OPINION
Appellant insurer challenges the district court’s conclusion that injuries sustained by an employee of the insured did not arise out of, and in the course of, the employee’s employment. We reverse.
FACTS
Raymond Staples worked as a laborer on оne of Greystone Masonry’s concrete crews. The foreman of Staples’s crew, Bob Orchard, scheduled the order of projects on which the crew worked. The crew usually worked on more than one project per day. Orchard oftеn did not know at the end of one work day what the schedule for the following day would be. Orchard’s practice was to go home, determine what the schedule was, call the members of his crew in the evening and tell them to meet at a particular place before 7:00 the following morning. Once all the crew members were gathered at the designated meeting place, they followed Orchard. to the first job site of the day.
A crew member who arrived late would not know where the crew was starting that day. If a crew member did not show up on time at the scheduled meeting place, the crew would go to the job site without that crew member and would have to work short-handed. Or *243 chard might go back and check the meeting place for the missing crew member after the other members of the crew got started at the job site, depending on his schedule. A crew member who was consistently late to the meeting place might be fired.
On August 22, 1990, Staples’s concrete crew met at a prearranged location, a street comer. Staples arrived before 7:00 a.m. and was standing on or near the curb, waiting for the rest of the crew to arrive. Michael Maw, driving a truck owned by Kurt Merkle, the founder and president of Greystone, arrived at the meeting place shortly after Staples. Maw, who was “goofing around,” swerved towards Staples and braked abruptly. When Maw braked, several bundles of rods used to reinforce concrete (rebar or rerods) slid out of tubes on top of the truck. One bundle of six or seven rerods struck Staples in the left leg; one or two other bundles fell on his back, severely injuring him.
Staples sued Maw, Merkle and Greystone. The three defendants sought a defense from appellant United Fire and Casualty Company, the insurer of the track Maw was driving. United Fire denied coverage, relying on the following exclusions:
B. EXCLUSIONS
This insurance does not apply to any of the following:
* * ⅜; # *
3. WORKERS COMPENSATION
Any obligation for which the “insured” or the “insured’s” insurer may be held hable under any workers’ compensation disability benefits or unemployment compensation law or any similar law.
4. EMPLOYEE INDEMNIFICATION AND EMPLOYER’S LIABILITY “Bodily injury” to:
a. An employee of the “insured” arising оut of and in the course of employment by the “insured,”
[[Image here]]
5. FELLOW EMPLOYEE
“Bodily injury” to any fellow employee of the “insured” arising out of and in the course of the fellow employee’s employment.
United Fire commenced this declaratory judgment action, seeking a detеrmination that it was not obligated to defend or indemnify Maw, Merkle or Greystone. United Fire and Staples moved for summary judgment. The district court determined that Staples’s injuries did not arise out of and in the course of his employment and that United Fire was obligated to defend the action brought by Staples. United Fire then moved for reconsideration or clarification of the order for summary judgment. The district court denied the reconsideration motion, but clarified its prior order by directing that summary judgment be entered in favor of Staples. United Fire has appealed from the judgment.
ISSUE
When an employee’s job requires that he be at a particular place at a particular time, does an injury to the employee at that place and time arise out of and in the course of the employee’s employment?
ANALYSIS
1. Standard of Review
The district court’s determination that the United Fire policy did not exclude coverage for Staples’s injuries was based on a determination that his injuries did not arise out of and in the course of the еmployment of Staples or his fellow employees. There is no dispute regarding the relevant facts. Whether Staples’s injuries arose out of and in the course of his employment presents a question of law that this court reviews de novo.
See Ribbing Educ. Ass’n v. Public Employment Relations Bd.,
United Fire рresents three arguments based on the policy language to support its contention that the policy does not provide coverage. First, it argues that the injury arose out of, and in the course of, Staples’s employment. Next it argues that Staples’s claim is one for which Greystone may be held hable to Staples under a workers’ compensation law if Staples’s injuries arose out of and in the course of his employment. Finally, it *244 argues that Staples is a fellow employee of Merkle and Maw and suffered bodily injury that arose out of and in. the course of Staples’s employment. Resolution of these three arguments requires a determination of whether Staples’s injuries arose out of and in the course of his employment.
In addition, United Fire аrgues that the district court erred in relying on the election of remedies provision of the workers’ compensation act and the denial of workers’ compensation benefits by Greystone’s workers’ compensation insurer. Whether United Fire’s poliсy provides coverage must be decided based on the language of the policy, not on whether another insurer has denied coverage for a different claim or whether Staples brings a common law negligence action rather than sеek workers’ compensation benefits.
See Bobich v. Oja,
2. Arising Out Of and In The Course Of
All employers in Minnesota must pay workers’ compensation benefits in every case of personal injury to an employee arising out of, and in the course of, the employee’s employment. Minn.Stat. § 176.021, subd. 1 (1990). 1 “Arising out of’ and “in the course of’ express two different ideas.
The term “arising out of’ * ⅜ * refers to the causal connection between the employment and the injury, whereas the term “in the course of’ refers tо the time, place, and circumstances of the accident causing the injury. * * *
We have held that an injury arises out of the employment if it arises out of the nature, conditions, obligations, or incidents of the employment; in other words, out of the employment looked at in any of its aspects.
Swenson v. Zacher,
A. Arising
Courts interpreting the “arising” requirement apply three lines of interpretation:
Most courts in the past have interpreted “arising out of employment” to require a showing that the injury was caused by an increased risk to which claimant, as distinct from the general public, was subjected by his employment. A substantial number have now modified this to accept a showing merely that the risk, even if common to the public, was actually a risk of his employment. An important and growing group of jurisdictions has adopted the positional-risk test, under which an injury is compensable if it would not have happened but for the fact that the conditions or obligations of the employment put claimant in the position where he was injured.
Larson, § 6.00 (emphasis added).
When the general public and the employee are equally subject to the injury-causing risk, Minnesota has applied a positional risk test.
See Auman v. Breckenridge Telephone Co.,
[A]n injury to an employee, engaged in his employer’s service in a duty calling him upon the street, by what is usually called a street risk to which his work subjects him, arises as a matter of law out of his employment, although оthers so employed, or the public using the streets, are subject to such risks.
Id.
at 481,
In Auman, by contrast, the employеe returned to his office after completing some telephone line work. While walking from his car to his office, he was struck by a bullet from a gun that a boy in a nearby building accidentally fired. The court in Auman found the employee’s injuries did not arise out of his emрloyment because his duties did not increase the hazard that he would be accidentally shot. The Auman court stated:
[0]ur statute * * * restricts compensation to injuries caused by accidents which “arise out of’ the employment. * * * Of an employer who would set a crew of mеn to work in deer territory during the open season it could readily be found that an injury caused by a stray bullet arose out of the employment. But it is quite different to say that an employment such as was relator’s, in an open country district including a small city or village, gives rise to the hazard of injury from the accidental discharge of a gun other or different from what any other person within the same territory must face.
Auman,
188 Minn, at 258-59,
In this ease, Staples was required by his employer to be at the place where his injuries occurred. His employment thus subjected him to the injury-causing risk. Respondents argue that Staples was subject to the same risk of being injured as anyone else on a street corner. But the same could be said of the employee in Bookman, whose injury from a street risk was held to arise out of her employment. As in Bookman, Staples’s employment required the employee’s presence on the street. Although a person not so employed could have been injured in the same manner, under the positional-risk test, Staples’s employment put him in the position where he was injured. But for the obligations of his employment, Staplеs would not have been on the street corner where his injuries occurred. The employment gave rise to a hazard of injury different from what another person would face. Thus, Staples’s injuries arose out of his employment because the employment subjected him to an increased risk of injury.
B. Course of Employment
With respect to the course of employment element of the work connection test,
The course of employment is not confined to the actual manipulation of the tools of the work, nor to the exact hours of work. On the other hand, while admittedly the employment is the cause of the workman’s journey between his home and the factory, it is generally taken for granted that workmen’s compensation was not intended to protect him against all the perils of that journey. Between these two extremes, a compromise on the subject of going to and from work has been arrived at, largely by case law, with a surprising degree of unanimity: going to and from work is covered on the employer’s premises.
Larson, § 15.11 (emphasis in original).
The workers’ compensаtion act limits its coverage to injuries an employee suffers
while engaged in, on, or about the premises where the employee’s services require the employee’s presence as a part of such service at the time of the injury and during the horn’s of such service.
Minn.Stat. § 176.011, subd. 16 (1990).
In the present ease, Staples’s concrete crew worked at a different location every day. We believe it is logical and consistent with the workers’ compensation act to define “premises” as the рlace at which the employee’s presence was required by the employer. In this case, the employer’s premises was the meeting place at which Staples was injured. The employer required Staples’s presence at the meeting place. If Staples had not been at the comer where he was injured, he could not have worked that day.
We do not think it is significant that Staples was injured before his work hours be
*246
gan. Staples had reported for work, and injuries that occur on thе employer’s premises and within a reasonable time before the employee’s work hours begin are compensa-ble.
See Starrett v. Pier Foundry,
DECISION
When an employee reports to a meeting place designated by the employer, injuries sustained at the meеting place arise out of and in the course of the employee’s employment.
Reversed.
Notes
. Whether injuries arise out of, and in the course of, employment for purposes of the workers’ compensation act has generated a substantial body оf case law. Many of the cases held that the workers’ compensation act was a remedial statute that was to be liberally construed in favor of the employee. In 1983, the legislature abolished the liberal construction rule. 1983 Minn. Laws ch. 290, § 25, codified at Minn.Stat. § 176.001 (1990). Where a cited case has relied on or referred to the liberal construction rule, it will be noted parenthetically.