172 F.2d 693 | 7th Cir. | 1949
The petitioner was convicted on October 8, 1935, in the Criminal Court of Cook County, Illinois, on his plea of guilty of murder and was sentenced to the state prison for a term of seventy-five' years. The respondent is the' warden of the state prison that has the petitioner in - custody, pursuant to the judgment entered upon that conviction. After exhausting his remedies in the state courts, the petitioner filed his petition for habeas corpus in the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. The petition was responded to and the writ issued. After a hearing before the District Court, at which the petitioner was present in person and by counsel, the writ was quashed and the petition denied and dismissed. From the judgment dismissing the petition, the petitioner has appealed.
The points raised here by the petitioner are that he was denied counsel of his own choice and that he was coerced and intimidated into withdrawing his plea of not guilty and entering a plea of guilty. The following facts are undisputed on this record.
On January 24, 1935, a tire store in Chicago was robbed by three men. In the course of the robbery, a policeman, who had been stationed in the store to be on the lookout for a robbery the police had been informed would probably take place, was shot by the robbers and killed. It was not until the following September 3, 1935, that the petitioner and Wroblewski and Goralski were arrested. They confessed to about fifty robberies and to the murder of the policeman. In fact, the petitioner and his confederates went with the police officers voluntarily and re-enacted for them the robbery and the shooting. The robbers were identified by the store manager and by a customer who saw them come into the store. The policeman encountered the robbers, all three of whom were armed, a gun duel ensued, and the policeman was killed. In the record there is a statement made to the court by the state’s attorney and undisputed that all three of the robbers fired. In an application to the Governor of Illinois for a commutation of sentence, the petitioner frankly admitted the firing on the police officer but said, that he, a robber engaged in the act of robbery, was firing in self-defense. The policeman was in uniform at the time he was killed.
At the September, 1935, term of the Cook County Grand Jury, the petitioner and Wroblewski and Goralski were indicted for the murder of the policeman. On Sep
On October 8, 1935, the case was called before Judge David. A voice, unidentified, •said: “I am here on behalf of Mr. Rada ■who is ill this morning.” The court replied: “I will not accept his continuances. This case has been continued enough to get somebody else. I am telling you I won’t do it; the Public Defender was in this case and he is amply able to take care of them.” When Goralski was called, he •said his lawyer was the public defender, and when Wroblewski was called, a Mr. Zeldeu appeared for him. When the petitioner Adams was called, he said his mother and wife had employed Mr. Rada. The court replied: “Your mother just wrote me a letter and says she has no money to be employing a lawyer. Were you originally appointed, Mr. Bachrach?” Mr. Bachrach: “Yes.” An unidentified voice said: “Mr. Rada was ready for trial but he was suddenly taken ill.” Rada said he had a head and chest cold. At the time the case was called, no showing for a continuance was made by Rada except the two statements of the unidentified voice. The defendant Wroblewski sparred with the court for leave to withdraw his plea of guilty and enter a plea of not, guilty if the court would try him without a jury. This the court emphatically refused to do and said that if the defendants did not want to plead guilty, he was going to submit the case to a jury upon a plea of not guilty. The defendant Wroblewski stood on his plea of guilty. Then the court said: “What do you say?” A defendant: “All right.” The Court: “What do you say, Mr. Bachrach?” Mr. Bachrach: “All right.” The Court: “What do you say?” A defendant: “It is all right, Judge.”
The court then explained to the petitioner and his co-defendants that on théir plea of guilty the court could sentence them to death, life, or any number of years not less than fourteen. This was repeated to Wroblewski and Goralski separately, and each said he understood it and notwithstanding his full understanding of the penalty that might be imposed, each defendant still stood on his plea of guilty. The court then turned to *the petitioner and said: “And Adams, you have heard what I have stated! to the other men. Is your view the same ?” Adams: “Yes.” The Court: “You still wish to withdraw your plea of not guilty and plead guilty to murder, with a full conscience of what the penalty may be?” Adams: “Yes.”
The court then heard evidence as to what the case was about and whatever could be shown in extenuation. The court mentioned a pathetic letter from the petitioner’s mother. Mr. Bachrach offered nothing in extenuation, although he had shown on cross-examination of a policeman that the petitioner and his co-defendants cooperated fully with the officers after their arrest.
The District Court upon this record found that the petitioner was represented from his arraignment all the way through to his sentence by Mr. Bachrach, the public defender, who was competent and gave the petitioner adequate representation; that the petitioner was not denied the counsel of his choice; .that he was not coerced into entering a plea of guilty; and that he intelligently, understandingly,' and advisedly, under his own volition, with the advice of competent counsel, entered his -plea 'of guilty. These findings are based upon substantial evidence and are not clearly erroneous. They support the court’s judgment. We may not set them'aside.
This case -arose under.stafe jurisdiction. It has been held , that the denial of counsel in a state jurisdiction- in a non-capital case .does not violate the defendant’s rights; under .the Constitution of the United States. Bute v. People of State of Illinois, 333 U.S. 640, 68 S.Ct. 763, 92 L.Ed. 986.; Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455, 62 S.Ct. 1252, 86 L.Ed. 1595. The Supreme Court has said that the failure to make an effective appointment of counsel in a capital case in a state jurisdiction may be a denial of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. Powell v. State of Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158, 84 A.L.R. 527. See. also De Meerleer v. People of State of Michigan, 329 U.S. 663, 67 S.Ct. 596, 91 L.Ed. 584.
That a defendant in a'state jurisdiction must at all events have counsel is not required by the Federal Constitution, even in a capital case. If a defendant understandingly and voluntarily pleads guilty to-murder, even though he had no counsel of his choice or otherwise, -the lack of. counsel' standing alone would not.violate- due process guaranteed by the- Fourteenth Amendment. Carter v. People of State of Illinois, 329 U.S. 173, 67 S.Ct. 216, 91 L.Ed. 172. Each case stands on its own bottom. A failure to have counsel in one capital-case may spell out a failure to provide due -process, as in the De Meerleer case, where the defendant, only seventeen years old, was indicted for murder,, pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to -life imprisonment, all in one day. On the other hand, in Carter v. People of State of Illinois, supra, the defendant was not shown to be immature or handicapped in any way, and his conviction on his plea o£ guilty to murder entered undérstandingly, without representation by counsel, was held not to have violated due process.
Chapter 38, Section 730, Ill.Rev.Stat. 1947,. provides: “Counsel — Fees for indigent defendant. § 2. Every person charged with crime. shall be allowed counsel, and when he shall state upon oath that he is unable to.procure counsel, -the court shall assign him competent counsel, who shall conduct his defense.” Although it is not shown that the petitioner made oath that he .was unable to procure counsel, it nevertheless cannot be disputed on this record that the petitioner had competent counsel at each stage of the case from arraignment to judgment.
Let us go a step further and assume that the petitioner was entitled to the counsel of his choice. See Glasser v. United States, 315. U.S. 60, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86 L.Ed. 680. The defendant may waive his constitutional right to .counsel if he does it understandingly and voluntarily. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461, 146 A.L.R. 357. If he may waive his right to counsel, he may waive his right to counsel of his choice. Under the circumstances revealed in this record, - with the able, conscientious public defender representing the plaintiff from the start to the finish; without a word of pro
We further hold in this case that with competent court-appointed counsel representing the mature, intelligent petitioner from arraignment to judgment, the fact that some other attorney had entered an appearance for the petitioner voluntarily and without employment, and did nothing for the petitioner except fail him on the day of trial, and had made no preparation for trial, the refusal of the trial court to ’continue the case under the circumstances revealed in the record and compelling the case to go to trial under the counsel and guidance of an able, experienced criminal lawyer, did not violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
There is no substance to the contention of the petitioner that he was intimidated or coerced by the trial court into changing his plea. All the trial court did was to make it unmistakably clear that if any of the defendants wanted to stand on his plea of not guilty, the court was going to submit the case to a jury. A defendant has no constitutional right to be tried by a court, but he does have a constitutional right to be tried by a jury in the State of Illinois.
Counsel for the petitioner who so conscientiously and ably represented the petitioner here did so by appointment of this court without fee, and we wish to record our appreciation of the manner in which counsel has met and discharged his responsibility.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
Ill.Const.1870, art. II, Sec. 5, Smith-Hurd Stats.