from drug transactions, but rather money from certificates of deposit and personal funds, including insurance payments, sick pay, and interest payments from investments.
. Accordingly, civil forfeiture is subject to the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment. Id. at -, 113 S.Ct. at 2812.