71 N.J. Eq. 657 | New York Court of Chancery | 1906
(after stating facts).
The present Municipal Lien act is that of March 30th, 1892. P. L: l'892p. SWj Gen. Stat. p. 2078. Its title is
“An act to secure the payment of laborers, mechanics, merchants, traders and persons employed upon or furnishing materials toward the performing of any work in public improvements in cities, towns, townships and other municipalities in this state.”
The first section of the act provides for liens for persons doing labor or furnishing materials
“in pursuance of or in conformity with the terms of any contract for any public improvement made between any person or persons and any city, town, township or other municipality in this state authorized by law to make contracts for the making of any public improvement.”
The question to be determined is whether, by using the words “other municipality,” the legislature intended to, and did, include a county.
The act, as originally adopted in- this state (P. L. 1891 p. 418; Gen. SiaÉ. p. 2076), was copied from chapter 315 of the laws of 1878 of the State of New York. It applied only to cities. Subsequently the present act was passed, extending it to “towns, townships or other municipalities” in this state, and in New York, on the 16th of May, 1892, a similar extension was made. Hall Company v. Jersey City, 64 N. J. Eq. (19 Dick.) 768 (Court of Errors and Appeals, 1902).
The present act in New York (Laws of 1897 oh. 418 § 5) makes provisions for contracts with “the state or a municipal corporation,” and in the General Corporation act (Laws of 1892 oh. 687 § 8) the New York legislature defined a municipal corporation to include a “county, township, school district, village, city,” &c.
The- original meaning of a municipality was “a free town under the Eoman empire with powers of local self-government.”' Its precise use now would confine it to subordinate subdivisions of the state having powers of local self-government. 1 Bill. Mun. Corp. f4th ed.) 89 § 20.
Dillon, however,-points out, in the same section, after stating the proper signification of the word,
*664 “But sometimes it is used in a broader sense that includes also public or quasi corporations, the principal purpose of whose creation, is as an instrumentality of the state, and not for the regulation of the local and special affairs of a compact community.”
A county is undoubtedly such an instrumentality. Since this broader and unprecise use of the term exists, it is necessary in each instance, in any jurisdiction where the courts or the legislature have not definitely settled the signification of the word, to determine the meaning intended by the legislative body using the word.
It is not amiss to note in this connection that in the early history of our province counties seem to have exercised certain functions of local government. P. L. 1692 p. 820 ch. 9 (Learn. & 8pi.).
In Paul v. Gloucester, 50 N. J. Law (21 Vr.) 585 (Court of Errors and Appeals, 1888), Mr. Justice Yan Syekel, in the prevailing opinion, recognizes a county as sufficiently a- corporation to be dealt with by the legislature as in the legislation then under review. In the minority opinion of Mr. Justice Reed, he holds that a county is not a municipal corporation, although, in the case of Frank v. Chosen Freeholders of Hudson, 39 N. J. Law (10 Vr.) 347 (Supreme Court, 1877), the last-named justice treated buildings being erected by the freeholders of Hudson as the property of a municipal corporation, 'and throughout the opinion thus refers to them.-
If the point to be decided was whether a county was a municipality in the sense that it had powers of local self-government, or that it might claim to exercise such powers under a grant in general terms to all municipalities, a very grave question would arise. But I do not conceive that that is the point to be dealt with in the case at hand. The sole inquiry, as I conceive it, in this case is whether the legislature in this act meant to include counties.
It is not questioned in this case that the legislature had power to enact this identical legislation with respect to counties, as well as with respect to the other governmental divisions specified by name, but the question is whether it has done so.
In the case of Doyle v. Bayonne, 54 N. J. Law (25 Vr.) 313 (Supreme Court, 1892), the court held that the words “other
A brief inspection of our legislation shows that in some instances the legislature has undoubtedly used the word “municipal” or “municipality” in speaking of counties, and so as to include the county.
Gen. Stat. p. 2172 § 288; P. L. 189k P-170: The first section provides “that the board of authority of any city, county * * * charged with the duty of lighting the streets, roads and public places of such municipality,” &e.
Gen. Stat. p. 2238 § WO; P. L. 1892 p. ¡Sí9: “An act to authorize any county, city, town or other municipality to convert coupon bonds,” &c.
Gen. Stat. p. 2287 § 1-5®; P. L. 1871 p. 92: “An act in relation to the expenditure of public money by municipal corporations.” The first section provides “that it shall not be lawful for the board of chosen freeholders,” &c.
Gen. Stat. p. 225k § 626; P. L. 1892 p. 250: In the preamble the members of the board of chosen freeholders are classed with “other municipal officers.”
The Municipal Lien act under consideration deals with “any city * * * or other municipality in this state authorized by law to make contracts for the making of any public improvements.” The county, in this case, was authorized by law to make a contract for a public, improvement.
The purpose of the legislation was to secure to a certain named class payment for work or materials furnished for public improvements in municipalities. I think it clear that the legislature meant to include in this legislation any public corporation whose functions included the making of public improvements, whether in any other sense of the word “municipality” the said public corporation could be properly included or not.
In two cases in the court of chancery and one in the court of
This last case was reversed in the court of errors and appeals (63 N. J. Bq. (18 Dick.) 313), but not on any point concerning the source of the money.
I therefore conclude that the act does apply.
The next question reqriiring consideration is, Who is entitled to the funds in the hands of the count}'', and to what extent?
The county at the present time has in hand an unexpended balance under this contract of $10,341. The original contract price was $46,400, and the county has paid out to Judge $5,500, and to Lewis, Heintze and Byrne $30,559, leaving the above balance as stated.
On behalf of the complainants it is insisted (1) that they are entitled to a lien upon all of the moneys in the hands of the county. Their contention under this head is that before the time they served their notices there was in the hands of the county $1,000 of retained percentage, which became subject to their liens when they served their notices, and that after the service of their notices the contract was carried out by the sureties on behalf of the contractor, and all sums "coming due thereunder were subject to their liens.
If this contention be not sustained, then they urge (2) that they are entitled, by reason of the service of their notices, to the $1,000 of retained percentage of the value of the work done by Judge, and, in addition, the difference between the actual amount expended by the sureties in completing the work and the remainder of the contract price. This difference is $2,036, arrived at in this way: Judge did $6,500 worth of work; the remainder of the contract price at the time of his default was therefore $39,900; the total cost to the sureties of the completion was $37,864, leaving the difference above stated.
On behalf of Iieintze, Lewis and Byrne it is contended that
If this contention be not sustained, then they insist (2) that they are entitled to all of the remainder of the contract price after deducting the $6,500 of work actually done by Judge.
In support of their claim that all of the money earned under This contract, either by Judge or the sureties, is subject to their liens, the complainants rely upon the principle enunciated in the case of Pierson v. Haddonfield, 66 N. J. Eq. (21 Dick.) 180 (Vice-Chancellor Grey, 1904). In that case a contractor defaulted and his surety came forward and completed the work at a cost to him in excess of the remainder of the contract price. The court held that the surety took the place of the defaulting contractor, and in his stead performed his contract as his surety, and that the claims of the materialmen giving notice under the statute were superior to the right of the surety with respect to all work theretofore done by the contractor and not paid to him, and also with respect to the retained percentage of the value of the work done by the contractor. The surety in this case received partial payments for work done in the completion of the contract at the prices agreed to be paid under the contract. He claimed a right of subrogation, but the court denied this right, basing its decision upon the effect and operation of the Municipal Lien act, although he discusses the failure of the surety to show that he had not other funds or securities from the contractor which would secure him against loss. In the view of the learned judge writing that opinion, the surety had no right of subrogation, and the fund in the hands of the county, after the notices, whether earned by the work of the original contractor or the surety in completing the contract, would be subject to the liens.
If that principle were applied in this case at bar, the contention of the complainants would be sustained, and all of the money not actually paid to Judge by the county would be subject to the liens of the claimants to the amount necessary to pay the same.
The sureties in that case contended that they completed as the agents of the owner. The lien claimants of the original contractor contended that the sureties completed for the original contractor, and that all of the money earned, together with the retained percentage of the value of the work done by the original contractor, was subject to their notices or liens. The cost to the sureties of completion was in excess of the remainder of the contract price at the time of the original contractor’s abandonment and the retained percentage. The court held that the sureties did not complete as the agents of the owner, nor did they take the place of the contractor. In the course of his opinion he says: “Nor can the contractor claim any portion of the contract price by reason of what the sureties did. The notices and demands of the materialmen and laborers never reached the $1,632, being the uncertified amount of the contract price, and the sureties are entitled to this sum. * * * I also think that the right of the sureties is superior to the claims of the materialmen and laborers. The claims of the latter reach only such money as was due at the time of the several demands and notices, or thereafter became due to the contractors. Nothing, aside from what was already paid, became due, unless the theory is adopted that the sureties were working for the contractors, and therefore, upon completion of the building by them, a debt accrued to the contractors as if they had completed the work. But, as already observed, the sureties were not working for the contractors.”
The result was that the court awarded to the sureties the retained percentage of the value of the work done by the original. contractor, together with the balance of the contract price.
I do not think that this latter argument is sound. Nor can I agree with the doctrine of the ease of Pierson v. Haddonfield, supra. In the ease of St. Peter’s Catholic Church v. Van Note, supra, the court was dealing with a situation in which the sureties had been put to a greater cost than the remainder of the contract price, plus the retained percentage, and the court held that, upon performance of the contract, they became entitled to the security held by the owner as far as it was necessary to reim-burse them for their necessary outlay. And this I think is sound. I do not think it is properly inferable from-this latter case that the court intended by any language used to imply that the sureties would be entitled to the balance of the contract price, or to the retained percentage, if they did not need the same to requite them for their expenditure in completing the contract. This is the unsoundness of the argument of the sureties in the case at bar.
By becoming surety upon a bond to the owner that the contractor will faithfully perform the. contract, the surety is under no obligation to the contractor. The surety’s obligation is that the contractor will perform the work; that if he does not, and the surety does not, then the surety will pay such damages to the owner as he may suffer by reason of the default.
Upon a default by the contractor, the surety has the privilege of coming forward and completing the work. In doing so he is not acting for the contractor, nor in the right of the contractor. He is acting in his own right, which is to perform the obligation of his contract with the owner.
“The scope of the right of subrogation consists in the immediate transfer, by operation of law, to the promisor in suretyship of all the rights of the creditor against the principal whenever the promisor pays the debt or satisfies the obligation.” Stearns L. Sure. 1¡S$ § $61. “This right of subrogation is independent of any agreement, and rests upon principles of natural justice and equity.” Stearns L. Sure. 1¡03.
This right relates back to the making of the contract between the owner and the original contractor, for the faithful performance of which the contract of suretyship was given. (See cases last cited.)
In the case at bar the cost to the sureties for completing the work did not equal the remainder of the contract price at the time of the original contractor’s abandonment. They have not, therefore, suffered any loss, and equity will not extend the doctrine of subrogation further than to protect them from loss.
I have not dealt in greater detail with the facts of this case because I do not deem it necessary to do so. It is clear, I think, that the owner did not, under the clause of the contract per-' mitting him to do so, let a new contract to a new contractor, the effect of which, had he dono so, would, of course, have been to have cut off all rights of the creditors of the original contractor with respect to the remainder of the contract price unearned at the time of the abandonment. The abandonment took place in August or September of 1903. The sureties immediately took up the question of completing the contract. They were authorized by the owner, by the resolution of December 3d, 1903, to do so. There was a release obtained from the executrix of the original contractor, and there was also an assignment of the contract from her to the sureties.
I find from all the facts that what the sureties did was to come forward, by reason of their being sureties, and complete the contract for the purpose of fulfilling their obligation to the owner so to do, or to suffer loss if they did not. I therefore find that the obtaining of the release, on the one hand, did not act as
It is incumbent to determine the intention of the parties as gathered from all the facts, and not to select a single factor as determinative. That which I think harmonizes all the facts is the finding heretofore stated.
The result is that I find there is in the hands of the county funds amounting to $3,036 subject to the liens of the claimants. This sum is made up of the retained percentage of $1,000 and the $2,036 difference between the actual cost of completion and the remainder of the contract price. The order and priority of the claims have been heretofore stated, and since there is not sufficient to pay the first two, it is not necessary at all to consider the third.
The first claimant, the Union Stone Company, is entitled to payment in full, and the second claimant, Washburn Brothers Companjq to the remainder of the money after the prior payment is deducted.
There is some question about one or two items of the claim of the first claimant, but since it had an assignment for the same amount as its claim, which assignment seems to be valid and without objection, I have not gone into detail as to this matter.
I will advise a decree in accordance with the foregoing conclusions.