177 F. Supp. 504 | D. Conn. | 1959
In a previous opinion in this matter, the court denied this petitioner’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus for failure to affirmatively indicate that he had exhausted his state remedies in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 2254. However, dismissal was without prejudice to petitioner’s right to cure the defect by amendment. D.C., 177 F.Supp. 503.
Apparently attempting to take advantage of the door thus left open, petitioner, James J. Carroño, has submitted various documents to the court which he contends show an exhaustion of remedies. By way of review it might be noted at this point that petitioner is presently serving a life sentence in the Connecticut State Prison imposed in 1957 upon his plea of guilty to the crime of murder in the second degree, for which he had been in-
A novel question thus arises in connection with this petitioner’s application for a writ of habeas corpus in this federal district court. The usual situation in this court’s experience is that of a state prisoner, without funds, who cannot take advantage of any state remedy because of Connecticut’s insistence on the payment of filing fees. In such situations, there being no state remedy available at all and no state court judgment to review, no question arises as to the effect of a failure to petition the Supreme Court for certiorari. This court has construed Jennings v. State of Illinois, 1951, 342 U.S. 104, 111, 72 S.Ct. 123, 96 L.Ed. 119 as allowing prisoners so situated to proceed into the federal court without applying for certiorari. United States ex rel. Martin v. Walker, D.C.D.Conn.1952, 111 F.Supp. 455, affirmed 2 Cir., 1953, 203 F.2d 563. But in the instant case petitioner has received a judgment from a state court; he has availed himself of a state remedy. Before he can proceed in this federal district court the effect of 28 U.S.C. § 2254 on this situation must be examined. The case creating the problem is Darr v. Burford, 1950, 339 U.S. 200, 70 S.Ct. 587, 94 L.Ed. 761, wherein the Supreme Court held that “ordinarily” a state prisoner should not be considered to have exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the state until he had petitioned that Court for certiorari and the petition had been denied.
An examination of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States to review state court judgments is indicated as a first step.
28 U.S.C. § 1257 begins:
“Final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could he had, may be reviewed by the Supreme Court as follows: * * * ” (Emphasis supplied.)
Whether the method of review employed be that of appeal or writ of certiorari, it must first appear that the judgment is final and that it has emanated from the “highest court * * * in which a decision could be had.” The language employed has been construed as warranting review by the Supreme Court of judgments of state courts which are situated relatively low in local judicial
It appears then, that when a higher state court can, under the constitution or laws of the state, decline to review questions presented to lower courts and adjudicated therein, and has in fact so declined, such lower court is, ipso facto, the “highest court * * * in which a decision could be had.”
The same result follows where the higher court (higher in the hierarchal sense) is, by constitution or statute, without power to review the decision of the lower court. In Betts v. Brady, 1942, 316 U.S. 455, 62 S.Ct. 1252, 86 L.Ed. 1595, the Supreme Court held that the issuance of a writ of certiorari to a judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland was proper because in acting on petitioner’s application to him for a writ of habeas corpus, he had acted as a court, and his judgment, being that of a “court” was also a judgment of the “highest court [of the State] in which a decision could be had” for the reason that an order of a Maryland judge in a habeas corpus case, whatever the court to which he belongs, was not reviewable by any other court of Maryland, except in specific instances not there applicable. 316 U.S. at page 460, 62 S.Ct. 1255. See also White v. Ragen, 1945, 324 U.S. 760, 767, footnote 3, 65 S.Ct. 978, 89 L.Ed. 1348.
A writ of certiorari was addressed to the County Court of Kings County, New York, in Canizio v. People of State of New York, 1946, 327 U.S. 82, 66 S.Ct. 452, 90 L.Ed. 545, that court having denied petitioner’s motion for writ of error coram nobis, such decision being evidently nonappealable to any higher court under then existing New York practice. 327 U.S. at page 85, 66 S.Ct. 452. In Woods v. Nierstheimer, 1946, 328 U.S. 211, 66 S.Ct. 996, 90 L.Ed. 1177, writs were directed to the Circuit Court of Randolph County, Illinois, and the Criminal Court of Cook County, Illinois, because Illinois did not provide for appellate review of an order denying a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. See also Marino v. Ragen, 1947, 332 U.S. 561, 68 S.Ct. 240, 92 L.Ed. 170; Tucker v. State of Texas, 1946, 326 U.S. 517, 66 S.Ct. 274, 90 L.Ed. 274; Largent v. State of Texas, 1943, 318 U.S. 418, 63 S.Ct. 667, 87 L.Ed. 873.
In summary then, it appears that the Supreme Court of the United States has
Turning now to the situation presented by the current laws of Connecticut we have the following problem.
As has been said, Darr v. Burford, supra, and a line of preceding cases require that a state prisoner desiring to obtain a discharge on writ of habeas corpus must “ordinarily” show an exhaustion of state remedies, up to and including a petition for certiorari in the Supreme Court. Carroño is such a prisoner. He began his attempt to exhaust his state remedies by applying for a writ of habeas corpus in the Superior Court of Connecticut. The sixteen dollar filing fee required by Connecticut law was within his means, and thus this remedy was available to him. It was exhausted when his petition was denied by the Superior Court. The next step to be taken in the Connecticut remedial structure was an appeal of this decision to the Supreme Court of Errors. That court has jurisdiction to hear such appeals. But that court has also held that it has no power to waive payment of the statutory entry fee ($16) and record fee ($25) needed for an appeal, State v. Reddick, 1953, 139 Conn. 398, 94 A.2d 613; State v. Zukauskas, 1945, 132 Conn. 450, 451, footnote 1, 45 A.2d 289, and has insisted on the posting of a bond of $150. Conn. Practice Book, 1951 ed., Sec. 379. Thus, this remedy cannot fairly be considered “available” to a state prisoner unless he has approximately $200 at his disposal, and it could hardly be held that a prisoner who had the $16 needed for instituting an original habeas corpus proceeding in the Superior Court, but who lacked the $191 needed for an appeal, would be precluded from applying to a federal district court for a writ of habeas corpus because of failure to exhaust this particular remedy. The remedy of an appeal to the Supreme Court of Errors is clearly not “available” and failure to obtain review by this highest coux't of Connecticut should not place the prisoner within the ambit of the “exhaustion” rule. The question remains however as to whether a petition for certiorari is still necessary despite the unavailability of review in the highest state court — again meaning “highest” in the hierarchal sense. For in the state of affairs present in petitioner’s case, the Superior Court, whose judgment dismissing his petition was doubtless a “final” one, is, for all practical purposes, “the highest court * * * (of Connecticut) in which a decision could be had.” However, this is not so because of any discretionary refusal to review or the lack of any power to review in the Supreme Court of Errors. The Superior Court has become “the highest court * * * in which a decision could be had” because of the petitioner’s indigency, because he does not have the means to obtain review in the Supreme Court of Errors. Review in that court thus becomes a remedy that petitioner is unable to obtain since, under its own rulings, that court is powerless to act in a ease until the fees are paid.
The history of certiorari juxdsdiction previously noted, coupled with the present attitude of the Supreme Court toward state policies which effectively withhold from indigent persons convicted of crime one method of post-conviction redress, i. e. direct review by appeal, which method of redress is freely available to persons similarly convicted but possessed of sufficient means to employ same, Griffin v. People of State of Illinois, 1956, 351 U.S. 12, 76 S.Ct. 585, 100 L.Ed. 891; Eskridge v. Washington Board, 1958, 357 U.S. 214, 78 S.Ct. 1061, 2 L.Ed.2d 1269; Burns v. Ohio, 360 U.S. 252, 79 S.Ct. 1164, 3 L.Ed.2d 1209, fairly support the conclusion that if a timely petition for a writ of certiorari to be directed to the Supexior Court of Connecticut had been made by Carroño, the Supreme Court would not have denied such a petition for jurisdictional x'easons under 28 U.S.C. § 1257, but that any denial would have been based on the usual discretionary
A conclusion that the Supreme Court of the United States would be free to grant certiorari in such a case as petitioner’s, if so disposed, does not end the problem here. Petitioner did not make a timely application for certiorari. Darr v. Burford, supra, “ordinarily” requires a denial of certiorari after the state courts’ denial of relief in collateral proceedings. 339 U.S. at page 208, 70 S.Ct. 587. It is clear that an “extraordinary” situation, calling for a relaxation of this strict exhaustion rule, is presented when the petitioner is able to show that circumstances of “peculiar urgency” exist, “exceptional circumstances” which require “prompt federal intervention.” 339 U.S. at page 219, 70 S.Ct. at page 598. For an example of one type of “exceptional circumstances” and a contrariety of views with regard thereto see Collins v. Frisbie, 6 Cir., 1951, 189 F.2d 464, footnote 1 and dissenting opinion of Miller, J., affirmed 1952, 342 U.S. 519, 72 S.Ct. 509, 96 L.Ed. 541. Furthermore, ordinarily a petitioner for federal habeas corpus must do more than show that the time in which he could have appealed to a higher state court has passed in order to empower a district court to issue the writ. Brown v. Allen, 1953, 344 U.S. 443, 487, 73 S.Ct. 437, 97 L.Ed. 469. The same is true of review on writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court of the United States since it is now settled that “exhaustion of state remedies” includes an attempt to obtain that writ in that Court. Darr v. Burford, 339 U.S. at page 212, 70 S.Ct. at page 595. In other words a state prisoner cannot arrange an exhaustion of remedies merely by allowing time to put them beyond his reach and still expect a remedy in habeas corpus in the federal court. Insofar as the appeal to the Supreme Court of Errors was concerned, petitioner obviously did everything he could to take timely advantage of this state remedy. Only his poverty barred him from access to it. But should petitioner be barred from federal habeas corpus, at least at this juncture, because he failed to make a timely application to
The result suggested may seem unduly harsh since it is highly probable that Carroño, a layman of limited education, never realized that the Supreme Court could grant certiorari to review a decision of the Superior Court of Connecticut. But there would appear to be nothing to prevent Carroño from again petitioning the Superior Court for a writ of habeas corpus. A denial of that petition, either after hearing or on the ground that the issues had been previously decided, would provide petitioner with a basis for another attempt at persuading the Supreme Court of Errors to review the decision below despite his lack of funds. Failing a favorable result there, the ground work would be sufficiently laid for a petition for certiorari in the Supreme Court of the United States. Only after denial of such a petition would petitioner be allowed to proceed here, in the absence of “special circumstances”.
If Carroño no longer has the fee needed for filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Superior Court, then he is free to petition this court for a writ, requesting, of course, permission to proceed in forma pauperis. Recent correspondence from Carroño indicates that he is dispossessing himself of all available funds by transferring same to a relative so that he may be considered an indigent person for purposes of any future actions he might attempt to institute in this court. Although not in issue here, we think it not inappropriate to observe at this time that this court could never recognize so facile a solution to petitioner’s problems. Were so simple a procedure all that were needed, requests for permission to institute litigation in forma pauperis would surely spring forth from every quarter as a result of the enrichment of an already fertile field that would be supplied by recognition of such a procedure. 28 U.S.C. § 1915 obviously does not countenance such an artful device, but was intended solely for the use of persons whose indigency was not “created” for purposes of suit.
The petition for a writ of habeas corpus must be denied.
It is so ordered.