45 F.2d 204 | E.D. Pa. | 1930
A ruling in this case has awaited the filing of briefs.
This cause presents features which call for comment. The relator was brought to this country when a baby, having been bom in what is now a part of Poland, during a visit of Ms parents, who before had been admitted to the United States. Neither of the parents was a citizen of the United States, and the relator is in consequence an alien, although brought to this country soon after his birth. Since then he has been convicted at various times of offenses which call for his deportation. In what he has turned out to be he is wholly an American product, and it is some-tiling of a startling proposition that he may be deported to a country which merely happens to have been the place of his birth. Deportation in such a case is in fact and in truth an expatriation. As, however, Poland recognizes its obligations to accept Mm as a subject, wo must deal -with the ease as one arising under the deportation act. The deportation order in this ease has as its basis the law authorizing deportation of aliens found in the United States. The applicable provision is section 155, title 8, of the U. S. Code Annotated. The piovision is “at any time within five years” after entry any alien (then follows provision relating to classes excluded by law; aliens who have entered in violation of law; aliens who are found advocating condemned doctrines; aliens who within five years have become public charges; aliens convicted of crimes committed within five years after entry) “who is sentenced more than once to such a [year’s] term, of imprisonment because of conviction in this country of any crime involving moral turpitude, committed aL any time after entry” may be deported. Then follows a number of other enumerated causes of deportation with which we are not at present concerned. A further provision is: “Nor shall any alien convicted as aforesaid be deported until after the termination of Ms imprisonment. The provisions of this section * ” ' shall be applicable to the classes of aliens therein mentioned irrespective of the time of theij’ entry into the United States.”
The relator has been convicted and has been sentenced to terms of imprisonment which bring him within the quoted class for deportation. The term of imprisonment expired on October 3, 1930, but the order of deportation'was not made until much more than five years after the relator came to this country. Aliens who have been convicted and sentenced more than once may be deported at any time, as tho five-year limitation does not apply to them. Lauria v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 271 F. 261.
The Tayohichi Yamada Caso (D. C.) 300 F. 248, upon which tho relator relies, has no application because the ground of deportation in the cited case is different from that in the instant ease. Moreover, tho ease itself was reversed. Weedin v. Tayokichi Yamada (C. C. A.) 4 F.(2d) 455.
There are undoubtedly causes for deportation for which proceedings must bo instituted within tho five-year period, but the relator is not being deported for any of these causes, but for the wholly different one of having twice been convicted of offenses, each of which carried a sentence of more than imprisonment for a year, and is an offense involving moral turpitude. Wo think it to be clear that the five-year limitation does not apply to this class of cases.
The caso Ex parte McMahon (D. C.) 1 F.(2d) 456, is not in point, as the cause there was not the double conviction cause.
The farther contention of the relator that he had not been twice convicted of an offense “involving moral turpitude” must be sustained if supported in fact. The phrase employed in tlie act is not very definite because there is no accepted ethical standard. There is, however, a common standard in tho respect that a certain offense would bo commonly understood as one “involving moral turpitude.” In other words, certain offenses would be commonly understood as subject to moral condemnation, although there might be differences of opinion respecting others. Counsel for the relator' concedes that theft is not only denounced by the law as a crime, but is also by the common judgment condemned as immoral. Assault and battery might call for a like condemnation or it might not. The difference would bo in the circumstances. Assault and battery with intent to kill would, we think, he open to the general condemnation which is accepted as the ethical standard. The moral turpitude of the of
We are further unable to find that the relator had not been given a hearing. If there are any irregularities in the procedural features of the order of deportation, they are to be found, not in the absence of a hearing, but in the multiplicity of hearings. The 'warrant of deportation under which the relator is held recites the causes of his deportation, and there is nothing in this record to question the fact findings averred therein. We feel the force of the general objections raised to the deportation of this relator. Although bom out of the country, he has, as before stated, spent his whole life here. He is now under order of deportation to a coun-try which is in real truth foreign to him. He is to be sent into a country, the very language of which is to him an unknown tongue. He is to be sent away from the only relatives and possible friends whom he may have, and must earn his livelihood as best he can among strangers. The effect of this law is to inflict upon him an added punishment to what he has already suffered for the commission of the crimes of which he has been found guilty. All of this make, as we have already twice stated, an affecting appeal. The provisions of the immigration laws must necessarily and unavoidably result in individual hardship in some eases. The law itself, however, is one which every one must recognize as a necessary protection to our people, and the particular hardship must be accepted as part of the cost of. the general goo'd.
We make the following specific findings of fact and conclusions of law:
Findings of Fact.
1. The relator is an alien and a subject of the Kingdom of Poland.
2. He has been convicted of two successive crimes each involving moral turpitude, for each of which he has been sentenced to imprisonment for more than a year.
Conclusion of Law.
1. The five-year limitation within-which a warrant of deportation must issue does not apply to this relator.
2. The relator is the proper subject of a deportation order.
An appropriate deeree remanding the relator to the custody of the Commissioner of Immigration for the execution of a deportation order may be submitted.