198 F. 784 | 8th Cir. | 1912
Lead Opinion
George W. Whitney, the defendant in error, who will be called the plaintiff, recovered judgment in the Circuit Court against the Union Pacific Railroad Company, which will be called the defendant, for personal injuries to himself, alleged to
The plaintiff was employed as a United States postal or mail clerk in a mail car in use.upon defendant’s road in Wyoming for carrying the United States mails,- and was, on May 3, 1907, injured by the falling of a beam or support for beds or cots placed in the car by the, defendant. for the use of the postal clerks employed therein, which beam struck the plaintiff on the back of the head while he was engaged in the performance of his duties in the car, causing the injuries of which he complains. The negligence of the defendant^ which is alleged to have caused the injury to the plaintiff, is in failing to exercise reasonable care to furnish suitable supports and appliances for maintaining the beds or cots in their position in the car when not in use by the postal clerks, and a reasonably safe ¿place in which the plaintiff might work in the performance of the duties required of him as such postal clerk.
The defendant by answer admits that the plaintiff was employed as a postal clerk in a mail car upon one of its trains, and that he was injured by the falling of a beam or support for beds or cots placed by it in said car for the use of the plaintiff and his associate clerks as alleged, but denies all negligence upon its part in the construction of the car, the placing of the cots or beds therein, and the appliances. for maintaining them in proper position, and avers that; the falling of the bed or cot, and the injury to the plaintiff by reason thereof, was because of his own neglect and that of his associate clerks, and that it had no control over the taking down and replacing of the cots by them.
As a-further and fourth defense, it alleged that on May 4, 1907, the day after the alleged injury to the plaintiff, it paid to him,' and the plaintiff accepted from it, $66 in full satisfaction and discharge of the causes of action alleged in plaintiff’s petition; and as a fifth defense it alleged that on said May 4th, in consideration of said sum of' $66, the plaintiff executed and delivered to the defendant a release in writing, releasing it from all claims or causes of action whatsoever growing out of, or that might thereafter arise because of', the, accident and injury to the plaintiff alleged in the petition* To this answer the plaintiff replied, denying the' alleged negligence upon-his part and reaffirming the allegations of his petition.
As to the alleged payment of $66 in satisfaction and release of the injuries complained of by him, he says:
“That he admits, upon information and belief only, that the release set forth in said answer was signed by him at the time stated therein; but he avers,. in connection with.the■ allegations of said defense, that at the time stated he was, as set forth in his petition, unconscious and ill and in a state of torpor, suffering great pain and misery, and was not in his right mind, and that his mental faculties were so impaired by reason of the injuries he had-received and the administration of drugs and medicines , tó him that he was not rational, and did not and could not rationally form any intention with relation to the acts charged in said defenses, and that said release.was not and is not, therefore, his -act or deed, and was and is null and void by reason of the fraud inhering in the execution of the release under the facts herein stated.”
What the arrangement was between the government and1 the defendant for equipping and furnishing the mail car for the carriage of the mails and the postal clerks while performing their duties therein does not appear. The case was tried, however, upon the theory that it was the duty of the defendant to equip and furnish a car with suitable supports and appliances for maintaining the cots in their proper position therein; also that plaintiff was a passenger upon the train at the time of his injury, and entitled to the rights of a passenger against the defendant as a common carrier of passengers. Whether or not the plaintiff, at the time he was injured, stood in the relation of a passenger to the defendant, and was entitled to the rights of a passenger as against it, we need not determine. See Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co. v. O’Brien, 132 Fed. 593, 67 C. C. A. 421, and note.
In argument counsel for defendant have grouped the assignments of error into four classes, viz., (1) those in which it is claimed that the court adopted an incorrect rule as to the measure of damages; (2) those in which it adopted an incorrect rule as to the liability of the defendant; (3) those in which the court permitted the plaintiff to call in question, in an action at law, the release which he had given to the defendant for the injuries of which he complains; (4) that in which the court refused to hold that the retention by the plaintiff of the fruits of the settlement constituted an irrevocable ratification of the settlement and release.
“The defendant did not demur to the plaintiff’s replication upon the ground that a court of law could not try the issues it presented. These issues were tried to the jury without, objection; and it is now too late to object for the first time in the appellate court to that mode of trial. The objection that an action should have been brought at law, instead of in equity, or vice versa, is waived by a failure to interpose it at the proper time in the court of original jurisdiction. * - * If a party, when sued at law, conceives that the action, or any material issue in it, is of equitable cognizance, he must interpose the objection at the threshold. of the case, and will not be heard to malee it for the first time in the appellate court. The general prin*788 ciple Is now well established that an appellate court will not entertain an objection to the form of the action, when the objection was not interposed in apt time in the trial court. It will be presumed that the parties assented to the theory that the remedy adopted was the proper one; and they will be held to that theory on appeal. Moreover, it is a general rule that questions not presented to the trial court will be deemed waived.”
This rule, however, must be taken with the qualification that the court has jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the controversy. Reynes v. Dumont, 130 U. S. 354-395, 9 Sup. Ct. 486, 32 L. Ed. 934; Kilbourn v. Sunderland, 130 U. S. 505-514, 9 Sup. Ct. 594, 32 L. Ed. 1005; Insley v. United States, 150 U. S. 512-515, 14 Sup. Ct. 158, 37 L. Ed. 1163. The Harris Case was affirmed by the Supreme Court in Union Pacific Ry. Co. v. Harris, 158 U. S. 326, 15 Sup. Ct. 843, 39 L. Ed. 1003, without noticing the question of the mode of trial, though it appeared upon the face of the record.
It is true that at the close of the evidence the defendant moved for a directed verdict in its favor, but stated no ground upon which it based such motion, and the attention of the court was not called to this question. To sustain its contention now urged would be •to reverse the judgment upon a question not presented to nor decided by the Circuit Court, which this court has more than once held that it will not do. Lesser Cotton Co. v. St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co., 114 Fed. 133-140, 52 C. C. A. 95; Hatcher v. Northwestern National Insurance Co., 184 Fed. 23-25, 106 C. C. A. 225.
The distinction between the nonexistence of a deed or other instrument in writing, which the alleged maker never executed, nor intended to execute, because of his mental incapacity to do so, or which he was induced by fraud or trickery to execute, not intending to do so, and those where he knowingly signed the instrument, but was induced to do so bjr the fraud or misrepresentation of material facts by the party procuring the same, is clear and wed recognized. In the former case the nonexecution of the instrument may be shown in an action thereon at law, as well as in equity; in the latter the instrument can only be avoided or set aside by a direct suit in equity. But see Wagner v. National Life Ins. Co., 90 Fed. 395, 33 C. C. A. 121, where it is held, in a cai-efully considered opinion by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth circuit, that the instrument in either case may be avoided in an action thereon at law. That opinion, however, so far as it holds that the instrument may be avoided at law for the misrepresentation of material facts inducing its execution, was disapproved by this court in Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Webb, above. The objection of the
•‘The defendant pleads and offers in evidence a settlement by the execution of a receipt and release for all liability; tile consideration being ,$06. A reiease of the character of the one offered in evidence is generally of the lUahest significance; for the rule is that when it appears that the situation and circumstances of the parties were such, when the release was executed, that it was entered into with an understanding of the rights of the parties respectively, and that the intent (was) to include ail matters of difference between them, and there seems to be no reason to believe that any mistake was made in respect to it, then neither party is at liberty to deny the force and effect of what is therein contained. He is not at liberty to say that he did not understand it. On the other hand, when it appears that either party ■iras in a situation as la his physical condition, or as to Ms state, of mind, which mahes it probable that he acted without, an understanding of the act with which he is charged, the instrument itself may be disregarded. In this instance the testimony tends to show that the plaintiff was injured on Hay 3d; and on May 4th, while he was in bed, apparently ill, he was approached by the agent of the defendant company, and after some conversation signed tile receipt and release which has been admitted in evidence. It be,comes a, question, therefore, for you to determine from the evidence whether he was in a, condition to lenow what he was doing. If he did, he is bound by it, and your verdict must be for the defendant. If he did not, and you say from- the evidence that his faculties were in such a state, that he, could not comprehend, what he was doing, and the force and, effect of the patter which he, signed, you may say he is not to be, charged with it. Upon this question the testimony is conflicting, and you must determine it from a consideration of all of the evidence given in relation thereto.”
The defendant complains particularly of that portion of the charge whiqh reads in this way:
“On the other hand, when if appears that either party was in a situation as to his health, physical condition, or as to his state of mind which makes it probable that he acted without deliberation, and without an understanding of the act with which he was charged, the instrument itself may be disregarded.”
But this is copied almost verbatim from the charge in the Harris Case; and to hold that the court erred in giving it, in connection with other parts of the charge, would he to hold that the Supreme Court erred in approving the charge in the Harris Case. The charge of the court as a whole fairly submitted to the jury the question of the quantum of proof necessary to show the plaintiff’s mental incapacity that would relieve him from the release pleaded by the defendant.
Section 1472:
“The compensation paid to railway postal clerks is for daily service, whether they are on duty or not, and therefore their entire time is subject to the control of the Post Office Department. Lay-off periods are granted for rest and study, and must not be utilized by clerks for the purpose of engaging in other business.”
And it offered to prove by the chief clerk of the railway mail service in the division in which plaintiff was employed:
“That, in addition to about one hour and a half a day for study, the usual requirement of rest would prevent any railway mail clerk from engaging in other occupations, and would especially prevent playing in an orchestra until 12 o'clock at night, or anything of that kind.”
. Upon objection by the plaintiff, this rule and testimon)'- were ex- • eluded by the court. The defendant saved an exception, and requested an instruction that the rule was admissible as bearing upon plaintiff’s earnings as affecting the measure of his recovery, which was denied. We are of opinion that this rule and the testimony offered were wholly immaterial upon this question. The salary and other earnings the plaintiff was receiving at the time of his injury were admissible as bearing upon his earning capacity or ability tó eáfn money; and the fact, if it was a fact, that under the terms of his employment with the government he was forbidden to engage in any other employment would not lessen his capacity or ability to earn money. The government might have insisted upon his observance of the rule of the department while he was in its service, but that was a matter between him and the government; and the existence of the rule, or its requirements, would not lessen his earning capacity or ability in other lines of employment, should he for any reason leave the government service and engage therein. The evidence that the plaintiff was in the line of promotion was not objected to by the defendant, and is not complained: of. Had it been objected to, it might, perhaps, have been excluded as being too remote or speculative. Richmond & Danville R. Co. v. Elliott, 149 U. S. 266-269, 13 Sup. Ct. 837, 37 L. Ed. 728; Brown v. C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 64 Iowa, 652, 21 N. W. 193; Chase v. B., C. R. & N. R. Co., 76 Iowa, 675, 39 N. W. 196. The jury wás not instructed that it might consider that plaintiff was in line of promotion, or the probable increase of his salary if he remained in the employ of the government, as affecting the measure of his recovery. It was not error, therefore, to exclude the rule, and the proffered testimony, or to refuse the requested in-*
“In tills ease it is incumbent on the plaintiff to show by a preponderance-of the evidence that the construction of the support for the bunks was negligently faulty in some respect; and if you find from the evidence that the support and appliance as furnished by the defendant were in all respects sufficient, and it is further left to conjecture as to who it was that left the' support out of its proper place or removed the cotter pin, and that the accident occurred by reason of such leaving the bar out of its place or such-removal of the cotter pin, then your verdict will he for the defendant.”
Which request the court denied. As bearing upon this question, the court charged the jury that the burden was upon the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the negligence of the' defendant as charged in the petition, and that the plaintiff was injured solely because thereof; also as follows:
“If, upon the other hand, you find from the evidence that the appliances,, namely, the bar and its fastenings, were entirely sufficient for the purposes for which they were calculated to be used, and properly secured, and that the bar in this case did not fall because of any negligence on the part of any of the railway employes, * * * the defendant would not be liable.
“If you should find from the evidence that the appliance or bar was sufficient, and the manner in which it was secured to the car was sufficient, and that it was kept in that condition when in charge of the employés of the railway company, but that it was rendered unsafe by the negligence or carelessness of some one other than a railroad employs, after the car started on its run, it could not then be held liable. In other words, it is liable for its own negligence and the negligence of its employes only, but not for the negligence of other persons, for injury caused by an appliance that the defendant and its employes had left in a safe condition, but was rendered, unsafe by the negligence of a postal clerk, or other person not in the employ of the railroad company, who had access to the ear durmsj the time it was on the road.”
To that portion of the charge in italics, the defendant excepted, and contends that it makes the defendant liable for defects in or the unsafe condition of the appliances arising without its fault, after it had put them in a proper condition, while the car was at Council Bluffs before it started on the run, and also those arising after it had started, or while it was on the road. It appears from the. testimony that the mail car started from Council Bluffs about 2 o’clock in the afternoon, and was to run through to Ogden; that mail clerks, other than plaintiff and his fellow clerks, entered the car at Council Bluffs about 7 o’clock in the morning before the car-started, and commenced working therein; that the plaintiff’s run began at Cheyenne, where he and his associates entered, the car about 1 o’clock in the morning, and the accident to him occurred about 6 o’clock on that morning somewhere near Rawlins, Wyo. ; and it is contended in behalf of the defendant, if we correctly understand its counsel, that if the appliances for the support of the bunks were rendered unsafe by postal clerks, or some one other than an employé of the defendant, while the car- was in the yards at Council Bluffs, and before- it started upon its run, this would: relieve the defendant from liability; but under the instructions the
The instruction as given is fully as favorable to the defendant as it had a right to demand. If it was the duty of the defendant to furnish and keep the car in a reasonably safe condition for the use of the postal clerks while they were employed therein, this was a continuing duty; and the plaintiff should not be held responsible for what the postal clerks, or employés of the defendant, or those not its em-ployés, did while the car was in the yards at Council Bluffs, or while on the run from Council Bluffs to Cheyenne, where the plaintiff and his associates entered the car for their run. At most, he would only be responsible for his own acts, or those of his associate clerks employed with him, or others having access to the car, after he entered the same at Cheyenne. The instruction as given relieves the defendant from liability for the- acts of postal clerks and others not employés of defendant, who entered the car while it was in the yards at Council Bluffs, or was on the run from Council Bluffs to Cheyenne, thus making the plaintiff responsible for the acts of postal clerks, or others not employes of the defendant, after the car left Council Bluffs, and before the plaintiff entered it at Cheyenne, as well as afterwards. This, we think, was as favorable to the defendant as it could rightly demand, and it has no valid ground of complaint to the charge as given, or to the refusal of the instruction requested by it.
“In this ease the" uncontradicted evidence shows that the plaintiff had knowledge' of the settlement made between him and the defendant as early as May, 1908. He did not offer to set aside or rescind the release made by him upon the settlement until November 4, 1909. This was too late. He could not thus retain the fruits of the settlement and at the expiration of the time stated attempt to set it aside. The settlement is therefore binding upon him, and you will find for the defendant.”
The question of the ratification of the settlement and release by red-son of the delay of the plaintiff in offering to return to the defendant the $66 received as the consideration therefor, admitting, without deciding, that under section 4401, Compiled Statutes of Wyoming 1910, it was properly pleaded, is one of fact. Pence v. Tangdon, 99 U. S. 578, 25 L. Ed. 420.
The questions of defendant’s negligence, and the contributory negligence of the plaintiff, are settled by the verdict of the jury.
■Some other questions are urged by the defendant against the judgment, which we have carefully considered, and it must suffice to say that they afford no ground for its reversal.
The judgment is affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I concur in all of the foregoing opinion, except as to the exclusion of section 1472 of the Postal Laws and Regulations.
The claimant was not a regular postal clerk. He testified:
“I began work for the government before I took the examination, some time in September or October, and I took the examination the 8th of November. Q. Of what year? A. 190fi. Q. Yes. A. And I was running to Oreen River on what is known as the ‘h-dper’ run. Q. And what name applies to that position besides helper? A. Substitute mail clerk. Q. Is the name ‘probationer’ also used? A. Yes, sir.”
The accident happened on May 3, 1907. The regulation 1472 forbade clerks engaging in any other business. It had no application to substitutes or other than full clerks. Claude Glenn testified:
“Q. If he had not been laid off, state whether or not he would have received promotions in the regular line? A. I think he would.”
Mr. William E. Hindrichs testified:
“Q. State whether or not he was in the regular line of promotion under the rules of the Rost Office Department? A. He was; yes, sir.”
After the injury the claimant returned to work, and drew from November 20, 1908, until the 1st of July, 1910, at the rate of $1,000 a year, and drew at the rate of $1,100 until he quit the service. During this time he had ceased to be a substitute, and held rank as a full railway mail clerk. In Richmond & Danville Railroad Company v.
■: “What were' your prospects Of advancement, if any, in your employment on the railroad, and of obtaining higher wages?”
He stated that he thought that by staying with the company he would be promoted; that there was a “system by which you go in there as coupler or train hand, or in the yard, and if a man falls out you stand a chance of taking his place”; that the average yard conductor obtained a salary of from $60 to $75 a month. The court said:
, “It did not appear that there was any rule on the part of the Central Company for an increase of salary after a certain length of time, or that promotion should follow whenever a vacancy occurred in a higher grade of service. The most that was claimed was that when a vacancy took place a subordinate who had been faithful in his employment, and had served a long while, had a chance of receiving preferment. But that is altogether too problematical and uncertain to be presented to a jury in connection with proof of the wages paid to those in such superior employment. Promotion was purely a matter of speculation, depending not simply upon the occurrence of a vacancy, but upon the judgment, or even whim, of those in control.”
In Brown, Administratrix, v. C., R. I. & P., 64 Iowa, 652, 21 N. W. 193, cited by the majority, it was held that where a fireman was killed it was not admissible to show that firemen, when they had sufficient experience, and had acquired the requisite skill, were sometimes employed as engineers. In Chase v. B., C. R. & N., 76 Iowa, 675, 39 N. W. 196, cited in the majority opinion, the plaintiff was a switch-•man. -He was allowed to show that there was a line of promotion in the business in which he was engaged when injured; that the grade •next to the one held by plaintiff was switch thrower, without increase of pay;' that the next grade was that of yardmaster, with a salary of $100 per niónth; and that the next was that of trainmaster, with a .further increase of salary. The court said:
“It would be contrary to well-establislied and approved rules of law to permit the injured person to show in aggravation of damages that promotions are made, and wages increased, in the business in which he was engaged when injured, without at least showing that he was in the direct line of promotion.”
■■■ The' railway mail service is under the classified civil service, and promotions and advancements in such a service are sufficiently certain to warrant the introduction of such evidence. None of the cases cited in the majority opinion seem persuasive to me that when a person is admitted to the civil service in the railway mail branch it is not admissible, in a suit by him for permanent physical disabilities, to show the well-known advancing rate of compensation to such employés; ■but in this case there was evidence that the claimant was actually earning $800 a year from the government as a substitute helper, and about $900 a year from other work as a musician and carpenter. When he left the service, he was a regular railway mail clerk, had
The company then offered to show that his damages should not be estimated upon an assumption of an earning capacity of $1,100 a year, whidi he was receiving when he quit the government service, or $1,300, which he would have received if he had remained in the service, and, in addition, the $900 he was earning as a musician and carpenter, but that as soon as he received his appointment as a regular postal clerk he must give up his outside employment. The court properly told the jury that if he was entitled to recover the rule was compensatory, and they should consider “a permanent impairment of his ability to labor, if any, and generally any reduction in his power to labor and earn money and pursue the course of life which he might, otherwise have done.” This instruction was correct; but in telling the jury they might consider the reduction of the plaintiffs power to earn money they should not have been given evidence that at the time of the accident he was a substitute mail clerk, to whom the rule against outside labor had no relation whatever, and that he earned $900 a year from such outside labor, and that when he quit the government service he was getting.$1,100, and exclude evidence that by his advances he was forbidden to earn any part of the $900 from outside labor, clearly leaving the impression he could then have earned $2,000 a year but for his injuries, and would have been earning $2,200 at the time of the trial, when he could have earned but $1,100 at the one time and $1,300 at the other. It seems to me perfectly clear that it was admissible to show the rule forbidding outside employment as affecting the reduction of his power to earn money from the accident. I therefore feel compelled to dissent upon that portion of the opinion.