30 B.R. 452 | N.D. Ind. | 1983
In re CHASELEY'S FOODS, INC., Debtor.
UNITED STATES of America, SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, Appellant,
v.
Daniel FREELAND, Appellee-Trustee.
United States District Court, N.D. Indiana, Hammond Division.
*453 Daniel L. Freeland, Komyatte & Freeland, Highland, Ind., James A. Harris, Hammond, Ind., for appellee-trustee.
ORDER
MOODY, District Judge.
This matter is before the Court on appeal from the Bankruptcy Court's decision holding that the appellant's claim to the inventory-proceeds of the debtor was unsecured and thus subordinate to the appellee-trustee's interest. The issue is one of first impression and requires us to decide whether pursuant to Ind.Code Ann. 26-1-9-403(3) (Burns 1974) a continuation statement must be filed if a financing statement expires during the pendency of a bankruptcy proceeding.
On December 18, 1975, the appellant, the Small Business Administration (SBA) guaranteed a loan of $110,000 made by the First Bank of Whiting, Indiana to the debtor, Chaseley's Foods, Inc. First Bank perfected its security interest in the debtor's inventory by filing a financing statement on December 23, 1975. The debtor defaulted on the loan and the SBA honored its guaranty. At that time the note, security agreements, and financing statements were assigned to the SBA.
On August 19, 1980 the debtor filed a petition in bankruptcy. At that time the debt to the SBA was secured by a perfected security interest in the inventory of the debtor. On December 23, 1980 the financing statement covering the inventory expired and the SBA failed to file a continuation statement.
The collateral inventory was sold on February 16, 1981 and the proceeds were retained by the trustee. On May 28, 1981 the appellant-SBA filed a complaint requesting *454 a determination of its secured status in regard to the funds held by the trustee. The Bankruptcy Court held that appellant's failure to file a continuation statement rendered its claim unperfected and thus subordinate to the trustee's interest as a hypothetical lien creditor.
It is this holding from which the appellant appeals. The appellant argues that the filing of a bankruptcy petition fixes a secured creditor's rights and that further action to preserve a secured lien is unnecessary and may even constitute a violation of the § 362 automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. Therefore, the SBA's lien is valid and superior to the trustee's lien. The appellee, on the other hand, argues that the filing of a petition has no effect and that once the SBA's financing statement expired, its security interest became unperfected and, thus subordinate to the Trustee's lien. The issue, then, is whether a security interest which is perfected at the time a bankruptcy petition is filed and thus valid against the trustee becomes unperfected and subordinate to the trustee if the financing statement expires during the pendency of the bankruptcy proceedings and no continuation statement is filed.
Under the Bankruptcy Code, the Trustee holds the status of hypothetical lien creditor. 11 U.S.C. § 544(a) (1978). Section 544(a) allows the trustee to avoid any unperfected liens on property belonging to the bankruptcy estate. While the rights given to the trustee are governed by federal law, the extent of the rights in regard to the priority of lien holders is controlled by state law. Commercial Credit Co. v. Davidson, 112 F.2d 54 (5th Cir.1940). Therefore, in this case, the Bankruptcy Code gives the trustee the rights of a lien creditor. But whether a lien creditor has priority over another claimant is determined by looking at state law.
Indiana has adopted the 1962 version of the Uniform Commercial Code which provides that a financing statement is effective for five years and sixty days from the date of filing unless a continuation statement is filed before the expiration of that period. If no continuation statement is filed the effectiveness of the filing lapses and becomes unperfected. Ind.Code Ann. 26-1-9-403 (Burns 1974). Section 403 reads in pertinent part:
(2) A filed financing statement which states a maturity date of the obligation secured of five (5) years or less is effective until such maturity date and thereafter for a period of sixty (60) days. Any other filed financing statement is effective for a period of five (5) years from the date of filing. The effectiveness of a filed financing statement lapses on the expiration of such sixty (60) day period after a stated maturity date or on the expiration of such five (5) year period, as the case may be, unless a continuation statement is filed prior to the lapse. Upon such lapse the security interest becomes unperfected. A filed financing statement which states that the obligation secured is payable on demand is effective for five (5) years from the date of filing."
(3) A continuation statement may be filed by the secured party (i) within six (6) months before and sixty (60) days after a stated maturity date of five (5) years or less, and (ii) otherwise within six (6) months prior to the expiration of the five (5) year period specified in subsection (2). Any such continuation statement must be signed by the secured party, identify the original statement by file number and state that the original statement is still effective. Upon timely filing of the continuation statement, the effectiveness of the original statement is continued for five (5) years after the last date to which the filing was effective whereupon it lapses in the same manner as provided in subsection (2) unless another continuation statement is filed prior to such lapse...."
The 1972 version of section 403 has been amended to provide that during the pendency of a bankruptcy a perfected security *455 interest will not lapse.[1] The 1962 version of the Code however does not speak directly to the effect of an intervening bankruptcy on a lapse of a security interest. The Bankruptcy Court held that under Indiana law an intervening bankruptcy does not dispense with the requirement that a prior lienholder file a continuation statement. It is the appellant's position, and one that this Court finds supported by well reasoned authority and the policies underlying the UCC filing requirements and the trustee's strong arm powers, that during an intervening bankruptcy the effectiveness of a properly filed financing statement does not lapse on the expiration of the original financing statement.
The United States Supreme Court has recognized that "valid liens existing at the time of the commencement of a bankruptcy proceeding are preserved." Isaacs v. Hobbs Tie & Timber Co., 282 U.S. 734, 738, 51 S.Ct. 270, 272, 75 L.Ed. 645 (1930). In Lockhart v. Garden City Bank & Trust Co., 116 F.2d 658 (2d Cir.1940), the Second Circuit recognized that the date of filing the petition in bankruptcy is the critical time as of which the status of the secured claim ought to be determined. The court found that the creditor's failure to refile a chattel mortgage after the bankruptcy was filed, as required by state law, did not render the creditor's claim unperfected against the trustee.
Although the Seventh Circuit has not ruled on the effect of a failure to file a U.C.C. continuation statement after a bankruptcy petition was filed, in the case of In Re Andrews, 172 F.2d 996 (7th Cir.1949), the court interpreted an Indiana statute which required chattel mortgages to be refiled after 3 years.
"A chattel mortgage executed under and pursuant to this act shall be invalid as against creditors, purchasers, junior mortgagees, other lienors and encumbrancers and third parties after expiration of a period of three [3] years."
Id. at 997.
The district court held that the creditor's failure to refile rendered their mortgage invalid as against the trustee in bankruptcy and a junior mortgagee. The appellate court reversed holding that the creditor's failure to file rendered its mortgage invalid only as to creditors who extended credit after the original filing lapsed. The court found that since the creditor's mortgage was valid at the time the junior mortgagee obtained its mortgage, it was valid against the junior mortgagee despite the failure to refile.
In so holding, the court noted that the junior mortgagee had notice of the creditor's mortgage and, therefore, could not take advantage of an omission to refile. Id. at 998.
This reasoning can be extended to the present case. The Trustee and existing creditors had knowledge of the appellant's perfected security interest on the date the bankruptcy petition was filed. Therefore as to the Trustee and existing creditors the "notice" purpose of the continuation statement requirement is not served once a bankruptcy petition is filed. The only parties which can possibly be injured by failure to file a continuation statement once a bankruptcy proceeding is pending are creditors who obtain their liens after the financing statement expires. However, because the trustee takes possession of the debtor's property once a petition is filed, and this possession is open and notorious, these creditors should not need the protection of a continuation statement. In Re Delia Brothers, *456 Inc., 29 U.C.C.Rep. 1446, 1449 (Bankr.S. D.N.Y.1980); In Re South County Motel Corp., 19 U.C.C.Rep. 1254, 1258 (Bankr.D.R. I.1976).
"The mortgagor is, to the public and creditors, the apparent owner of his property. The statute requires a statement to be filed to show the true interest of the parties, for the protection of purchasers and creditors. In re Nassau Press, Inc., 259 F.Supp. 666 (E.D.N.Y.1966). When a petition in bankruptcy is filed, property in the actual or constructive possession of the bankrupt vests in the trustees and becomes subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court. Isaacs v. Hobbs Tie & Lumber Co., 282, supra, 282 U.S. at 737 [51 S.Ct. at 271-72]. Court authorization is necessary prior to the removal of property from the possession of the trustee or debtor in possession under a Chapter XI arrangement proceeding. Lockhart, supra, 116 F.2d at 660. The trustee, being originally charged with notice of the lien as of the date of the petition, does not need a regularly renewed warning that the mortgage is undischarged. Nor do creditors need any further protection, since the possession of the trustee and court is open and notorious. Accordingly, refiling thereafter could have no more than a ceremonial effect. Lockhart, supra, 116 F.2d at 662; Lake County, supra, 70 F.2d at 392."
South County Motel, 19 U.C.C.Rep. at 1257, 1258.
The American Law Institute has also recognized that the reasons for requiring a continuation statement do not exist once a bankruptcy petition is filed. As pointed out, the 1972 version of § 9-403(2) explicitly states that a security interest which is perfected by filing at the time insolvency proceedings are commenced remains perfected until the termination of the insolvency proceedings. In explaining this change the American Law Institute Comments on Official Reasons for 1972 Change state:
"Subsection two (2) also recognizes that financing statements might expire during an insolvency proceeding. While the prevailing line of decisions is to the effect that the situation is frozen at the moment of bankruptcy without an obligation to refile, there are contrary decisions, and this situation might prove an inadvertant trap to a secured party who failed to refile or file a continuation statement during bankruptcy. The change continues the validity of the financing statement until the end of the insolvency proceedings and for 60 days thereafter, or until the expiration of the five year period, whichever is later."
These comments suggest that holdings which require a continuation statement to be filed are incorrect and that the change is made to rectify any misconception.
The Bankruptcy Court noted the 1972 change, but argued that Indiana's failure to adopt the change "indicates an intent that the creditor maintain the perfection of its interest through the affirmative act of renewing such interests with a timely filed continuation statement," (Memorandum Opinion, p. 3). However it has been pointed out that the 1972 Revision is not a substantial change in the law. Delia, 29 U.C.C.Rep. at 1449; South County Motel, 19 U.C.C.Rep. at 1257, 1258.
"Thus, a refiling of a security interest after the filing of a bankruptcy petition would serve no useful purpose since the rights of prepetition creditors and the trustee in bankruptcy were fixed at the time of the filing of the petition. The express recognition of this principle by New York's amendment of § 9-403(2) does not confer any greater rights upon a trustee in bankruptcy than those which existed prior to the amendment. A bankruptcy proceeding eliminated the need for further refiling; both before and after the amendment of § 9-403(2)."
Delia, 29 U.C.C.Rep. at 1449.
One may find further justification for not requiring a continuation statement once a bankruptcy proceeding is pending by looking at the purpose of the trustee's § 544(a)(1) strong arm rights and powers. In Sampsell v. Straub, 194 F.2d 228 (9th *457 Cir.1951), the court found that the purpose of Section 70c [predecessor of 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(1)] is to protect general creditors of the bankrupt against secret liens. In the case, such as this, where there is a valid financing statement on file on the date the bankruptcy is filed there is no secret lien. The trustee and existing creditors have notice of the secured party's lien. Future creditors are put on notice, despite the lack of a filed financing statement, by the trustee's possession of all the bankrupt's property. Therefore, to allow the trustee to avoid a lien which becomes unperfected after the bankruptcy proceeding is commenced does not further the purpose of giving the trustee strong arm powers or the "notice" purpose of the U.C.C. filing requirements. Therefore, it follows that once the bankruptcy petition is filed the secured creditor should not be required to file a continuation statement to preserve the validity of its lien.
There are cases holding that a perfected security interest becomes subordinate to the trustee's hypothetical lien if the financing statement expires during the pendency of a bankruptcy proceeding and no continuation statement is filed. The Bankruptcy Court relied on two such cases: Eastern Indiana Production Credit Assoc. v. Farmers State Bank, 31 Ohio App.2d 252, 287 N.E.2d 824 (1972); and In Re Radcliff Door Co., 17 B.R. 153 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Ky.1982). These cases hold that a continuation statement must be filed or the creditor loses its secured status despite the fact that the creditor's security interest was perfected on the date the bankruptcy petition was filed. These cases, however, cite no authority for their holdings. Nor do they justify their interpretation of § 403 beyond quoting the § 403 language that "upon such a lapse the security interest becomes unperfected." Both courts fail to consider the purpose of the Uniform Commercial Code filing requirements, the effects an intervening bankruptcy petition has on the purpose of requiring a continuation statement, or the purpose of the trustee's § 544(a)(1) strong arm rights and powers.
This court fails to find these cases or the cases cited by appellees' persuasive. Appellee cites In Re Vodco, 567 F.2d 967 (10th Cir.1977) for the proposition that the 1962 version of § 9-403 of the U.C.C., which was adopted by the Colorado legislature, required the filing of a continuation statement for the preservation of a perfected security interest even during bankruptcy proceedings. However, if one examines the Vodco case closely, it becomes apparent that such was not the holding of the Tenth Circuit. In Vodco the court interpreted an amendment that the Colorado legislature added to § 9-403 of the Uniform Commercial Code.[2] The issue was whether the filing of a continuation statement after the original had lapsed within four months of the bankruptcy filing was a preference which the trustee could avoid. In Vodco, unlike the present case, the financing statement had lapsed prior to the filing of bankruptcy. A continuation statement was filed within four months of the bankruptcy. The court held that the trustee was able to avoid the creditor's lien as a preference. In the present case the financing statement lapsed after the bankruptcy was filed. The court in Vodco made no determination as to whether a continuation statement is required if a financing statement lapses during the pendency of a bankruptcy. The appellee's also cite In Re Utah Agricorp, Inc., 12 B.R. 573 (Bkrtcy.D.Utah, 1981), which is similarly unpersuasive. In Utah *458 the court interpreted § 9-103(1)(d) rather than § 9-403(2). Although the court makes a comparison between §§ 9-403 and 9-103, it was not ruling on the issue of whether or not a continuation statement must be filed once a bankruptcy is pending. The court finds that under § 9-103 a creditor must refile when collateral is moved to another jurisdiction even though a bankruptcy is pending. However, the court does not hold that the same reasoning would apply to § 9-403. Rather, it actually distinguishes § 9-403 and points out in situations under § 9-403 a filing already exists in the state to give general notice to creditors and therefore the filing of a continuation statement would be unnecessary to protect creditors as the 1972 version explicitly sets out. Therefore, the Utah case actually bolsters the appellant's argument rather than the appellee's.[3]
Looking at the purposes of the U.C.C. filing requirements, the purposes of the trustee's strong arm rights and powers, and the effects of an intervening bankruptcy on these purposes, this court holds that Ind.Code Ann. § 26-1-9-403(2) does not require a continuation to be filed once a bankruptcy petition is filed. Therefore in this case the SBA appellant's security interest was not rendered unperfected when the financing statement expired and appellant's lien remains superior to the trustee's.
The decision of the Bankruptcy Court is, therefore, REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the Bankruptcy court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
NOTES
[1] "(2) Except as provided in subsection (6) a filed financing statement is effective for a period of five years from the date of filing. The effectiveness of a filed financing statement lapses on the expiration of the five year period unless a continuation statement is filed prior to the lapse. If a security interest perfected by filing exists at the time insolvency proceedings are commenced by or against the debtor, the security interest remains perfected until termination of the insolvency proceedings and thereafter for a period of sixty days or until expiration of the five year period, whichever occurs later. Upon lapse the security interest becomes unperfected, unless it is perfected without filing. If the security interest becomes unperfected upon lapse, it is deemed to have been unperfected as against a person who became purchaser or lien creditor before lapse."
[2] Section 4-9-302(3), Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. (1973), initially follows the Uniform Commercial Code provision allowing a continuation statement to be filed within 6 months before and 60 days after a stated maturity date in the original financing statement but adds:
"... The failure to file a continuation statement within the time provided in this section shall not affect the validity of a secured party's security interest as against the debtor, and if a continuation statement is filed subsequent to the time provided for but in no event later than two years thereafter, then the late filing shall have the same effect as if it were filed within the time provided, except as to persons who may have acquired rights subsequent to the time when the filing should have been made and prior to the late filing, and as to them only to the extent of the rights so acquired...."
[3] Appellee also cites In Re Phillips Construction Co., Inc., 579 F.2d 431 (7th Cir.1978). In Phillips the court actually states that a creditor's rights are fixed at the time of filing of the bankruptcy petition. Appellee, however, relies on a footnote distinguishing a 1937 New York case which held that failure to continue a mechanics lien rendered it subordinate to the trustee. Since the Phillips court is not determining the effects of failure to file a continuation statement but rather failure to execute a mechanics lien, this footnote is hardly persuasive authority for the proposition that Ind.Code Ann. 26-1-9-403(2) requires a continuation statement once a bankruptcy petition is filed.