The board concluded that Mrs. Newton was not entitled to compensation because the divorce was in effect on the date of the deceased’s death, reasoning that the decree of divorce was voidable and had not at that time been set aside, and that Mrs. Newton’s children therefore were not entitled to compensation as stepchildren.
It is true that extrinsic fraud in the procurement of a judgment renders the judgment voidable rather than void
(Alabama Great Southern R. Co. v. Hill,
While following the death of a spouse the question of the effect of a fraudulent divorce on the parties’ marital status becomes moot, an action to set aside the fraudulent divorce can be maintained following the death if it appears that the divorce decree or the subsequent action to set it aside involved some property right in which the surviving spouse is beneficially interested. Rivieccio v. Bothan,
The Court of Appeals of Indiana has held that a workmen’s compensation claimant was not the wife of a deceased employee at the time of his death because a divorce decree between the parties set aside following his death was in full force and effect until set aside. Deremiah v. Powers-Thompson Construction Co.,
We hold that the judgment setting aside Mrs. Newton’s divorce from the deceased had it not been void for the reasons hereinafter discussed, would have re-established her status as his wife on the date of his death. Accordingly, the board’s conclusion that the divorce was in effect on the date of the deceased’s death was based on a legal theory that we decide, to be erroneous.
The record in this case shows that the trial court’s judgment setting aside the divorce decree was granted ex parte at
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the same term of court at which the divorce was granted, upon the petition of Mrs. Newton alleging that Dunbar procured the divorce by fraud. Dunbar was deceased at the time the petition to set aside was filed, and no notice of the petition or judgment setting aside the divorce was given to anyone representing him as the adverse party to the divorce decree. A motion to set aside a judgment for extrinsic fraud need not be made during the tenn at which the judgment was rendered, but may be made at any time within the statute of limitation.
Code
§§ 110-703, 110-710;
Young v. Young,
There are opinions of the appellate courts stating that during the term of court at which judgments are made the court has discretionary power to set them aside without notice to anyone. Review of such opinions reveals that the defect in the judgment attacked was one invalidating the judgment that appeared on the face of the record
(Waldor v. Waldor,
The judgment setting aside the divorce decree between Dunbar and Mrs. Newton was void for the reason that the adverse party to the petition to set aside the judgment was not given notice of nor heard in the proceeding. Code § 110-709. The board’s conclusion that the divorce was in effect on the date of the deceased’s death and its denial of compensation to Mrs. Newton and her two children, upon the evidence before it, were correct.
The appellants contend that Ricky Dunbar was not a dependent of the deceased, his natural father, on the date of the accident because he was in fact dependent on Pelletier, then his stepfather, who had obtained an interlocutory order to adopt him.
The section of the Workmen’s Compensation Act providing for death benefits to dependents of a deceased employee provides that “compensation provided for in this section shall be payable only to dependents and only during dependency.” Code Ann. § 114-413. The section immediately following this, Code § 114-414, provides: “The following persons shall be conclusively presumed to be the next of kin wholly dependent for support upon the deceased employee: (a) A wife upon a husband whom she has not voluntarily deserted or abandoned at time of the accident, (b) A husband upon a wife with whom he lived at the time of her accident if he is then incapable of self-support and actually dependent upon her. (c) A boy under the age of 18, or a girl under the age of 18, upon a parent. . . As used in this section, the terms ‘boy’, ‘girl’, or ‘child’ shall include stepchildren, legally adopted children, posthumous children, and acknowledged illegitimate children, but shall not include married children; the term ‘parent’ shall include step-parents and parents by adoption. . . In all other cases, questions of dependency, in whole or in part, shall be determined in accordance with the facts at the time of the accident. . . For the purpose of this Title, the dependency of a widow or widower of a de *107 ceased employee shall terminate with remarriage. The dependency of a child, except a child physically or mentally incapacitated from earning a livelihood, shall terminate with the attainment of 18 years of age.” (Emphasis supplied).
The Supreme Court of Georgia has decided that after a final order of adoption creating the legal relation of parent and child between a child and the adoptive father, the child is not entitled to workmen’s compensation benefits by reason of the death of its natural father; “. . .
at the time of the injury or death of the natural father,
the relationship of parent and child as between the injured or deceased natural father did not exist by reason of the adoption of the child by another.”
New Amsterdam Cas. Co. v. Freeland,
The general intent of the Georgia adoption statute appears to be that the rights and obligations of a natural parent, and those of an adopting parent, to a child are not conclusively altered until the date of the final order of adoption. Ga. L. 1941, pp. 300, 304-306, as amended, Ga. L. 1949, p. 1157; 1957, pp. 339, 340; 1961, p. 219; 1962, pp. 524, 525
(Code Ann.
§§ 74-413, 74-414). Consistent with the decision in
New Amsterdam Cas. Co. v. Freeland,
The evidence in the present case shows that at the time of the death of the natural father Nicky Dunbar was living with and supported by Pelletier who was in the Air Force, and who *108 was then Ricky’s stepfather and thereafter became his adoptive father. The contention has been made that in these circumstances by the terms of the statute (Code § 114-414, supra) on the date of the natural father’s death there arose simultaneously a conclusive presumption of dependency on the natural father and a conclusive presumption of dependency on the stepfather, and therefore, since the two presumptions are in conflict, dependency must be determined as a question of fact. The words of the section of the statute creating presumptions of dependency are that certain persons “shall be conclusively presumed to be the next of kin wholly dependent for support upon the deceased employee.” A presumption of a claimant’s dependency arises when a person in one of the relationships to him mentioned in that section is both (1) deceased and (2) an employee covered by the Workmen’s Compensation Act. Since the purpose of the presumption is to provide conclusive evidence of dependency upon the deceased employee in a workmen’s compensation claim, and it arises only upon death resulting from a compensable accident, the presumption does not apply as between a claimant and a person in one of the relationships to him mentioned in the statute, who is alive, or who is not an employee covered by the Workmen’s Compensation Act. Thus, since the evidence shows that Ricky Dunbar’s stepfather was not only alive, but not covered by the Workmen’s Compensation Act, no presumption of Ricky’s dependency upon him arises. And since the statute makes the presumption of dependency conclusive, evidence that Ricky was dependent upon his stepfather does not rebut the presumption of dependency upon his deceased natural • father. This is consistent with the New Amsterdam case, supra, because there, at the time of the fatal accident to the employee (the natural father) his relation of father to the claimant children did not exist; by a final order of adoption of the children it had been extinguished by law.
Furthermore, it is a common situation that children have a stepfather as well as a living natural father, and if the legislature had intended to restrict the children’s right to workmen’s compensation benefits in such cases it could have included them in the provision that “in all other cases, questions of dependency
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. . . shall be determined
in accordance luith the facts
at the time of the accident.”
Code
§ 114-414. “There is no possible doubt that the Act gives to the child compensation for the homicide of his father. It would seem to be an extremely harsh, rather than a liberal, construction of the statute to nullify unnecessarily by implication a plainly established right in favor of the child, and this by reason of a clause which, in dealing with his rights and remedies, appears on its face to extend rather than to restrict, to include rather than to exclude . . . the stepfather clause can not reasonably be construed—and especially so under a liberal construction of the act—to exclude by an unnecessary implication a plainly established claim for the homicide of an actual parent, but that it merely enlarges the sphere of conclusive presumption in favor of the child by including a right which would not otherwise conclusively exist.”
Travelers Ins. Co. v. Williamson,
When the Workmen’s Compensation Law is not applicable, natural children have rights under the wrongful death statute to recover damages for the death of their parents.
Code
§ 105-1302. These rights are not taken away when the natural parents are divorced and the child has a stepparent or stepparents. Accord
Peeler v. Central of Ga. R. Co.,
The Supreme Court of Iowa has decided, under a statute providing that a child under 16 years of age is conclusively presumed to be wholly dependent upon its parent, and that “stepparents shall be regarded as parents,” that a child was conclusively dependent upon its_ natural parent, even though at the
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time of the death of the parent due to an industrial accident the child was residing in the home of a stepparent as a member of the family. Day v. Town Club,
The Georgia Workmen’s Compensation Act provides that questions of dependency shall be determined as of the time of the accident.
Code Ann.
§§ 114-413, 114-414. It appears that in fixing the date of the accident as the time when dependency is determined the legislature intended to adopt a formula to accomplish the beneficent purposes of the law in the vast majority of cases. In addition to this, the administration of the Act is definitely facilitated and much confusion and uncertainty avoided. American Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Ohmart,
Thus Ricky Dunbar was a dependent of the deceased on the date of the accident.
The appellants contend that, even so, this dependency ceased and benefits to Ricky Dunbar should terminate on the date of the final order of adoption by Pelletier.
The terms “dependents” and “dependency” in
Code Ann.
§ 114-413, supra, must be given meaning in accordance with the provisions for determining dependency in
Code
§ 114-414. That section makes persons in certain categories of relationship to the deceased employee on the date of the accident dependents as a matter of law, and makes their dependency terminate as a matter of law upon events specified in the section, namely, for a widow or widower, remarriage; for a child, the attainment of 18 years of age. The section makes the dependency of all other persons determinable as a matter of fact at the time of the accident. If § 114-413 requires, as to those persons whose dependency is to be determined as a matter of fact at the time of the accident, that benefits to them be paid only
until their dependency terminates as a matter of fact
(an issue that is not before the court and is not decided in this case), nevertheless, as to persons whose dependency § 114-414 fixes as a matter of law, the term “during dependency” in § 114-413 must mean
until an event specified in the statute as terminating dependency.
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This interpretation of the statute results if the maxim
inclusio unius est exclusio alterius
is applied to determine the intention of the legislature. See
White v. Clements,
It has been held in other jurisdictions that the status of a child as a dependent beneficiary is fixed at the time provided by the workmen’s compensation statute and does not change except upon an event expressly provided by statute for terminating compensation. American Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Ohmart, supra; Log Mountain Coal Co. v. Head,
Under the Georgia statute, Ricky Dunbar is entitled to compensation as a beneficiary of the deceased until he reaches 18 years of age.
The trial court did not err in affirming the award of the State Board of Workmen’s Compensation.
Judgment affirmed.