152 F. 816 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Northern California | 1906
(orally). I shall decide this morning the cases of the United States on the relation of the Giant Powder Company, and also the United States upon the relation of W. W. Montague & Co., against Rudolf Axman and American Surety Company.
I have not had an opportunity to write an opinion in either of these cases, and what I shall say will be a brief reference to the points involved in the cases. Counsel will recall the fact that evidence was introduced, over the objection of counsel on both sides, and admitted provisionally, with the understanding that when the court came to render its final decision it would be deemed to have ruled on these objections, overruling objections to such evidence as the. opinion would indicate the court had accepted, and sustaining objections to such evidence as the court rejects. It will therefore be noted that the court rules now upon these various objections to the evidence, and so states, and exceptions may be deemed to have been entered to such ruling by respective counsel.
The first case I will take up will be the case of the United States on relation of the Giant Powder Company against Rudolf Axman and the American Surety Company of New York, No. 13,441. This case was commenced July 18, 1903, to recover the sum of $16,28G for material supplied to the defendant Axman, who had a contract with the government, dated September 14, 1899, for the removal of certain rocks in the Bay of San Francisco, known as Arch Rock and Shag Rocks, Nos. 1 and 2. The contract for this work was to remove these rocks to a depth of 30 feet at low water, and the contract price for removing these rocks was $253,000.
It appears from the evidence that On October 19, 1899, the defendant Axman organized the Coast Contracting Company, a corporation which was incorporated October 23, 1899, with Axman as its president, and his associates with him as directors and stockholders, and he the owner of the majority of stock and the president of the corporation; that, immediately after the incorporation of this Coast Contracting Company, Axman, as party of the first part, and the Coast Contracting Company, as the party of the second part, entered into the following agreement:
“Memorandum of Agreement, made and entered into this first day of November, A. D. 1899, by and between Rudolf Axman, of the city and county of San Francisco, state of California, party óf the first part, and the Coast Contracting Company, a corporation organized and doing business under and by virtue of the laws of the state of California, party of the second part, wit-nesseth:
“That, whereas, the said Rudolf Axman has entered into a contract with the government of the United States, through its proper officers, for the removal of Arch Rock and Shag Rocks, numbered one and two, in the San Francisco Harbor, California, and is to furnish all necessary labor and material and remove the rocks as specified in the specifications issued by the United States engineer’s office, dated June 7th, 1899, for the sum of $253,500.00;
“And whereas, the said party of the second part is desirous of acting as the agent of the party of the first part in carrying out the said contract and in furnishing the necessary labor and material in connection with said contract and acting as superintendent thereof, but not in any way as the assignee of said contract or as having any interest therein, but solely for the purpose of employment under said party of the first part in the work of removing the said rocks as aforesaid.
“Now, therefore, this agreement witnesseth that the said party of the second part in consideration of the premises and of the agreement on the part of the parts’- of the first part, hereinafter contained, to employ the party of the second part as the agent imd representative of the party of the first part in carrying out the contract between the party of the first part and the government of the United States as aforesaid, agrees to issue to the said party of the first part five hundred (500) shares of its capital stock, fully paid up.
“And the said party of the first part in consideration of the issuance to him of the said five hundred shares of the said capital stock of the party of the second part as aforesaid, agrees to institute, appoint and employ the said party of the second part as his agent and employee irrevocably in the removal of the said Arch Rock and Shag Rocks, numbered one and two, in San Francisco Harbor, California, and to carry out all the terms of the contract entered -into between the party of the first part and the said government of the United States as hereinbefore referred to; the said party of the second part to do all things necessary to carry out the said contract and to furnish all necessary labor and material and remove the said rocks and within the time as specified in said contract and specifications aforesaid.
“And for the services of the said party of the second part in that behalf the said party of the first part agrees to pay to the said party of the second*819 part the full sum of 8253,500.00, as the same shall be received by the party of the first part from the government of the United States for the work aforesaid, according to the terms of the contract aforesaid.
“It is further agreed between the parties hereto that the party of the second part shall in carrying out the contract and specifications aforesaid have full control of said work and of the direction thereof, and of all employees employed by it on the work thereof according to the terms of said contract.
“And it is further covenanted and agreed that said party of the first part shall appoint the treasurer of the said party of the second part his agent for the purpose of receiving from the government of the United States, in the name of the party of the first part, all monies due upon the contract aforesaid, and that said treasurer shall act as the agent and representative of the party of the first part in reference to all transactions between the party of the first part and the government of the United States in reference to the contract aforesaid.”
It will be observed that by this contract the Coast Contracting Company became the agent of Axman in the execution of the contract. Under the agency created by this contract, the plaintiff, in this case the Giant Powder Company, delivered to the Coast Contracting Company material commencing January 8, 1900, and terminating March 24, 1903. The total amount of this material delivered during the four years was $30,340.02. During this time there was paid on this account the sum of $14,064.36, excluding a promissory note executed on December 15, 1902, for the sum of $5,000. The balance was $16,-275.66, and that is the amount sued for. I call the attention of counsel now to some discrepancy in the complaint and account with respect to the amount sued for. The amount I ñnd is $16,275.66, and the amount in the complaint is $16,286, a difference of a few dollars. In preparing the findings it will be necessary to verify this to see which is the correct amount. As I say, that left, deducting the $5,000 note, $16,275.66. This suit is brought against Axman and the American Surety Company to recover this balance.-
The first objection that is made to this action is one with reference to the jurisdiction. It is objected on the part of the defendants that this court has no jurisdiction of this case, and the following cases are cited in support of this objection: U. S. ex rel., etc., v. Henderlong (C. C.) 102 Fed. 2; U. S. ex rel., etc., v. Sheridan (C. C.) 119 Fed. 236; U. S. ex rel., etc., Maxwell v. Barrett (C. C.) 135 Fed 189. These cases hold that the United States is not the real plaintiff in such a case; that the real plaintiff is the person for whose benefit the suit is brought, which in this case would be the Giant Powder Company. The Giant Powder Company was incorporated in this state, and under the law is a citizen of this state and so is the defendant Ax-mau, and as the two parties are citizens of this state there is no such diversity of citizenship as entitles the plaintiff to bring this suit in this court. 1 think, however, the jurisdiction of this court in this case is to be looked for in another provision of the statute, and that it will be found under that provision of the statutes of March 3, 1875, as amended by the act of March 3, 1887, and corrected by the act of August 13, 1888, c. 866, § 1, 25 Stat. 433 [U. S, Comp. St. 1901, p. 508 ], which provides that the Circuit Court has jurisdiction of cases arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States. In this case, the bond in suit is authorized by the act
The next defense is that this material was delivered not to Axman, but to the Coast Contracting Company, and therefore the defendant American Surety Company is not liable in this action; that the American Surety Company is only responsible upon this bond for the material delivered to Rudolf Axman. Now, what was the relation of Rudolf Axman to this contract? He was the original contractor with the government, but he did what is done in any number of cases, and in nearly every case of this kind, he appointed an agent. He had a right to employ an agent to act for him. It would be in most of these government contract cases impossible for a contractor to supply all the work and furnish all the material, to perform all the duties and
A further defense is that the Coast Contracting Company was a subcontractor, and that, therefore, the American Surety Company is not liable. This defense is answered by what has already been stated.
The next question that is raised by the defense is as to the statute of limitations. It is contended on behalf of the defendant that the statute of limitations has run with respect to these accounts. On behalf of the complainant it is claimed that this suit is brought upon this bond, upon this written contract, and that the statute of limitations applicable to the contract is a period of four years provided for under the laws of the state of California. If we accept that as being the law applicable to this case, then, of course, the statute of limitations has not run, and a liability existed when this suit was commenced for all of the amounts involved in this account. On the other hand, as I said before, it is contended on behalf of the defendant that this suit is brought on this account, and that the breach alleged in the complaint, and the one that has been proven, is a failure to pay for materials supplied, as shown by the account. A breach of the bond is therefore specifically a failure on the part of Axman or the Coast Contracting Company, as the agent of Axman, to pay for these materials as charged in this account. Now, as I construe this transaction, I think the statute of limitations of this state with respect to accounts as construed by the Supreme Court of the state is the statute that is applicable to this case. It is a question that has been discussed and numerous authorities cited in these briefs. I have not had the time to examine the question thoroughly in all the states, but the court is informed by the brief on behalf of the plaintiff that the only states that construe a suit of this kind as being a suit upon account and not upon the bond are the states of Kansas, Washington, and California. My own impres
.There is a question when the statute of limitations began to run with respect to these items in this account. This suit was brought July 18, 1903, and, as I construe this statute, evidence would only be admissible to prove the delivery of material within two years; that is. to say, between July 18, 1901, and July 18, 1903. But it is said with respect to this account that the items here charged were delivered upon 60 days’ credit, and that, therefore, that would extend the statute back a period of 60 days. It would cover not only all the material that was delivered within 2 years, but also all material that was delivered within 2 years and 60 days; but upon an examination of this account and the .bills that were rendered, I do not find that there are any bills providing for a 60-day credit with respect to the items 60 days prior to July 18, 1901. There are three items — June 8, 1901, for the delivery of goods and-material-amounting to $998.80; July 5, 1901, material, $998.60; and July 11, 1901, material, $1,231. These are the only .items that are within 60 days. The items before that would be May 10th, beyond the statute. Those bills do not contain any provision about 60 days’ credit. Some others do, but they do not. So I construe this account as running from the items commencing July 18, 1901, down to March. 24, 1903. .
There is still another matter involved in this suit. The Giant Powder Company, when it entered into- this agreement, gave to the American Surety Company its certified check for $5,000. That check was to be an indemnity to the American Surety Company for whatever loss it might sustain by reason of the American Surety Company having become surety for the Giant Powder1 Company. The defendant American Surety Company has pleaded this check as a set-off. I shall allow it as a set-off, but not for $5,000, because the only evidence that there is in the case of liability on the part of the surety company is the liability for this particular account, and the liability in the Montague case.
The American Surety Company admit that they have also received indemnity to the amount of $50,000 from'other sources. What the other sources were, the court has not been informed. They have been indemnified to the amount of $50,000, and this $5,000 is in addition to that $50,000. They have then as an indemnity $55,000 to pay any loss that it may sustain. It is therefore plain that the surety company is not entitled to claim the amount of the entire $5,000 note as indemnity for the loss sustained with respect to this particular suit. . The loss will he shared pro rata on this note of $5,000. It will only have to suffer a deduction for such pro rata as it sustains by reason of its relation to the other indemnity of $50,000. It will only have to sustain its proportion of that loss. I shall leave that matter without further statement, except that if the evidence is here sufficient to indicate the pro rata, then I will allow this set-off to the amount stated. Mr. Harrison says he doubts whether this court has such jurisdiction in equity, but under the law of this state, under the common law of practice, there can he a set-off, and that may be admitted; but the only trouble that I can see is to determine the pro rata. I f that can be determined upon the evidence before the court, I.do not see any reason why this set-off pro rata shall not be allowed.
Plaintiff’s counsel will prepare findings of fact in accordance with this opinion, and judgment will be entered accordingly.