273 F. Supp. 131 | W.D. La. | 1967
RULING ON THE MERITS
On September 28, 1966, petitioner was convicted in a Louisiana State Court of simple battery.
Petitioner, a Negro, is President of the Madison Parish Voters League, a local organization in Tallulah, Louisiana, devoted to securing equal rights for Negro citizens. On July 28, 1966, at approximately 6:00 p. m., petitioner and a group of Negroes entered Bill’s Highway 80 Truckstop, a place of public accommodation as defined in 42 U.S.C. § 2000a (b), for the purpose of seeking service in compliance with the provisions of the Civil Rights Act. Petitioner and the group were voluntarily served by the owner, Mr. Bill Presley, and his employees.
That same evening, the Reverend T. H. Turner, a member of the Voters League, told petitioner that he had gone to the above named restaurant and had been refused service at a later hour. Acting on this information, petitioner and another group of Negroes returned to Bill’s to “see what was wrong.”
In applying to this court for relief, petitioner has set forth a three point argument. First, it is alleged that petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing in this court to prove that the prosecution against him was in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, specifically 42 U.S.C. § 2000a-2. Next, that the conviction violated his right to due process of law because there was no evidence of the essential elements of the crime charged. Finally, that the conviction should be set aside because petitioner was denied his right to trial by jury secured by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments which have been made applicable to the states.
“On its face, this language [of the Act] prohibits prosecution of any person for seeking service in a covered establishment, because of his race or color. It has been argued, however, that victims of discrimination must make use of the exclusive statutory mechanisms for the redress of grievances, and not resort to extralegal means. Although we agree that the law generally condemns self-help, the language of § 203(c) supports a conclusion that nonforcible attempts to gain admittance to or remain in establishments covered by the Act, are immunized from prosecution, for the statute speaks of exercising or attempting to exercise a ‘right or privilege’ secured by its earlier provisions. * * * ” 379 U.S. at 311, 85 S.Ct. at 389. (Emphasis added.)
Thus it was held that the types of conduct “immunized from prosecution” in exercising the rights granted under the Act are “nonforcible attempts to gain admittance to or to remain in establishments covered by the Act.” In his application for habeas corpus and an evidentiary hearing addressed to this Court, petitioner candidly admits that if he actually procured a battery, “this would plainly negate his claim that his conduct was protected by Title II of the 1964 Act.” We might also add at this point, assuming arguendo, that if petitioner were in fact exercising a right under the provisions of the Civil Rights Act, he was bound to exercise that right in a “nonforeible” manner or his conduct would not be condoned by law. The criterion for the granting of an evidentiary hearing in federal court was emphatically set forth in Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770, in the following manner:
“ * * * We hold that a federal court must grant an evidentiary hearing to a habeas applicant under the following circumstances: If (1) the merits of the factual dispute were not resolved in the state hearing; (2) the state factual determination is not fairly supported by the record as a whole; (3) the fact-finding procedure employed by the state court was not adequate to afford a full and fair hearing; (4) there is a substantial allegation of newly discovered evidence; (5) the material facts were not adequately developed at the state-court hearing; or (6) for any reason it appears that the state trier of fact did not afford the habeas applicant a full and fair fact hearing.” 372 U.S. at 313, 83 S.Ct. at 757.
In a more recent decision arising in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals,
“ * * * The right to public accommodations on a non-discriminatory basis is a federal right the claim to which, Congress has said, shall not be the subject matter of punishment. There is nothing in this express interdiction which could be construed as meaning that appellants may be punished by prosecution in a state trial court so long as they may later vindicate their right not to be punished in a state appellate court or in the United States Supreme Court. They may*135 simply not be punished and prosecution is punishment.
“The federal court may take jurisdiction where punishment by way of prosecution is attempted, if the sit-ins were peaceable or nonforcible and in a restaurant covered by the Act. * * * ” 343 F.2d 231.
The principles articulated in the above cited cases have now been codified.
After a careful scrutiny of the entire record and application of the principles in the aforementioned authorities, we hold that petitioner is not entitled to an additional evidentiary hearing in this court. In the first place his counsel agreed to submit the matter on the state court record (See minutes of Court dated December 14, 1966). In the next place, petitioner had already been served voluntarily at the restaurant; and finally, the altercation involving Dr. Monsell and the crowd of Negroes summoned by petitioner occurred outside the restaurant and only indirectly involved an earlier incident concerning the alleged refusal to serve Reverend Turner. All of the authorities cited by petitioner involved convictions secured under anti-trespass statutes as a result of peaceful and nonforcible demonstrations. In the instant case the conviction rests upon a charge of battery which by its nature is a crime of force. Leaving aside the nature of the crime of battery, the record further discloses that the demonstration in this case was anything but peaceful and nonforcible. The evidence showed that the group accompanying petitioner was armed and that they crowded around Dr. Monsell in a hostile manner outside of the restaurant. Considering the time of night and the size of the crowd, this gathering did not have any of the earmarks of peace. According to petitioner’s own testimony, the facts related to him by Reverend Turner did not amount to a refusal of service at the restaurant.
Petitioner’s next argument is that his conviction should fall due to the lack of evidence to prove the essential elements of the crime.
Petitioner’s final argument, that he was entitled to a trial by jury under the Six and Fourteenth Amendments as made applicable to the states, we dispose of with little difficulty. It has long been settled that the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause does not guarantee the right to jury trial in state criminal proceedings.
“ * * * in the exercise of the Court’s supervisory power and under the peculiar power of the federal courts to revise sentences in contempt cases, we rule further that sentences exceeding six months for criminal contempt may not be imposed by federal courts absent a jury trial or waiver thereof. * * *" 384 U.S. at 380, 86 S.Ct. at 1526.
Thus, the very narrow holding of this case is that in contempt proceedings in federal court, a sentence in excess of six months may not be imposed without jury trial or waiver thereof. Petitioner Wyche’s conviction was not in federal court and did not rest upon a contempt charge. Nothing in Cheff indicates that the holding is made applicable to the states, nor do Gideon and Pointer
Admittedly, the testimony at the state trial was in conflict on various points. However, the trial judge was in an impartial position to weigh the evidence presented. The factual determination made by the trial court was amply fortified by the record as a whole, and the trial judge ably and impartially resolved the merits of the factual dispute. There has been no allegation of newly discovered evidence and the state court proceeding fully afforded petitioner a fair and impartial forum to adequately assert all of his rights. In particular, we note that petitioner was represented by counsel and was confronted with all accusers as well as given adequate opportunity for cross examination of all witnesses. No bills of exception were taken.
In conclusion we hold that petitioner was not held in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States and is therefore not entitled to a further evidentiary hearing on his application for a writ of habeas corpus. Surely the Supreme Court never intended to require a complete re-trial of cases of violence such as this. Accordingly, this Court’s earlier order requiring him to be released on bond during the pendency of this proceeding is hereby recalled and rescinded, and petitioner is hereby remanded to the custody of the State to serve the remainder of his sentence. A certificate of probable cause will not be issued by this Court.
. LSA-R.S. § 14:35. Simple battery. “Simple battery is a battery, without the consent of the victim, committed without a dangerous weapon.”
. 249 La. 757, 190 So.2d 915 (1966); on the question of denial of bail, see 249 La. 777, 191 So.2d 496 (1966).
. 42 U.S.C. § 2000a-2. “No person shall (a) withhold, deny, or attempt to withhold or deny, or deprive or attempt to deprive, any persons of any right or privilege secured by section 2000a or 2000a-l of this title, or (b) intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person with the purpose of interfering with any right or privilege secured by section 2000a or 2000a-l of this title, or (c) punish or attempt to punish any person for exercising or attempting to exercise any right or privilege secured by section 2000a or 2000a-l of this title.”
. 42 U.S.O. § 2000a. “(a) All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.”
. Hamm v. City of Rock Hill, 379 U.S. 306, 85 S.Ct. 384, 13 L.Ed.2d 300 (1964); Rachel v. State of Georgia, 384 U.S. 780, 86 S.Ct. 1783, 16 L.Ed.2d 925 (1966); Tolg v. Grimes, 355 F.2d 92 (5th Cir. 1966); Dilworth v. Riner, 343 F.2d 226 (5th Cir. 1965).
. 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963).
. See Transcript, pp. 5, 134.
. Id., 34, 145.
. Id., 135.
. Id., 10.
. Id., 8.
. Id., 9, 40, 50, 65.
. See note 12 and Transcript 82, 151, et seq.
. LSA-R.S. § 14:24. “Principals. All persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether present or absent, and whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, aid and abet in its commission, or directly or indirectly counsel or procure another to commit the crime, are principals.” Cf. 18 U.S.C. § 2(a): “Whoever commits an offense against the United States, or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or procures its commission, is a principal.”
. See note 5, supra.
. Dilworth v. Riner, 343 F.2d 226 (5th Cir. 1965).
. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254 as amended in 1986: “State custody; remedies in Federal courts.
“(a) The Supreme Court a Justice thereof, a circuit judge, or a district court shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.”
. Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 83 S.Ct. 822, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963); Dilworth v. Riner, 343 F.2d 226 (5th Cir. 1965); United States v. Wood, 295 F.2d 772 (5th Cir. 1961).
. See Transcript 146.
. Thompson v. City of Louisville, 362 U.S. 199, 80 S.Ct. 624, 4 L.Ed.2d 654 (1960).
. It was shown by the testimony of several witnesses including petitioner thjit petitioner whistled and that this had an effect on the crowd, see Transcript 12, 46, 127, 142.
. Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 81 S.Ct. 1639, 6 L.Ed.2d 751 (1961); Fay v. People of State of New York, 332 U.S. 261, 67 S.Ct. 1613, 91 L.Ed.2d 2043 (1947); Palko v. State of Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 58 S.Ct. 149, 82 L.Ed. 288 (1937); Jordan v. Com. of Massachusetts, 225 U.S. 167, 32 S.Ct. 651, 56 L.Ed. 1038 (1912); Maxwell v. Dow, 176 U.S. 581, 20 S.Ct. 494, 44 L.Ed. 597 (1900); United States ex rel. Tillery v. Cavell, 294 F.2d 12 (3rd Cir. 1961) ; Hughes v. Heinze, 268 F.2d 864 (9th Cir. 1959).
. 384 U.S. 373, 86 S.Ct. 1523, 16 L.Ed.2d 629 (1966).
. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963); Pointer v. State of Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965).